..."Hocus-Pocus Accounting" by Douglas R. Carmichael, Journal of Accountancy, October 1999; Vol. 188, Iss. 4; pg. 59, 5 pgs Abstract: SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt decried what he termed "accounting hocus-pocus" and called for coordinated efforts to uncover it. He targeted the practice by some companies of improperly boosting reported earnings by manipulating the recognition of revenue. Among the most common methods of doing this are the bill-and-hold transaction and a long list of sham transaction involving shipping, billing and/or related-party involvements. Both the SEC and the AICPA seek to increase independent auditors' awareness of problems associated with these practices. Full Text: | Copyright American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Oct 1999 | [Headnote] Where there's revenue-recognition deviation, there could be fraud. SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt decried what he termed "accounting hocus-pocus" and called for coordinated efforts to uncover it. He targeted the practice by some companies of improperly boosting reported earnings by manipulating the recognition of revenue. Among the most common methods of doing this are the bill-and-hold transaction and a long list of sham transactions involving shipping, billing and/or related-party involvements. Both the SEC and the AICPA seek to increase independent auditors' awareness of problems associated with these practices. Public companies feel pressure to report quarterly earnings that meet or exceed analysts' expectations-after...
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...company acquired Corporate Collaborations this entity manages private and public social media networks that earn its revenue providing corporate social network development and hosting services. The audit committee of the company has requested the company to hire a new audit firm with a better experience in auditing of public technology companies. 2. Auditing and reporting issues: Miss Kristine Drew is the senior auditor for this company and is responsible for auditing revenue. She should start by asking for reviews from the predecessor audit firm in order to identify any problems they faced and to incorporate appropriate actions in order to minimize those risks. Ms. Drew should start off by initially accessing the controls of the activity reports. If the controls are strong and the data could not be manipulated, then it can be presumed that the data is accurate if this is not the case, then Ms. Drew should take up the services of a professional to figure out a way and if it is still not possible then she should state the facts on the audit report. The existing customers with hosting contracts of three years are changed to five-year contract, the revenues from this change have to be accounted prospectively. The revenue recognition for the new contracts for hosting that is for five years with three months free service, at the end of the five-year tenure the revenue should be charged over five years and three months and not over...
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...CONSERVATIVE RECOGNITION OR COOKIE JAR RESERVES Robin Turner Summary Two months after graduating from college Nick O'Brien started to work in the accounting department at his aunt's software company. While going over some financial statements Nick notices what he believes are revenue recognition issues. Since Nick believes that Lee Marchetti the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of O'Brien Software is an honest man, he decides to have a discussion with him about what he believes are revenue recognition issues. Mr. Marchetti explains to Nick that accounting is not an exact science and that it involves a lot of judgment calls and that O'Brien Software's "deferrals and estimates are well documented and in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules" (Conservative Recognition or Cookie Jar Reserves, Carpenter p. 3). After speaking with Mr. Marchetti, Nick decided to still speak with his aunt Amelia about his concerns. Amelia expressed to Nick that she was not very good when it came to accounting matters but she was educated when it came to recognizing revenue and that she believed being conservative was better than overstating. However, she asked Nick if he thought she should mention what he found to the audit committee. Issues/Questions One question that should be addressed surrounds why the CEO Amelia is not aware of certain financial aspects of her business. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires the chief executive officer (CEO) and the chief financial...
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...Earnings Management Eli Mudrick Professor David Heier, CPA, MBA 11 June 2014 Earning Management This paper looks at the speech entitles “The ‘Numbers Game’” that SEC chairman Arthur Levitt delivered at the NYU Center for Law and Business regarding earnings management in 1998. While companies use many techniques and illusions to improve their numbers, this paper will only look at three: “Cookie-Jar” Reserves, “Big Bath” Charges, and Revenue Recognition. After discussing and using real world examples of these techniques, this paper will examine ethical questions related to the selection of audit committee members such as qualifications and independence. Cookie Jar Reserves Cookie Jar reserves refers to the practice of intentionally recording unreasonable estimates or one time transactions during good economic times in order to smooth out activity in bad economic times (Levitt). These transactions directly violate, not only simple human honesty, but also Conservatism, one of the main accounting principles. A real world example of the use of cookie jar reserves is the computer company Dell. In 2010, they paid a penalty to the SEC of $100 million dollars due to their using of cookie jar reserves. To establish their reserves, Dell did not disclose payments from Intel which were paid in order to maintain exclusive use of their microprocessors. When times were tough, Dell drew on these reserves. At one point, these reserves made up more than 70% of their quarterly earnings...
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...O’Brian Software. Nick is going over the financial statements when he recognizes some questionable revenue recognition issues. Nick proceeds to address his concerns with the chief financial officer of the company, Lee Marchetti. Lee explains to Nick how revenue recognition is broken down and that a lot of information and judgment is involved. It is also pointed out that since the company went public three years ago they have consistently received ‘clean’ opinions from external auditors. Nick admits that Marchetti strikes him as a honest man with years of experience. Out of concern for his aunt’s company he approached his aunt, who is not known for her accounting expertise, but is the CEO of O’Brian Software. After explaining his concerns she asked Nick whether or not they should present this information to the audit committee. Issues/Questions The initial question is whether or not the audit committee should be made aware of Nick’s revenue recognition concerns. As President and CEO of Softrax Corporation, Robert O’Connor, points out, this is a serious claim. It is imperative that Nick does his research before making such a claim. The underlying issue in this case is if O’Brian Software is creating ‘cookie jar’ reserves by understating profits in periods of prosperity and then creating false reserves in times the company needs a boost. The smoothing of revenue recognition can mislead investors by providing them a false impression of the company’s financial standing while...
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...accounting department, Nick began to suspect unintentional and misleading revenue recognition . Nick believes his Aunt Amelia, founder and CEO, is an honest business woman and that her chosen CFO, Lee Marchetti, is also an honest man. Nick also knows that the financial statements have been reviewed and approved by the internal and external auditors and the firm's internal controls are effective. Despite these facts, Nick believes the firm has been smoothing earnings and creating inflated reserves. Most firms are usually charged with inflating earnings instead of under reporting, but both are equally illegal and unethical. After approaching Lee Marchetti with his concerns, Nick has informed his aunt, who has little accounting knowledge, of his suspected issues. Nick and Aunt Amelia are now faced with the decision as to whether or not the audit committee should be made aware of these concerns. ISSUES There are three issues at play regarding proper accounting and ethical business practices. The first issue is whether or not O'Brian Software is practicing conservative revenue recognition or smoothing earnings by creating cookie jar reserves. Many companies utilize revenue deferrals for product returns, warranties, and accounting for bad debts. The concern in this case is that the CFO is using overly conservative revenue recognition in order to build reserves to use when earnings slow in future periods. Deferring revenue...
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...Date: 21 July 2008 Subject: Revenue Recognition Issues There are many different sources for rules and regulations coming from different accounting boards. They are created to ensure every company reports their financial statements properly and that each transaction is in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Peale, Gower and Quill have been designated auditors for Caltron Computers, Inc. and have questioned four transactions regarding revenue recognition. These transactions will have an impact on the 2008 report earnings and the proposed secondary public stock offering in February 2009. To alleviate the concerns of auditors and reviewers of Caltron’s financial statements, recommendations have been made to amend the transactions in accordance with the associated accounting pronouncements. Caltron’s revenue recognition policy has been to recognize each transaction that occurs despite any stipulations included in the transaction. Peale, Gower and Quill have been assigned to discuss the implications of recording these transactions and the effect on the earnings. The earnings are not recorded properly because some of the transactions currently in place are not in accordance with SEC standards. The revenue recognition policy is to record every sale that occurs despite the stipulations, however in certain circumstances revenue cannot be recognized until the sale is complete. In order to give Caltron a qualified Audit Opinion, Caltron needs to change...
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...CONSERVATIVE RECOGNITION OR COOKIE JAR RESERVES Summary: O’Brian Software is a family software firm started by Amelia O’Brian. She started the company on a very small scale many years ago, but it has grown tremendously over time. The company went public and she now holds the position of chief executive officer at the company, while managing the majority of the business operations herself. Nick, who is Amelia’s nephew and a recent graduate with an accounting degree, began working for Amelia’s company. Nick was inducted as an auditor at junior level for the company and has been working only for a few months now. Amelia O’Brian has been facing issues because she does not have a sufficient understanding of the accounting procedures used in her company and her involvement with the company’s accounting function is very limited. Overall, the company has exhibited qualities of honesty and integrity in all of its functions. Though the company is owned and managed by the O’Brian family, all the important decisions are finalized only by proper discussion and final approval of the board of directors audit committee. All financial activities and transactions in the company are run by its CFO, Lee Marchetti. He is recognized as a trustworthy executive who ensures tight internal checks and controls on company’s finances. Current situation: In the process of reviewing the company’s financial statements, Nick recognized some issues with software revenue recognition. He had a feeling...
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...difference between cash and accrual accounting. LO1–3 Define generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and discuss the historical development of accounting standards, including convergence between U.S. and international standards. LO1–4 Explain why the establishment of accounting standards is characterized as a political process. LO1–5 Explain factors that encourage high-quality financial reporting. LO1–6 Explain the purpose of the conceptual framework. LO1–7 Identify the objective and qualitative characteristics of financial reporting information, and the elements of financial statements. LO1–8 Describe the four basic assumptions underlying GAAP. LO1–9 Describe the recognition, measurement and disclosure concepts that guide accounting practice. LO1–10 Contrast a revenue/expense approach and an asset/liability approach to accounting standard setting. LO1–11 Discuss the primary differences...
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...the internet sales company Overstock.com in early 2009. Due to an accounting error, partners of the company were under billed by $1.8 million dollars over the course of 2008. Overstock chose to record this entry incorrectly which falsely ballooned the company’s revenues; in turn, causing them to record an incorrect profit of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2008. Had this entry been booked correctly and within the guidelines of the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), Overstock would have recorded its earnings correctly, showing a loss of $0.8 million. This shows us how important restating a financial statement correctly is so important. A financial statement restatement occurs when a company, either voluntarily or under prompting by its auditors or regulators, revises its public financial information that was previously reported. A financial statement also occurs when there needs to be a change in accounting principles or there is an error. The number of financial restatements by public companies has increased in the recent years due to increased scrutiny following the well-known accounting scandals at Enron and WorldCom, amount others. The restatement usually involves a completely new audit and in some cases may affect future financial statements in the coming year. The main purpose to restating the financial statement is to review an earlier issued set to financial statements. When looking at the size of restating is usually very large. One reason...
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...Chapter 1 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting AACSB assurance of learning standards in accounting and business education require documentation of outcomes assessment. Although schools, departments, and faculty may approach assessment and its documentation differently, one approach is to provide specific questions on exams that become the basis for assessment. To aid faculty in this endeavor, we have labeled each question, exercise and problem in Intermediate Accounting, 7e with the following AACSB learning skills: Questions 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 1–7 1–8 1–9 1–10 1–11 1–12 1–13 1–14 1–15 1–16 1–17 1–18 1–19 1–20 1–21 1–22 1–23 1–24 1–25 1–26 1–27 1–28 1–29 AACSB Tags Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking 1–30 1–31 1–32 Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Brief Exercises 1–1 1–2 1–3 1–4 1–5 1–6 AACSB Tags Analytic Reflective thinking Reflective thinking Reflective thinking...
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...accounting knowledge of the company. The started as a small family firm and then went public. Going over financial statements and reviewing the company’s software revenue data, Nick noticed that revenue estimates were too conservative compare to the actual company revenues. He considered a possible case of reserves to inflate earnings in slow earning periods. This could mislead investors and create a negative financial reputation situation that would not benefit the company’s newest software launch “BrainWave”. Nick discuss what he believes are revenue recognition issues with Marchetti, the company’s CFO in control of all the financial activity of the company. Marchetti explains to Nick that O'Brien Software's "deferrals and estimates are well documented and in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission rules. After speaking with Marchetti, Nick spoke with his aunt Amelia about his concerns. Aunt Amelia not knowing enough about the financial situation or accounting in general, asked Nick if she should mention the issue to the audit committee. Aunt Amelia now needs to make the decision to whether or not report the revenue recognition concerns the audit committee. Issues One of the issues is the concern if the company is using aggressive conservative revenue recognition to build reserves to use in future periods when earnings will decrease. This method is illegal because it would not provide a realistic financial statement to investors...
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...Examination | Forensic Accounting and the Legal Environment Xerox is a leading business process and document management company headquartered in Norwalk Connecticut. Xerox employees 136,000 people worldwide and has annual sales of 22 billion dollars (Xerox, 2011). On April 11, 2002 the SEC filed charges against Xerox alleging that the company intentionally defrauded investors by accelerated the company's recognition of equipment revenue by over $3 billion and increased its pre-tax earnings by approximately $1.5 billion (Berger & Niemeier, 2002). Xerox settled the case by paying a 10 million dollar penalty, restating the financial statements for years 1997-2000, and to have a committee of outside directors review the company’s accounting controls and policies. The official complaint filed by the SEC highlights the problems that led to the senior management engaging in fraud to boost their financial figures. According to the SEC: “Companies that failed to meet Wall Street's earnings estimates by even a penny often were punished by significant declines in stock price. In addition, compensation of Xerox senior management depended significantly on their ability to meet increasing revenue and earnings targets (SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION V. XEROX CORPORATION, 2002).” The underlying problems that led to the accounting fraud was the compensation for senior management being tied to stock options and the stock prices relying on meeting their Wall Street earning projections...
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...should have been used to test the revenue and gross profit on its construction projects. By testing to see if the assertion is appropriate to make sure that all revenue and gross profit exist would have brought the attention to the $4 million of un-invoiced construction costs that materialized at the end of fiscal 1997. This assertion test also would have revealed that the earned value method in practice was allowing Paragon to book much larger amounts of revenue and gross profit on its construction projects than it would have under the cost-to-cost method. Completeness: the SEC said that Sullivan and his subordinates should have rigorously tested Paragon’s large amounts of unbilled revenues at the end of 1997. A significant amount of unbilled revenue that is reported as complete should be tested to determine the reason no billing has been posted for the work that was done. It also should be determined the reason income is being recognized for jobs that have not been identified as works in progress to determine the exact completion date of the project. By testing this assertion it would have been discovered that $4 million of work was fictitious. Valuation or allocation: Paragon overstated its revenue and profits by using the earned value method which caused a huge increase in unbilled revenue by the end of 1997. Approximately 30 percent of the 1997 income statement had not been billed to its customers. Paragon also overstated the revenue to be earned on its individual construction...
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...Department of Finance, University of Dhaka, who has assigned us a fictional case about a corporate scandal. We choose to work with Xerox scandal that took place in 2002. We use our knowledge of audit while working in this report. Also we learn about the ways of accounting manipulations that took place in the real world. Letter of transmittal 12th Nov, 2011 Mohammad Salahuddin Chowdhury Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Dear Sir Here is a report on the “Corporate scandal of Xerox Corporation”. In this report we have presented the whole history of the scandal, identified the cause of the mishap and showed the result of the scandal. At University of Dhaka, we appreciate having this assignment. If you need any assistance in interpreting this report or if you have any query, please contact with us on the given mail address starz@yahoo.com Sincerely yours, Shahriar Azad Shashi On behalf of the group 2nd Year 2nd Semester B.B.A 16th Batch Department of Finance. Executive Summary On April 11, 2002, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against Xerox. The complaint alleged Xerox deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by employing several "accounting maneuvers," the most significant of which was a change in which Xerox recorded revenue from copy machine leases – recognizing a "sale" when a lease contract was signed, instead of...
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