...13.5. The Scientific Revolution Until the mid-1500s,Europeans' view of the universe was shaped by the theories of the ancient writers Ptolemy and Aristotle. In1543, Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernics published the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In it, he proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus's theory. After Brahe's death, his assistant, the brilliant German astronmer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the Sun. Scientests from many different lands built on the foudations laid by Copernicus and Kepler. In Italy, Galileo Galilei assembled an astronomical telescope. Galileo's discoveries caused an uproar. Despite the opposition of the Church, by the early 1600s a new approach to science had emerged, based upon observation and experimentation. Two gaints of this revolution were the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes Bacon and Descartes differed in their methods, however. Over time, a step-by-step process of discovery evolved that became known as the scientific method.to explain the data, scientists used reasoning to propose a logical hypothesis, or possible explanation. The 1500s and 1600s saw drmatic changes in many branches of science, especially medicine and chemistry. Medieval physicians relied on the works of the ancient physician...
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...“Response on the Anthropic Principle” The Anthropic Principle, formally proposed at a conference in Poland by Brandon Carter in 1973, is a theory that strongly suggests that humanity holds a special place in the Universe. This topic has become widely discussed and debated topic among scientists. Two branches of the theory are the strong anthropic principle (SAP) and the weak anthropic principle (WAP). The SAP states, “The Universe must have those properties which allow life to develop within it at some stage in its history” (www.physics.sfsu.edu). This branch of the anthropic principle has commonly been used in the argument for intelligent design (ID), which puts forth the proposition that a designer is responsible for the balance of the laws of mathematics and physics that ultimately hold our universe together. The WAP says, “The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on the values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so” (www.physics.sfsu.edu). This is simply saying that if people were not here to observe and if the universe did not work as it does, then we could not ask why we are here and why the universe works like it does. Although the SAP and WAP are somewhat different, ultimately they both appear to agree that human life is special given all of the circumstances it takes for us...
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...Toni Howard Mrs. Arnold Revolutions December 20, 2014 Galileo Galilei’s Legacy Today Galileo Galilei, a man ahead of his time, began the scientific revolution. He challenged accepted theories of his day causing conflict among multiple religious leaders, making Galileo a powerful figure in all of science. Most commonly known for his astronomical observations, he also made significant contributions in the areas of physics, philosophy, and mathematics. He destroyed Aristotle’s geocentric idea that the earth was the center of the universe, and he proved with a collection of evidence that his heliocentric idea was right about the sun being the center of the solar system. Although this breakthrough triggered problems for himself, including house arrest until he died, he was seen as a fearless man not scared to show off what he believed in. Looking at Galileo Galilei’s early life as a scholar, researcher, and inventor, we are able to see the contributions he made to multiple sciences and how his legacy still is continuing today. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the first child of 7 from his father Vincenzio Galilei and his wife Giulia. Vincenzio wanted the best for Galileo so he began his education with a private tutor until the family moved to Florence in 1574. Galileo then attended the monastery of Santa Maria Vallombrosa, where he spent his time learning alongside Camaldolese monks. By the age of 17, his father suggested that he would further...
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...Introduction. TECHNOLOGY ! I.1 What is technology? I.2 First Inventors I.3 How science affects technology I.4 Discussion questions I.1 What is technology? Think for a moment what it might be like to live in the 14th century. Image that you could travel back in time and found yourself in a small European village in 1392. What do you think you would find? How would you cook your food? Would you use an oven, a fire, or a microwave? How would you eat your food? Do you think you could use a plastic cup to drink your milk? How would you go from one city to the next? Could you get on a train or would you have to walk or ride a horse? How would you send a message to your mom telling her you’ll be late for dinner? Can you email her or call her on your cell phone? Do you think you could find pink spandex shorts or would they have to be made of brown cotton? Think for a moment how different everything would be if you were to live in the 14th century.Many of the items you use today are a result of technology. Your cell phone, microwave oven, washing machine, and plastic cup are all the result of scientific discoveries combined with engineering that have allow people to invent products that have improved the way people live. Technological advances have improved our health, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, how we travel, and how we communicate with one another. There are a few drawbacks to some aspects of technology but overall technology has greatly improved many...
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...Content Question: To what specifically does Galileo plead guilty? Analysis Question: How would his promises about future behavior satisfy the Church authorities? Evaluative Questions: How should the maintenance of authority be balanced against the pursuit of knowledge? I, Galileo, son of the late Vincenzo Galilei, Florentine, aged seventy years, arraigned personally before this tribunal, and kneeling before you, Most Eminent and Reverend Lord Cardinals, Inquisitors-General against heretical depravity throughout the entire Christian commonwealth, having before my eyes and touching with my hands, the Holy Gospels, swear that I have always believed, do believe, and by God's help will in the future believe, all that is held, preached, and taught by the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. But whereas -- after an injunction had been judicially intimated to me by this Holy Office, to the effect that I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center of the world, and moves, and that I must not hold, defend, or teach in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing, the said false doctrine, and after it had been notified to me that the said doctrine was contrary to Holy Scripture -- I wrote and printed a book in which I discuss this new doctrine already condemned, and adduce arguments of great cogency in its favor, without presenting any solution of these, and for this reason I have been pronounced...
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...“When Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei heard rumors of the first practical telescope at the beginning of the 17th century, he was quick to craft his own version and turn it toward the heavens.” This was the time that Hans Lippershey invented telescopes, so he could look more closely at the stars. Hans Lippershey was the first person to invent a telescope, in 1608. After that, telescopes have been becoming more advanced than that. Now you can see almost all the way to Pluto! “ A Galilean telescope is, in essence, a tube with two lenses placed at either end.” A Galilean telescope is a really hard telescope to make, you need a lot of gadgets and gizmos to build it. Like copper rods, mirrors, lenses, etc. It must cost a fortune to make it,...
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...What’s the most important discoveries of space you can think of? Maybe the Galilean Moons of Jupiter or the theory of the planets orbiting the sun? Well, most of the important discoveries of space was discovered by none other than Galileo Galilei. Galileo Galilei was born on February 15th, 1564 in Pisa, Italy. He was an older brother of two and his father was a well-known composer who played a stringed instrument called a lute. Like his dad, he also became a skilled player of the lute. When he was 17, his dad convinced him to go to medical school. At the age of 18, Galileo came into a mathematics lecture and fell in love with it. He stop medical school and started studying mathematics. In 1609, he built his very own telescope. Although he...
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...Galileo Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the oldest of seven children. His father was a musician and wool trader, who wanted his son to study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery. After four years, Galileo had announced to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished. Galileo Galilei - Law of the Pendulum At age twenty, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging overhead while he was in a cathedral. Curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth, he used his pulse to time large and small swings. Galileo discovered something that no one else had ever realized: the period of each swing was exactly the same. The law of the pendulum, which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo Galilei instantly famous. Except for mathematics, Galileo Galilei was bored with university. Galileo's family was informed that their son was in danger of flunking out. A compromise was worked out, where Galileo would be tutored full-time in mathematics by the mathematician of the Tuscan court. Galileo's father was hardly overjoyed about this turn of events, since a mathematician's earning power was roughly around that of a musician, but it seemed that this might yet...
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...Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence), Italy in 1564, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist, composer, and music theorist; and Giulia Ammannati. Galileo was named after an ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti, a physician, university teacher and politician who lived in Florence from 1370 to 1450. Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. Galileo has been called the "father of modern physics Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and René Descartes, was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton. Galileo conducted several experiments with pendulums. It is popularly believed that these began by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse as a timer. Later experiments are described in his Two New Sciences. Galileo claimed that a simple pendulum is isochronous, i.e. that its swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude. In fact, this is only approximately true. Galileo also found that the square of the period varies directly with the length of the pendulum. It is said that at the age of 19, in the cathedral of Pisa, he timed the oscillations of a swinging lamp by means of his pulse beats and found the time for each swing to be the same, no matter what the amplitude...
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...was rarely challenged due to their presence in the Italian Government. Some of these beliefs, however, were challenged by the Scientific Revolution, or the origin of modern science, which was catalyzed by Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, or On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This publication, Copernicus rejected the previously agreed upon theory of geocentrism, a model of the solar system in which the Earth is the center of revolution, in favor of heliocentrism, a model of the solar system in which the Sun is the center of revolution. The Church quickly refuted Copernicus's ideas, claiming that they were absurd and borderline heretical, but not before it piqued the interest of other notable scientists. Galileo Galilei, a respected intellectual...
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...Task 1 In ancient civilizations it was believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe (Geocentric model). This was the accepted belief at the time. Many philosophers and scientists wrote works based on the Geocentric model. The understanding that the Earth being the center of the universe began to change as scientists (Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler) researched, used mathematics and physics. The findings of there work led to the belief that the Sun was the center of the Universe (Heliocentric model). Copernicus used mathematics (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to form the Heliocentric model of the universe. Galileo used physics (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) to support Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory. Kepler mathematics (laws of planetary motion) and his expertise in optics (inventing an improved version of the refracting telescope (Keplerian Telescope) and gave credit to Galileo for his telescopic discoveries) to support the Heliocentric model. The Heliocentric model was accepted as the structure of the Solar System because of the work of these ancient scientists and the work of those that came after them. In the mid-to-late 20th century supremacy in space exploration between the Soviet Union and United States began. This is now known as the “Space Race”. During this tense time known as the “Cold War” both the Soviet Union and the United States felt that being first in space exploration was necessary for national security and...
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...Astronomy Notes: People & Accomplishments: Plato (428/7 B.C.E. – 328/7 B.C.E.) – Greek Philosopher, a student of Socrates, and teacher of Aristotle. Taught of the “World of Forms;” the idea that the material world (the earth) is made of nothing but imperfect copies of what was imagined to be perfect. Also, the perfect World of Forms (heavens) was where ideas, thoughts, concepts, imagination, reason, etc. exists. The seven planets ((in order; Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn) were intangible gods; therefore, they were part of the World of Forms. Plato taught that when people acted on perfect ideas (i.e., built stuff), the outcome, in the material world, must be imperfect. [Socrates taught of metaphysics, the study of what is real versus what we think is real but isn’t.] Aristotle (384 B.C.E. – 322 B.C.E.) – Greek philosopher and mathematician and a student of Plato. Credited when the early teaching of the scientific method (questioning, predicting outcomes, classifying/ organizing data, drawing conclusions founded in logic). Aristotle taught of the Universe existing in two realms. The Terrestrial Realm consisted of all material objects. All material objects, or matter, were made of combinations of the four elements (earth, air, fire, and water). Matter was classified by common physical properties (density, hot vs. cold, wet vs. dry). Comets were thought to be atmospheric phenomena, and part of the Terrestrial Realm (changes in the tail of a comet...
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...Peering out beyond the confines of the Earth was a daydream for early scientists. Staring into the heavens from the Earth limited the scientific community’s ability to study the cosmic bodies above the Earth’s surface. As curiosity grew to explore the Sun, moon, stars and far-reaching corners of the universe, creativity was sparked leading to the development of tools like a telescope to assist scientists with examining outer space and its contents. The development of the telescope began in the hands of a Dutch lens maker, Hans Lippershey. Lippershey developed a device consisting of a tube and a lens allowing the user to view objects up close. Galileo Galilei expanded upon Lippershey’s design creating the modern day telescope using a concave lens. Galileo used his telescope view the items in the night sky including the Milky Way. Galileo revealed that the Earth was not at the center of the universe that was a contrasting view from previous scholars. The development of the telescope has lead to significant discoveries including the moon's effect on weather patterns on Earth and in space black holes, stars' lifecycles and galaxies beyond the Milky Way to name a few. The ability to study the Sun has given scholars the ability to determine the age of the Sun, planets and stars in the night sky. The first telescope's original design, consisting of a tube and lens, gave the viewer the first glimpse into the space. As interest in astronomy grew in both the scientific and philosophical...
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...discoveries of the universe changed are whole views on it. Galileo was an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who was a key part the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and observations that gave support for Copernicanism, for which affected mainly the church. For most think of him as a great man to this day, but at the time he was considered a man of heresy by the church of his ideas. So to ask the question if Galileo was truly a great person or a product of his age you have to look back to how he affected history. For he is now known for many things and for that they can...
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...Brief: Galileo Galilei, a professor in mathematics, was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy. Born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy, Galileo Galilei was a mathematics academic who created pioneering observations of nature with lasting implications for the study of physics. He additionally made a telescope and supported the Copernican theory, that supports a sun-centered solar system. Galileo Galilei was accused two times of heresy by the church for his beliefs, and wrote books on his concepts. He died in Arcetri, Italy, on January 8, 1642. His Beginnings: He was the first of six kids to Vincenzo Galilei, an outstanding performer and music scholar, and Giulia Ammannati. In 1574, the family moved to Florence, where Galileo began his formal teaching at the Camaldolese religious community in Vallombrosa. In 1583,...
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