...The case study we have been given is about a women named Sarah who is 38years old married women with two children age, eight and ten. Five years ago she developed multiple Sclerosis, the progress in her illness have been very rapid, and she now needs support in most of her daily living activities. She has a carer that comes in every morning to help her get up, get dressed, wash and make breakfast for her and her two children. She can eat independently as long as the food preparation is well thought-out. Sarah has to use a catheterization for bowel movements. She can walk with two sticks on a good day and on a bad day she uses a wheelchair because she can barely walk. She used to work full time in a school but now because of her illness, she...
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...Research Paper on Digital Media and Self-Esteem Name Institution Course Date Introduction The study was about researching and analyzing whether the digital world boosts self-esteem. The research helps the effect of social media and the technological advancements that have occurred in the recent past on an individual’s personality and self-esteem. The study has incorporated digital ethnography and social networking analysis to critically examine and analyze the focus groups at hand. Social networking sites are an important aspect in the digital world and involve increased networking of existing and compound relations which goes beyond close friends. It is a conglomerate friendship and relations of friends of friends. Technology has made vast and significant changes in social dynamics. It tends to both affect people in the society by either making them comfortable and uncomfortable thus affecting their self-esteem (Meadows, 2003, P. 23). The process of transferring human contact into the world through creating complete, genuine and reliable social inter-connections seems to affect one’s self-esteem. These social groups can be sampled and used as focus groups which can be used as an analysis of behavior for the entire society as a whole. The study is important in addressing the behaviors of participants in a focus group relevant to the overall effect of the digital world relevant to the self-esteem of individuals in the society. The Existing Literature Review Technology, social...
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...OF TEAM EFFICACY AND TEAM SELF-ESTEEM Complete Summary The study analyzes the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and team performance through team efficacy and team self-esteem. Team performance is influenced by Economic, Legal, and Ethical Citizenship. The results of this study show the importance and benefits of having a good CSR within organizations to improve the overall well-being of workers and ultimately the company itself. In addition, the results indicates that Economic Citizenship influences performance through both team efficacy and team self-esteem. Nevertheless, Legal Citizenship influences performance only via team efficacy and Ethical Citizenship only via team self-esteem. Effective Economic Citizenship. All organizations have the obligation of taking care of their employees due to their position as major stakeholders. “The necessary and primary social responsibility of any business organization is economic in nature, as an organization is a basic economic unit in our society”. This essential social citizenship can be implemented through different types of benefits such as good working conditions, adequate training, educational programs, and career advancement. “Managers who focus on this social responsibility can win high return of investment from team workers through their enhanced team efficacy, team self-esteem, and consequently, team performance”. The results of the study indicates that self-esteem and efficacy of employees...
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...University October, 2014 Abstract Based on studies and research, we all have been exposed and affected by depression, whether personally or by family and friends, no matter your age, gender, economical or religious status. There are several studies that debate whether the main cause of those dealing with depression stems from a Biological or Cognitive-behavioral aspect. I will endeavor to show with supporting evidence that many develop depression based on their cognitive disposition. Many people are facing depression based on the lack of or inability to deal with life’s issues and the negative events that have or are presently taking place in their lives, and faulty thinking which include components like, pessimism and low self- esteem. Causes of Depression: Cognitive versus Biological With there being so much research evidencing the causal factors of the ongoing, the onset and the reappearance of depression which affects all nationalities, economic statuses, both male and female and religious orders, this paper will show the correlation or link and differences between the Cognitive Behavioral and Biological aspects. Even though those who are predisposed to depression based on family history are likely to deal with depression, there are many who do not develop depression because of a strong and stabilized belief system and how they view themselves and life. This is not to say that everyone who has low self-esteem or has difficulty with emotions dues to stress and...
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...submission of assignment? Self-esteem refers to an individual's or in some cases a group's evaluative judgment about himself, herself, or itself. The term and concept were relatively unnoticed prior to the 1960s, at which time various thinkers and researchers began to suspect that it could be an important factor in behavior. By the late 1970s self-esteem had become a major focus of a great deal of research, and people began to seek to raise self-esteem in connection with a broad assortment of interventions, including clinical practice and education. During the 1980s self-esteem became a national buzzword and was being studied and applied in a staggering variety of settings. Leading proponents such as Nathaniel Branden (1984) contended that deficient self-esteem was a causal factor behind nearly every sort of personal and social problem and pathology. A high point of sorts was reached late that decade, when the state of California established the California Task Force to Promote Self-esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility. Its manifesto (California Task Force, 1990) asserted that raising the self-esteem of California's citizens would help solve many of the state's problems, including violence, drug abuse, unwanted pregnancy, and school underachievement. Criticism began to mount in the 1990s, and since the early 2000s the value of self-esteem has become the focus of serious debate. As of 2008 there are many programs for boosting self-esteem, especially among schools...
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...Stress is a physiological factor that affects many aspects of everyday life including family, work, and other life events. Being exposed to stress over time can make a person more helpless to everyday burdens. In a study done by Cooley and Toray, it was “found that 63% [anorexia nervosa] participants and 57% [bulimia nervosa] participants reported having experienced high levels of stress before they were diagnosed with an eating disorder. In the study, participants acknowledged in personal interviews that the eating disorder was a response to the high levels of stress” (Virginia 16). Eating food is a very common activity when coping with stress so it is clear to see why people often over eat in stressful situations. However, this is harmful and does not help with dealing with stress. If people do not cope with stress in a healthy manner then “they may be susceptible for developing a full blown eating disorder”(Virginia 22). A study was conducted and it “observed a nonclinical population and found factors that predict disturbed eating behaviors and attitudes. Stress was related to all three eating disorder precursor… stress may make [patients] more vulnerable for psychological problems.” (Virginia 23). Although stress is a major factor of bulimia, body image is just as much of a prominent factor for bulimia as...
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...additives. This habit exposes us to different diseases, most particularly to obesity. The number of cases of obesity in the Philippines is continuously increasing. This has been proven by a research conducted in 2013 by the Philippine Association for the Study of Overweight and Obesity Incorporated. According to them, three out of ten Filipinos are suffering from obesity. Moreover, Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology has supported these findings and claimed that it is a “growing epidemic”. The results also show that there are more cases of female obesity than male. Obesity is commonly associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and mortality. (Corbin & Welk, 1970) For women, obesity implies more risk in developing complications due to maternity. Before, it was only a term for the condition of a person who suffered from exposure to unhealthy living that created excess weight. (Fahey, Insel & Roth, 2011) An article in the Journal of Obesity revealed that many obese people suffer from depression and low self-appreciation. In the study, it was observed that obese people tend to have a lower self-esteem compared to their thinner counterpart. In accordance to this, researchers have already conducted experiments to examine the relationship between obesity and psychological problems such as poor self-esteem. In all cases of obesity, people have larger body size. Therefore, obesity makes them more conscious about their...
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...by lightness or darkness continues to be a sociological issue in both the United States and Jamaica today. It is believed that light skin is valued over dark skin in communities all over, in turn causing people to make changes to their natural physical appearance. Studies have been conducted with aims to determine why people bleach their skin, if it has to do with self-image, identity, or if it’s due to psychological scaring from the past. Dating back to plantation slavery, social relationships among Africans and white communities shaped what is now perceived as “acceptable” in communities now a day. “Dark skinned people were considered to be devalued whereas light skin was valued.” (Charles 2003) The Mulattoes, which were the people mixed with Black and white, were allowed to work in the great house. The Africans on the other hand were socialized to show deference to the mulattoes on the plantation (Charles 2009). Today, more than 90% of Jamaica’s population is of African descent and dominate the political landscape, but the minority dominates the economy. Although class and color distinction are very important in society, there is minimal tension over race (Charles 2009) Identity, as well as self-esteem is often thought to be the reason behind skin bleaching. Slavery was an extremely traumatizing experience for the Africans. They were brainwashed into believing that the values of the British communities were more important than that of their own. It was back then...
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...Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2012, Vol. 10, No, 1, 10-16 Emotional Behaviour and Academic Achievement in Middle School Children Nazar Hussain Soomro and Jane Clarbour Department of Psychology, University of York, USA The present study investigates the relationship between emotional behaviour and academic achievement in middle school children in Hyderabad, Pakistan. One hundred and forty-six students of grade 8 completed the Emotional Behavioural Scale for Pakistani Adolescents (EBS-PA; Soomro, 2010), and rendered measures of their social anxiety, malevolent aggression, and social self-esteem scores. These measures cumulatively represented emotional behaviour in these children, based upon Clarbour and Roger‟s (2004) model of emotional style, on which the EBS-PA scale is based. We then ascertained academic grades of these students from their school records and ran correlation between academic achievement (grades) and emotional behaviour measures. Results revealed academic achievement to be negatively associated with malevolent aggression, but positively related to social self-esteem. In addition, mediator analysis indicated social self-esteem to partially mediate the relationship between malevolent aggression and academic achievement. Keywords: emotional behaviour, academic achievement, adolescents, Pakistani There is robust evidence that emotional and behavioural problems are related with academic difficulties (Arnold, 1997; Hinshaw, 1992). These associations...
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...to keeptheir operations and finances under control. Apple Inc. has been forced to reevaluate and redesign it’s organizational culture and organizational structure to avoid bankruptcy.The organizational culture of Apple is one of change; with the drive to outperform and succeed as their major objectives. The organizational structure of the company has also transformed to be more competitive in a critical juncture in thecompany’s history. Apple is going through major restructuring to regain controlof its operations and finances in order to stay competitive on the global market. This paper will describe the organizational culture and structure of Apple (www.fundinguniverse).Organizational CultureThe culture of Apple was based on an ideal that self-motivated individuals willwork harder if they do not have a boss micromanaging every action. The unique structure of Apple had allowed it to grow and react more quickly to changes than its competitors. The reason for the quick responsiveness is simple; it is much easier to get a project started if there are only a few people to obtain approvalfrom. Apple initially grew fast, because decisions were made at the lowest possible level. Corporate headquarters made policy and oversaw all activities, but the local employees made the day-to-day decisions on the ground in countries all over the world. This type of top-down philosophy allowed for quick responsivenessand resolutions to situations without involving the corporate headquarters, thus avoiding...
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...Self-Esteem over Logic and Beliefs Columbia College, Missouri Abstract Self-Esteem gives a person the right to value themselves. Our self-esteem sometimes overpowers our logic, and can lead us to act in ways that are not always our own. This paper examines how the following theories; Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Self- Evaluation Maintenance Theory, Self-Affirmation Theory, Rationalization Trap and Self-Discrepancy Theory impact a person's self-esteem decisions. Where people in different cases come to realize that the choices they have made overpower their superior perfect logic, they have to deal with the consequences that come along with the choices they have made. Self-Esteem over Logic and Beliefs According to Cherry (2010), “self-esteem is how a person values oneself”. It is a personality trait which comes from the inside of a person. It is all about what one believes about his/her looks, emotions, and behavior. It is an extremely essential need in a person so they can behave normally and be socially healthy. Self-esteem is intertwined with a person’s thoughts, and can also be called self-worth, self-respect or self-value. According to Kruger and Dunning (1999), “People often hold overly complimentary opinions of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains.” Many individuals end up doing things wrong without even realizing it, for the sake of a positive self-esteem. This paper will give examples of behavior that throw logic and common sense...
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...employment (SE) for persons with severe mental illness. The SE program involves extended individualized supported employment for clients through a Mobile Job Support Worker (MJSW) who maintains contact with the client after job placement and supports the client in a variety of ways. A 50% simple random sample was taken of all persons who entered the Thresholds Agency between 3/1/93 and 2/28/95 and who met study criteria. The resulting 484 cases were randomly assigned to either the SE condition (treatment group) or the usual protocol (control group) which consisted of life skills training and employment in an in-house sheltered workshop setting. All participants were measured at intake and at 3 months after beginning employment, on two measures of psychological functioning (the BPRS and GAS) and two measures of self esteem (RSE and ESE). Significant treatment effects were found on all four measures, but they were in the opposite direction from what was hypothesized. Instead of functioning better and having more self esteem, persons in SE had lower functioning levels and lower self esteem. The most likely explanation is that people who work in low-paying service jobs in real world settings generally do not like them and experience significant job stress, whether they have severe mental illness or not. The implications for theory in psychosocial rehabilitation are considered. [pic] The Effects of a Supported Employment Program on Psychosocial Indicators for Persons with Severe Mental...
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...employment (SE) for persons with severe mental illness. The SE program involves extended individualized supported employment for clients through a Mobile Job Support Worker (MJSW) who maintains contact with the client after job placement and supports the client in a variety of ways. A 50% simple random sample was taken of all persons who entered the Thresholds Agency between 3/1/93 and 2/28/95 and who met study criteria. The resulting 484 cases were randomly assigned to either the SE condition (treatment group) or the usual protocol (control group) which consisted of life skills training and employment in an in-house sheltered workshop setting. All participants were measured at intake and at 3 months after beginning employment, on two measures of psychological functioning (the BPRS and GAS) and two measures of self esteem (RSE and ESE). Significant treatment effects were found on all four measures, but they were in the opposite direction from what was hypothesized. Instead of functioning better and having more self esteem, persons in SE had lower functioning levels and lower self esteem. The most likely explanation is that people who work in low-paying service jobs in real world settings generally do not like them and experience significant job stress, whether they have severe mental illness or not. The implications for theory in psychosocial rehabilitation are considered. The Effects of a Supported Employment Program on Psychosocial Indicators for Persons with Severe Mental Illness ...
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...Unit 4: development through life stages Task 1 P4: Explain two theories of ageing Social Disengagement Theory The social disengagement theory is a theory that was discovered in 1961 by William Henry and Elaine Cumming and it claims the beliefs that as people get older and become more fragile (elderly), they would naturally tend to withdraw themselves from social involvement, being less active and restricting themselves from interacting with others. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-disengagement-theory.htm (Pearson education limited, 2010, pg170). However this is not the case for all ageing individuals as reasons for their disengagement may not be the result of the theory. For example, ill health of an individual may be the reason they become less sociable as it may prevent/restrict them from doing things and interacting with people how they would’ve before. In the case study we learn of Martha and Catherine, two elderly individuals of 80 who out of choice live in sheltered housing due to physical disabilities and as looking after their own home is too stressful, who have taken to the theory in different ways. The social disengagement theory hasn’t yet affected Martha fully or her look on life as she enjoys interacting with others in the home she lives – ‘there are always people to talk to and sometimes we get together to play cards’. Martha says ‘I like to get out and walk in the park as much as possible in order to stay fit’, while however she said she ‘couldn’t cope...
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...Essay Title – Using the case study provided at the end of the module identify and explain the client’s issues and devise a course of treatment for him, taking in to account any ethical issues. Word count – 2422 Introduction This assignment is based on a case-study of Mr X who attended an initial consultation presenting with several concerns and issues. Most of the client’s self-referred problems appear based on his perception of the world, people around him and his relationship with these, probably related to low self-esteem. I shall explore the issues presented by the client and base them on a theoretical framework. The client reveals many strengths in his life and character, which I shall highlight, and will serve as basis for a positive formulation into his needs. I will also explore appropriate therapeutic approaches for this client and suggest a course of action based in theory and clinical applications. Client initial presentation During the initial consultation it was evident that Mr X was looking for some change into his life. He disclosed a deep wish to move on but he also felt that he was being held back by his insecurities and fears. The main issues highlighted by Mr X were :- Wanting to apply for the job promotion, feeling he is able to do the job but insecure of applying for it; Feeling that his work colleagues find him boring, because he does not go out with them for a drink; Desire to improve his ‘relationship’ with his work colleagues, by proposing another...
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