...Sector Copyright © International Labour Organization First published 2011 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Otobe, Naoko Global economic crisis, gender and employment : the impact and policy response / Naoko Otobe ; International Labour Office, Employment Sector. - Geneva: ILO, 2011 1 v. (Employment working paper) ISBN: 9789221241690; 9789221241706 (web pdf) ISSN 1999-2939 (print); ISSN 1999-2947 (web pdf) International Labour Office; Employment Sector women workers / men workers / employment / unemployment / gender equality / employment policy / social policy / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 14.04.2 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United...
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...Equality and Discrimination Hundreds of millions of people suffer from discrimination in the world of work. This not only violates a basic human right, but has wider social and economic consequences which perpetuate poverty and inequality while worsening social tensions. Lessening discrimination could help the world dramatically decrease poverty and promote decent work for all. Unions can play a crucial role in fighting discrimination nationally and internationally through political action and collective bargaining. But, their leaders and members are themselves subject to discrimination as workers are penalized for joining unions or participating in union activities. However, by better understanding discrimination in its many forms and devising strategies to combat it, unions could help eliminate discrimination and, at the same time, strengthen their organizations. What is discrimination? Discrimination in employment and occupation takes many forms, and occurs in all kinds of work settings. It entails treating people differently because of certain characteristics, such as race, colour or sex, which results in the impairment of equality of opportunity and treatment. In other words, discrimination results in, and reinforces, inequalities. With discrimination the freedom of human beings to develop their capabilities and to choose and pursue their professional and personal aspirations is restricted without regard for ability. Because of discrimination, skills and competencies...
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...effort, the central intention of the Task Force was to try to identify promising or successful experiences in country efforts to move towards the various Goals, and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to this progress. The focus of the papers is therefore on the national and local level; on country-led (rather than UN) efforts; and on a range of immediate and underlying factors that appear to be important or essential in enabling progress under differing conditions and country circumstances. The papers do not present or represent formal, official UN policy positions. Rather, they reflect the collective analytical efforts of the MDG Task Force, as endorsed by the UN Development Group, in an effort to bring ideas and suggestions, based on country and field experience, to the attention of UN Member States and development practioners everywhere. We hope that, as such, the papers provide a valuable contribution to the continuing discussions on policies, programmes, advocacy, financing and other conditions which are needed to achieve broad-based and sustained progress towards development goals, particularly for...
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...different from that in the developed countries. The most striking feature of labour markets in the developing countries is its non-homogeneous character. The status of the vast majority of workers in the developed countries is of wage and salary earners. Whereas in the developing countries there is a predominance of self-employment. This non-homogeneous character of labour markets in developing countries also implies that the nature of employment and the manner in which it is created is different in the two world’s. In the developing countries the vast majority of the population is left to fend for itself and create employment out of its own ingenuity, skills and capital. This leads to vast differences in the nature of employment and the creation of dualistic structure of ‘formal’and ‘informal’ components of the labour market. A large proportion of the workforce is in the unorganised or informal sector. These workers are engaged in economic activities with lower productivity resulting in lower incomes. They are also engaged in activities with less stable employment contracts (including the self-employed) and fewer social security benefits. While the wages and salaries of the formal sector workers are periodically revised to counter inflation. No such benefits accrue to the large proportion of workers in the unorganised sector. Inspite of growing literature on the informal sector, there are several gaps not only with respect to the data on the size of the sector, but also with...
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...Review of Related Literature The UNDP (2011) describes development as: “the three essentials of development include the ability to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have a decent standard of life. Development can be then also measured by looking into main development points such as: * Employment * Poverty * Health * Education * Social Cohesion * Security * Governance From the points above, we could set up parameters to measure. Taking for example security, we could measure development as we look into data regarding crime rates, number of security personal and etc. . Another basis is the GNP and GDP of a country or state as net income could become a factor to measure development quantitatively (Turtle, 2011). Moreover, to form a more holistic view of development, Smith and Todaro (2012) determined the three core values in development; namely – sustenance, self-esteem and freedom. First, sustenance is a value that indicates one’s ability to meet basic needs. This needs specifically comprise of food shelter health and protection. When people lack these needs, it is suggested by Smith and Todaro that these people are underdeveloped. Second, having self-esteem is part of the core values. This is a determinant on how one may value respect, dignity and principle. These values may help an individual to be recognized in a community to bring honor in an individual. It is believed by Smith and Todaro that having self-esteem will be...
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...infrastructure with the aim of attracting Taiwanese investors to set up manufacturing facilities there to take advantage of cheap labour and tax incentives. After 20 years’ of explosive development, XMN has grown to become a bustling modern town hosting over 2,000 manufacturing firms, 80 per cent of which are foreign invested, with a working population of 500,000. Almost 100 per cent of the goods manufactured in XMN are labour intensive products designed abroad and exported to North America and the EU. The products made here include shoes, bags, clothing and small plastic kitchen utensils. In the early phase of development, people of the local oyster farming community filled most of the jobs. However, the local pool of cheap labour soon ran out. Migrant workers, both male and female, now take up over 90 per cent of the manufacturing jobs typically aged between 18 and 25 from the rural areas of Fujian and the less developed provinces of Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi and Sichuan. BoL was set up as a partnership business...
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...conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or governments they represent. This report takes into account information available up to end of March 2012. Questions and feedback can be addressed to Philip Schellekens (pschellekens@worldbank.org). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS The Chinese economy is in the midst of a gradual slowdown. A weaker global economic environment and tighter domestic policies combined to slow GDP growth from 10.4 percent in 2010 to 9.2 percent in 2011. Slow growth in the Euro area and sluggish recovery in the US limited the contribution of net exports, as exports decelerated more rapidly than imports. Tighter domestic policy conditions dampened investment – particularly in infrastructure and real estate. In contrast, consumption growth remained robust as consumer confidence was sustained and household income continued to grow rapidly. Inflation, which was a policy concern over 2011, has been on a declining...
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...relationships between employees and employers within the organizational settings. The field of industrial relations looks at the relationship between management and workers, particularly groups of workers represented by a union. Industrial relations are basically the interactions between employers, employees and the government, and the institutions and associations through which such interactions are mediated. The term industrial relations have a broad as well as a narrow outlook. Originally, industrial relations were broadly defined to include the relationships and interactions between employers and employees. From this perspective, industrial relations cover all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource management, employee relations, and union-management (or labor) relations. Now its meaning has become more specific and restricted. Accordingly, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labor-management relations, while human resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with nonunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies of employers. The relationships which arise at and out of the workplace generally include the relationships between individual workers, the relationships between workers and...
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...ouLabour standards and poverty reduction Labour standards and poverty reduction May 2004 FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT One of the greatest moral and political challenges of our time is the ending of mass poverty. To ensure action on a global scale, and to assess progress, the international community has set itself ambitious targets for the reduction of poverty, embodied in the Millennium Development Goals and affirmed by governments worldwide at the UN Millennium Assembly in 2000. These have been adopted by major development agencies, and are supported by NGOs. They express the conviction that it is possible to improve substantially the living conditions and opportunities of the world’s poor over the coming decade. The MDGs can be achieved only if poor people themselves are involved in the decisions which affect their lives. They should therefore have the freedom to organise themselves in associations which promote their interests in the societies in which they live. They should not be subject to forced labour, or suffer from discrimination in the labour market. They should be able to maintain their livelihoods without having to make their children work rather than go to school. An essential part of poverty elimination is those human rights known as core labour standards: freedom of association and the right to free collective bargaining; elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; effective abolition of child labour;...
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...Max Havelaar France www.maxhavelaarfrance.org The Fairtrade certification impact on small producers: Conclusions of the first studies, April 2009 Synthèse Max Havelaar France : Karine Laroche & Barbara Guittard. From studies carried out by : OREADE BRECHE (République Dominicaine : Conacado et Banelino ; Pérou : Cocla), AVSF (Equateur : Fapecafes ; Pérou : Apromalpi ; Bolivie : Coopératives des Yungas). Synthèse on the impact of Fairtrade Certification FLO PREAMBULE A reflective work around the impact of FTC (Fairtrade Certification)’s activities, on the main group of beneficiaries, has been initiated in 2005 by Max Havelaar France and its federation FLO. Indeed, the substantial work done until now around guarantee (referring to the guarantee of the means (standards, prices, etc.) and the direct results of those means (verified through certification, ie: whether volumes sold have been paid at the defined levels, to democratic organisations, etc.)) only gave an incomplete overview of the sustainable and substantial changes brought by the FTC to organisations and its members. The action taken of measuring the FTC’s impact is thus aiming at better understanding the mechanisms and the reality of the FTC’s impact, in order to 1/ being able to explain it and to have more solid information, and 2/ being able to improve its tools and interventions. Several studies have been carried out in parallel to the elaboration and to the improvement of a common methodological frame...
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...Human Rights 1. The nature and Development of human rights The definition of human rights * Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) sets out the fundamental purpose for recognizing human rights * In the general sense, human rights refer to basic rights and freedoms that are believed to belong to all human beings * As stated in the UDHR, these rights differ from ordinary rights under domestic law as they are considered to be universal, inalienable (cannot be taken away) and inherent to all people. Developing recognition of human rights * The abolition of slavery * The campaign for universal suffrage * The trade union movement and labour rights * The right of a group to self-determination * Emerging environmental rights * The attempt to establish a right to peace The abolition of slavery * Slavery is a type of forced labour where a person is considered to be the legal property of another * Slavery was practiced legally until the 20th century * Common forms of slavery involved: debt slavery (forced to pay off a loan with labour), slavery as punishment for crime, prisoners of war committed to slavery * Moves to abolish slavery and slave trading began in the 12th century, e.g. Iceland abolished slavery in 1117 * During the 17th – 19th century, the transatlantic slave trade (the trading of African people by Europeans, transporting them as slaves from Africa to the colonies of the New World) was in action as Europeans...
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...Market Place Trends 22 Strategies to Be Implemented For the Next Ten Years 24 Recommendations 26 Conclusion 28 References 29 Consultant Report 3 32 Introduction 32 Human Resource Theories and Current Market Place Trends 34 Human Resource Theories 34 Current Market Place Trends 38 Strategies to Be Implemented For the Next Ten Years 40 Recommendations 41 Conclusion 42 References 43 Consultant Report 1 Introduction The term ‘trade union’ is referred as an association which includes variety of members consisting of both workers and union leaders among others, integrated to defend and endorse the universal interests. Trade union acts as a weapon for the labourers or workers to fight for their own rights against the management of an organization. The prime objectives of a labor union may include bargaining about wages and provisions of working circumstances, legalizing the relations in between workers and owner, taking necessary actions for implementation of the policies of communal bargaining, elevating new demands on behalf of the employees and finally settling down the criticisms among others. Trade unions were primarily initiated in Europe rather it became popular in many other countries during industrial revolution. Moreover, a trade union may be of varied forms such as house union, company union, general union, industrial union and craft union among others (BIS, n.d.)....
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...LABOUR LAWS IN INDIA Index Particulars 1. Introduction a) History of Labour law 3 5 6 6 8 9 27 Page No. b) Evolution of Labour law in India c) Purpose of Labour Legislations d) Constitutional provisions with regard to labour laws e) 2. 3. 4. Labour Policy of India List of Labour laws in India Classification of labour laws in India Overview of important labour laws in India a) Apprentices Act, 1961 29 36 51 of 55 b) Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 c) Employees Provident Fund And Misc. Provisions Act, 1952 Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification d) The Vacancies) Act, 1959 e) f) g) Factories Act, 1948 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 Labour Laws (Exemption From Furnishing Returns & Maintaining Registers By Certain Establishments) Act, 1988 h) Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 i) j) Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 83 87 91 58 74 80 1 k) l) The Trade Unions Act, 1926 Shops and Establishment Act, 1954 97 101 104 118 129 132 135 144 147 151 157 172 177 179 180 186 190 m) Laws related to wages n) Laws related to child labour o) Law related to contract labour p) Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Checklist of labour law compliance Unfair labour practice Labour laws in the unorganized sector Women labour and the Law Industrial relations 10. Special points to be noted while drafting Employment Agreement 11. Important case laws under various labour legislations 12. Important organizations 13. Authorities under...
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...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
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...FOREWORD In a span of only five years, the population of the Philippines grew by 7.7 million – from 68.8 million in 1995 to 76.5 million in 2000. During this period, the population growth rate (PGR) was 2.36 percent per year, which means the population doubling time will be within 29 years if the rate does not decline (NSO, 2001). Side by side with rapid population growth is poverty, which still grips about a third of the country's 15.3 million households (NSO, 2001a). This Country Report is timely in that it revisits the link between population/development and poverty, environment, and resources. The Report has two purposes. First, it intends to review the Philippine population/development situation, including issues of reproductive health and gender equity, from the perspective of goals affirmed in the Bali Declaration, the ICPD Program of Action and other related documents. The report's second purpose is to highlight priority population issues in the context of alleviating poverty and improving the quality of life of Filipinos. To reduce poverty significantly within the coming decade, the Philippines must face the challenge of building the capacities of its vast human capital. Only in this way can Filipino families, especially the poor, meaningfully, responsibly, and productively participate in the development process. CONTENTS |FOREWORD ...
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