...work of a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Blalock’s Lab. Although Thomas was only 19, Blalock was impressed by his confident, business-like air, and hired him immediately. Dr. Blalock and his young research fellow, Dr. Joseph Beard respectfully tutored Thomas in anatomy and physiology while working at the lab. Blalock wanted someone knowledgeable and independent who could carry out his research work in the laboratory. Thomas rapidly mastered complex surgical techniques and research methodology while struggling with severe racism. Thomas worked with Dr. Alfred Blalock doing research on the causes of hemorrhagic and traumatic shock, leading to the widespread use of blood and plasma transfusions that later evolved into Research on Crush Syndrome, which saved lives of soldiers in World War II. By mid 1930’s Blalock and Thomas began experimental work in vascular and cardiac surgery. A decade later, the foundation was laid where the two performed for the revolutionary lifesaving surgery at Johns Hopkins. Where blacks were only employed as janitors at the Hopkins Institution. By June 1941...
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...necessity driven innovation. In 1928, the first Pediatrics wing was created at Vanderbilt hospital. At the apex of the Second World War, the South was a more agrarian culture that relied on the harvesting of crops to provide food for their families. Due to the amount of nitrates provided in the fertilizer used to assist in crop growth, a disorder known as Methemoglobinemia or Blue Baby Syndrome developed in children. According to Zieve, (2014), “Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder in which abnormal amounts of methemoglobin—a form of hemoglobin—is produced.” This disorder caused the babies' skin to have a blue pallor caused by the lack of bonded oxygenated blood in their circulation. This condition was treatable by administering supplemental oxygen and methylene blue. This was not the only Blue Baby Syndrome that had occurred in the South. Dr. Helen Taussig, who was appointed head of the Children’s Heart Clinic at John Hopkins Hospital's pediatric unit in 1930, had also encountered a case of “blue baby” syndrome during this same time (“Changing the Face,” 1993). Different than the current syndrome, this was a congenital disorder called Tetralogy of Fallot. The Mayo Clinic (2015), defines this as “a rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth.” This is where the surgical research of Dr. Alfred Blalock and Vivian Thomas of Vanderbilt University came into play. According to Thomas’ autobiography...
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...Shaken baby syndrome is often seen in infant under the age of 1year. Shaken baby syndrome is caused by forcefully and violently shaking a baby. SBS is a leading cause of child abuse deaths in the United States. Babies (newborn to 4 months) are at greatest risk of injury from shaking. Inconsolable crying is a primary trigger for shaking a baby. Physical signs of abuse do not always occur with shaken baby syndrome. However, an X-ray or eye examination by a doctor may show signs of trauma. A doctor may detect rib fractures or notice bleeding behind a baby’s eyes. If symptoms do appear with shaken baby syndrome, they may include: difficulty staying awake, body tremors, breathing difficulties, poor eating habits, vomiting, discolored skin, and seizures. Neglect is another form of abuse seen in this age group. Federal officials define neglect as a failure to meet a child's basic needs, including housing, clothing, feeding and access to medical care. It's not primarily infants being hit, but parents showing signs of not being able to really care for their infants and abandonment and newborn drug addiction also qualifies as neglect. Physical abuse such as punching, beating, kicking, biting, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting (with a hand, stick, strap, or other object), and burning occurs in this age group also. Ways to recognize abuse in infants, they may display changes in appetite, a total loss of interest in food, unexplained gagging and vomiting, and other symptoms related...
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...consequences of child abuse and neglect are physical, behavioral, and psychological (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008). Victims of child abuse and neglect can suffer from one consequence or a combination of them all. First, physical consequence is one of the many consequences of child abuse. The physical consequences of child abuse can range from minor injuries (bruises or cuts) to near death experiences (broken bones, hemorrhage, or even death). According to the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), more than one-quarter of children who were in foster care for over 12 months had a lasting or recurring health problem. A common form of child abuse is shaking a baby, also known as shaken baby syndrome (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2007). Shaken...
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...| APPEALS PROCESS | Describing the appeals process | | Ashlee Flemimg | 2/12/2012 | Abstract An appeal in the criminal law system is a defendant’s way of challenging the court’s decision. In this paper I will discuss what an appeal is, how it factors into the overall procedures and process of the criminal system. How the appeals process may be improved. Steps in the appeals process and an example case of an appeal. And why the example case appeal did or did not succeed. Introduction A defendant can challenge is conviction by filling an appeal to have the conviction overturned. The first appeal filed in most cases in the Federal System and most State Court systems is an appeal of the Statutory Right. If they lose the appeals under the statutory right they may then appeal to the State Supreme Court or the U.S. Supreme Court. But in most cases a defendant does not have the right to file such an appeal. The Supreme Court must agree to hear the defendant’s case. But defendant needs to remember that an Appeals Court is not automatically required to review a case. What is an appeal? An appeal is a petition to a higher court for review of a case that has already been decided by a lower court of law. The petition is made for the purpose of having the lower court’s decision overturned. How do appeals factor into the overall criminal procedures and processes? Merely filing an appeal does not automatically mean that a defendant will find it easy to have the court...
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...686,000. An estimated 1640 children died as a result of child maltreatment in the same year. Although these statistics have improved over recent years, these preventable incidents and deaths remain at an intolerable level. The most vulnerable age group is infants less than one year of age. DHHS reports that 21.9/1000 infants were abused in 2012 and infants comprised 44.4% of child deaths resulting from child abuse and neglect; the highest incidence of fatal injuries compared to other age groups. The types of abuse sustained by infants include neglect (63%), physical abuse (24%), psychological mistreatment (21%), and sexual abuse (< 3%). Many infants were victims of more than one form of abuse. Of the physical abuse types, Shaken Baby Syndrome is, by far, the most common form of abuse at more than 50,000 cases per year according to Gutierrez, et al (2004) and accounts for 45% of infant deaths by abuse (DHHS, 2013). Other forms of physical abuse include: head trauma by beating, kicking, or throwing, suffocation, and immersion-type burns. In assessing infants for signs of abuse, it is important to have a keen awareness and knowledge of risk factors and warning signs. Risk factors must be identified as they relate to the victim and the perpetrator. Risk factors for infants include: presence of disability (physical, developmental, mental), prematurity or low birth weight, feeding problems, colic or inconsolable crying, male gender, and twins. Risk factors related to...
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...Purple Period Response Paper My entire life I’ve been surrounded by babies and was sure I knew everything there was to know about their behavior and caring for them until I read the articles on the Purple period of crying. While I understood some babies were fussier than other, I had never before heard of the PURPLE period. I remember hearing as a child that my little brother was a colicky baby but always just assumed this was some type of indigestion problem. After reading “Period of purple crying” by Apollo Harden, Jan Crockett, and Kathy McLean as well as “Real life challenges of infant crying” published by the National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome I have a significantly stronger understanding of not only the prolonged crying of infants but also its effects on a parent or guardian....
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...English 50 Cause and Effect Professor Morrison 11 May 2011 Long Term Effects of Physical Abuse There are many types of abuse that a child can be put through. Physical abuse makes up about 25 percent of the reported cases of abuse a year (http://www.childwelfare.gov). Some long term effects are physical health consequences, psychological consequences, and behavioral consequences. Physical health consequences caused by physical abuse are impaired brain development, poor physical health and shaken baby syndrome(sbs). Physical abuse has shown, in some cases, to cause important regions of the brain to fail to form properly (Perry, B.D 2002) Physical abuse has also been known to cause poor physical health such as sexually transmitted diseases. Shaken Baby Syndrome(SBS) is another physical health consequences due to the fact that it can cause blindness, learning disabilities in infants. Psychological consequences cause by physical abuse are poor mental and emotional health, cognitive difficulties, and social difficulties. Many of the young adults develop some type of psychiatric disorder early in life. As researchers stated, "These young adults exhibited many problems, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts (Silverman, Reinherz, & Giaconia, 1996). Children that have been abused or neglected have been known to do poorly in school. Children that are abused or neglected often have difficulties in relationships later in life with other adults...
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...He dies 5 days after, regardless to the treatment that was given to him. Furthermore, during the process, the Prosecutors declare that Ms. Woodman got upset at Matthew and as a result she shakes him forcefully and throws him against a hard surface which fractures his skull creating a blood clot. Moreover, as Dr. Patrick Barnes expresses in The Nanny Murder Trial by Retro Report, “After I’d looked at Matthew’s imaging and seen those abnormalities I did in fact think that this had to be shaking baby...
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...Module Three: Text Question Review Questions 1. Explain the different forms of child abuse? Include Shaken Baby Syndrome in your response. There are three main types of child abuse which are physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. Physical abuse is when a caregiver or parents uses direct violence towards a child.The shaken baby syndrome is one form of physical abuse Emotional abuse is when the child is caused to feel worthless and less of a person/rejected. Neglect is a form of abuse in which the guardian of a child fails to meet the child basic needs 2. What types of physical care must a parent provide an infant child The types of physical care that parents must provide an infant child are proper hygiene, clothing , feeding, and bathing, 3. What are some strategies for helping a child cope with stress? Some strategies for helping a child cope with stress by first identifying what is causing the child to stress and sometimes getting rid off the activity or things that is causing that might be the solution. Otherwise, you just try to find things that a child might enjoy to do to get rid off the stress that way 1. what is the differences between protective environment and a nurturing environment? Protective environment: this is the kind of environment "helicopter parents" develop. They constantly hover over their children watching their every move. They don't let their children take risks. They send their child out on their bike with a helmet, knee pads...
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...are usually as a result of shaking the child thus applying a strong shearing force to the child’s developing brain and injuring or rupturing the bridging veins and rotational forces which cause diffuse axonal injury. Symptoms may range from mild to severe. (Golden and Maliawan, 2005). This array of injuries including subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage, metaphyseal fracture and retinal haemorrhage is better known as Shaken Baby Syndrome and was first described 1946 by Dr John Caffrey, a paediatric radiologist. In the most severe cases the child presents with respiratory distress, seizure activity, bulging fontanels, decreased level of consciousness and even cardiac arrest. The hallmark of Shaken Baby Syndrome is the lack of external injuries which may lead to a diagnosis of non-accidental injury being missed. The key diagnostic feature is the presence of intracranial injury in an infant or very young child (Miehl, 2005). According to the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect (2001), mortality rates from Shaken Baby Syndrome could be as high as 38%. For children that survive, the long term effects can be devastating including blindness, microcephaly, seizures, motor, cognitive and learning disabilities (Mraz, 2009). Skin Injuries Burns are a commonly seen injury in children, especially toddlers as they begin to mobilise independently. However half of burn injuries in children and young people under 16 are the result of non-accidental injury...
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...children to learn a variety of information. However, as individual ages there are changes in the brain which influence cognitive functioning learned throughout the years of development. At birth the newborn’s brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight; by the 24 months the brain is about 75 percent of its adult weight (Santrock, 2013). The brain is very delicate and needs a lot of protection for its safety. The cranium provides adequate amount of safety to the brain with its durable, compact design. (Santrock, 2013). However, with infants the brain is developing rapidly, and extra precaution measures should be taken into consideration by the care taker to avoid any injuries. For example, if the infants head is shaken too much they could develop shaken baby syndrome- swelling of the brain and...
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...The most common form of abuse seen in the infant is known as shaken baby syndrome (SBS). “Every year in America an estimated 1200 to 1400 children are shaken, and of these victims, 25% to 30% die as a result of their injuries. The rest will have life-long complications (Perry, 2010).” According to the American Humane Association another type of abuse seen in infants is physical abuse defined as non-accidental trauma or physical injury (2007). Neglect, both physical and emotional, is also considered abuse. Typical warning signs seen would be the lack of separation anxiety in the older infant, but more importantly, “the parent is disgusted by child's odor, sounds, drooling, or stools. (Jarvis 2012).” Upon physical assessment the nurse should suspect child abuse when finding multiple bruising at various stages of healing or pattern injuries, especially in infants as they do not walk. Infants subjected to abuse may also present with failure to thrive or growth failure. In India Muslims and Hindus participate in a ceremony were children are dropped from the tower onto a tightly stretched sheet, bounce and are caught and handed to the mothers. The culture believes it is good for the infants’ health, however others may see this as harmful to them. In Arizona it is the nurse’s responsibility to report any and all suspected or actual cases of child abuse and neglect to local authorities or Child Protective Services. This is necessary for all cases where the individual is under the...
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...PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT Psychological Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect Freddy Cabrera General Psychology 1012 4 April 2012 Florida National College Abstract Child abuse and neglect is a growing issue that threatens the health of its victims not only physically but psychologically as well. Some of these psychological effects include difficulties during infancy, poor mental and emotional health, cognitive difficulties, and social difficulties. Psychological Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect The year is 2012 and in this day in age, society is still faced with issues such as child abuse and neglect. “An estimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect in 2006” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Child abuse and neglect is a growing dilemma not only in the United States but also worldwide. Child abuse and neglect is an issue that must be studied to see the significant effects it has on its victims. These effects can be great, the most prominent being physical, psychological, and societal consequences. The following will focus on the psychological effects, and these can be summarized with difficulties during infancy, poor mental and emotional health, cognitive difficulties, and social difficulties. When taking a look at child abuse and neglect one must start at the earliest point in which such can occur. This first point is infancy. During infancy, the child is most vulnerable due to its dependency on the mother...
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... Child Maltreatment is a form of abuse that takes place to the children below the age of 18. Child maltreatment consists of many types of abuse including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and any type of negligence. Child abuse can potentially harm a child’s perspective to life. It can result serious life long consequences such as harm to the child’s physical and mental health, their trust to the people around them or towards their own personality. Children who are abused are at a greater potential risk of growing up with physical, behavioral and mental issues. My friend’s husband shook their baby so hard that by the time baby got to the hospital he had no pulse. Through the help of doctors God brought the baby back to the life. The child had to stay in the hospital for six month. Now the baby is 4 years old and he lives with his mother. The shaken baby syndrome causes the severe brain damage. He is now dependent on trach and has to be fed through a G Tube. The violent action of his father destroyed his brain cells that resulted in permanent brain damage. Question#2 Diana Baumrind was the developmental psychologist and she did the groundbreaking research on parenting styles. She interviewed and observed preschool children and devises the consequences of different parenting styles. According to Baumrind, there are 4 different parenting styles and these styles are accountable towards the role children play socially, cognitively and emotionally. Baumrinnd established...
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