... Contents Definitions: 1 OECD Definition of Corporate Governance: 1 Financial Times Definition of Corporate Governance: 1 Cadbury Report Definition of Corporate Governance: 1 BusinessDictionary.com Definition of Corporate Governance: 1 Why is it important? 3 Why was it in the news recently? 3 Literature Review: 4 Agency Theory: 5 STAKEHOLDER THEORY 7 Stewardship theory: 10 Motivation: 10 Identification: 10 Policies: 10 Consequences: 11 Theory- Resource Dependence: 11 Principles: 12 Benefits of Corporate Governance: 13 Definition of 'Agency Problem': 14 Investopedia explains 'Agency Problem': 14 Agency Relationship and Agency Costs: 14 Conclusion: 23 Agency Problems Are Mitigated by Good Systems of Corporate Governance 23 Legal and Regulatory Requirements: 23 Compensation Plans: 24 Board of Directors: 24 Monitoring: 25 Takeovers: 25 Shareholder Pressure: 25 OECD Definition of Corporate Governance: "OECD defines corporate governance as follows: “Procedures and processes according to which an organisation is directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among the different participants in the organisation – such as the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders – and lays down the rules and procedures for decision-making." Financial Times Definition of Corporate Governance: "How a company is managed in terms...
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...finance competency set. The results also reveal that those companies that created the greatest value have embraced entirely new ways of thinking about finance and performance management. Achieving High Performance Accenture defines high-performance businesses as organizations that consistently outperform their peers over a sustained timeframe (typically 5 to 7 years) and across business cycles, industry disruptions and CEO leadership cycles. These companies deliver consistently upper-quartile total returns to shareholders. They create returns on invested capital significantly in excess of the cost of capital and drive profitable revenue growth faster than their industry peers. In short, they are lean, responsive to changing competitive fundamentals and consistently rank as market leaders. How do they do it? Accenture embarked on a major research program to identify the attributes and practices that distinguish high-performance businesses from the rest (see Appendix A for more information on Accenture’s high performance business initiative). While the research is ongoing, one important finding has already emerged: High-performance businesses have developed sophisticated capabilities in one or more of several strategically important business functions. The purpose of this paper is to explore what and how the high performers are doing...
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...CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK UNDERLYING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Show Me the Earnings! The growth of new-economy business on the Internet has led to the development of new measures of performance. When Priceline.com splashed onto the dot-com scene, it touted steady growth in a measure called “unique offers by users” to explain its heady stock price. To draw investors to its stock, Drugstore.com focused on the number of “unique customers” at its website. After all, new businesses call for new performance measures, right? Not necessarily. In fact, these indicators failed to show any consistent relationship between profits and website visits. Eventually, as the graphs below show, the profits never materialized, and stock prices fell. The lesson here: Although the new economy may require some new measures, investors need to be careful not to forget the reliable traditional ones. PRICELINE.COM Net unique offers by users 3.0 million 2.0 1.0 0 I II III IV 1999 I II III IV 2000 DRUGSTORE.COM Unique customers 2.0 million 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 I II III IV 1999 I II III IV 2000 Stock price $120 a share 80 40 0 I II III IV 1999 I II III IV 2000 2000-IV close $2.13 Stock price $40 a share 30 20 10 0 I II III IV 1999 I II III IV 2000 2000-IV close $1.03 Source: Story and graphs adapted from Gretchen Morgenson, “How Did They Value Stocks? Count the Absurd Ways,” New York Times (March 18, 2001), section 3, p. 1. 34 Copyright ©2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Preview of Chapter 2 ...
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...UNIT 1 ACCOUNTING AND ITS FUNCTIONS Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to appreciate the: • • • nature and role of accounting; activities of an accountant; and roles of accounting personnel and the accounting function in an organization. Accounting and its Functions Structure 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Introduction Scope of Accounting Emerging Role of Accounting Accounting as an Information System Role and Activities of an Accountant Accounting Personnel Nature of Accounting Function Organisation for Accounting and Finance Summary Key Words Self-assessment Questions/Exercises Further Readings 1.1 INTRODUCTION Accounting is often called the language of business. The basic function of any language is to serve as a means of communication. In this context, the purpose of accounting is to communicate or report the results of business operations and its various aspects. Though accounting has been defined in various ways. According to one commonly accepted definition. "Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are; in part at least, of financial character and interpreting the results thereof'. Another definition which is less restrictive interprets accounting as "The process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by the users of information" 1.2 SCOPE...
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...The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia GAAP-based financial reporting: measurement of business performance charteredaccountants.com.au Professor Stephen Taylor, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (the Institute) is the professional body representing Chartered Accountants in Australia. Our reach extends to more than 53,000 of today and tomorrow’s business leaders, representing some 43,000 Chartered Accountants and 10,000 of Australia’s best accounting graduates who are currently enrolled in our world-class post-graduate program. Our members work in diverse roles across commerce and industry, academia, government, and public practice throughout Australia and in 107 countries around the world. We aim to lead the profession by delivering visionary thought leadership projects, setting the benchmark for the highest ethical, professional and educational standards and enhancing and promoting the Chartered Accountant brand. We also represent the interests of members to government, industry, academia and the general public by actively engaging our membership and local and international bodies on public policy, government legislation and regulatory issues. The Institute can leverage advantages for its members as a founding member of the Global Accounting Alliance (GAA), an international accounting coalition formed by the world’s premier accounting...
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...Guidance Accounting and Reporting Financial Reporting Council June 2014 Guidance on the Strategic Report The FRC is responsible for promoting high quality corporate governance and reporting to foster investment. We set the UK Corporate Governance and Stewardship Codes as well as UK standards for accounting, auditing and actuarial work. We represent UK interests in international standard-setting. We also monitor and take action to promote the quality of corporate reporting and auditing. We operate independent disciplinary arrangements for accountants and actuaries; and oversee the regulatory activities of the accountancy and actuarial professional bodies. The FRC does not accept any liability to any party for any loss, damage or costs howsoever arising, whether directly or indirectly, whether in contract, tort or otherwise from any action or decision taken (or not taken) as a result of any person relying on or otherwise using this document or arising from any omission from it. © The Financial Reporting Council Limited 2014 The Financial Reporting Council Limited is a company limited by guarantee. Registered in England number 2486368. Registered Office: 8th Floor, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS Financial Reporting Council June 2014 Guidance on the Strategic Report Contents Page Guidance on the Strategic Report Summary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Objectives and how to use this guidance Scope The annual report The strategic report: purpose The strategic report:...
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...need to have management accountants in strategy-setting roles in order to achieve the best sustainability outcomes. • There is a worldwide move toward ‘integrative’ reporting incorporating non-financial as well as financial data. Management accountants are ideally placed to provide the alignment mechanisms and collaborate with senior management in producing fully integrated reports, reflecting sustainable strategies adopted by organisations which fulfil the needs of stakeholder groups. • Our results found that many management accountants are fulfilling their traditional role of financial specialist but not yet acting as collaborators in driving toward sustainability as a goal. • The survey showed that CIMA members had a higher rate of accountants participating in sustainability strategies than non-member companies but it was still a minority (12%) compared to the role of the managing director, environmental, human resources and marketing managers. • Like any other aspect of business, collection and analysis of good, issue-specific data is crucial to sustainability decisions. Sustainability requires accountants to monitor and manage non-traditional data to guide strategic decisions. Management accountants are ideally placed to fulfil this role. • Sustainability does not appear to be a good fit with annual reporting. Interviewees expressed a desire for a new way to report and some organisations had come up with innovative solutions, including electronic media. • We uncovered a sustainability...
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...there is an increase awareness of social responsibility due to the challenges meeting the financial institutions (particularly, Islamic banking) around the world. This paper examines the influence of the board of directors’ characteristics, consisting of board size, board composition, and the separation roles of CEO and chairman, on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in 53 annual reports of Islamic banks of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries after controlling of bank size, financial performance and relevant public. Based on the framework of legitimacy theory, the findings show that CSR disclosure has a negative and insignificant relationship with board composition. On contrast, the study found insignificantly and positive association between CSR disclosure and other characteristics of board of directors (board size and the separation roles of CEO and chairman). With regards control variables, the study indicates that bank size and financial performance have a positive and significant influence on CSR disclosure, while relevant public has no effect. Therefore, the results indicate that corporate governance structure of board of directors within Islamic banks of GCC region does not play a major role on CSR disclosure, because of family control. These findings suggest the need for improving the existence of the best practice of corporate governance for Islamic financial institutions by imposing additional constraints on the board of directors’...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility An Implementation Guide for Business Paul Hohnen, Author Jason Potts, Editor Corporate Social Responsibility An Implementation Guide for Business Paul Hohnen, Author Jason Potts, Editor ii Corporate Social Responsibility: An Implementation Guide for Business © 2007, International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, measurement and assessment, and sustainable natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada,...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility An Implementation Guide for Business Paul Hohnen, Author Jason Potts, Editor Corporate Social Responsibility An Implementation Guide for Business Paul Hohnen, Author Jason Potts, Editor ii Corporate Social Responsibility: An Implementation Guide for Business © 2007, International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, measurement and assessment, and sustainable natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada,...
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... Department of Foreign Languages “Purpose and Principles of Accounting” “Accounting and audit” Faculty (2-2) Supervisor: Kharkiv 2012 Accountancy Accountancy is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communication is generally in the form of financial statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management; the art lies in selecting the information that is relevant to the user and is reliable. Accountancy is a branch of mathematical science that is useful in discovering the causes of success and failure in business. The principles of accountancy are applied to business...
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...OF CURRICULUM DESIGN Financial Accounting ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ………………………………………………………….3 History ……………………………………………………………….3 Description………………………………………………………….....4 Financial Reporting …………………………………………………..5 Accounting Principles…………………………………………………6 Balance Sheet…………………………………………………………7 Income Statements……………………………………………………8 Other Financial Statements…………………………………………..9 Bookkeeping Cycle…………………………………………………….9 Regulations and Standards…………………………………………..11 Accounting Reforms…………………………………………………..12 Biological Assets Research…………………………………………...13 Literatures Review……………………………………………………..14 Methodology and Model…………………………………………….... 16 Findings………………………………………………………………….18 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….19 References………………………………………………………………20 Financial Accounting INTRODUCTION Financial accounting refers to information describing the financial resources. Obligation and activities of an economic entity (either an organization or an individual). Accountants use the term financial position to describe an entity’s financial resources and obligations at appoint in time and the term results of operations to describe its financial activities during the year. Financial Accounting encompasses the record-keeping aspect of accounting...
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...Corporate Governance Blueprint 2011 Towards Excellence in Corporate Governance Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia 3 Persiaran Bukit Kiara Bukit Kiara 50490 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tel: 603-6204 8000 Fax: 603-6201 5078 www.sc.com.my Copyright © July 2011 Securities Commission Malaysia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (graphical, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, taping or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the Securities Commission Malaysia. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Corporate governance blueprint 2011 : towards excellence in corporate governance Bibliography : p. 77 ISBN 978–983–9386–67–7 1. Corporate governance--Malaysia. 2. Industrial management. 1. Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia. 658.4009595 Cataloguing-in-Publication Data This book is printed using eco-friendly recyclable and bio-degradable paper CONTENTS FOREWORD BY MINISTER OF FINANCE II, MALAYSIA MESSAGE FROM CHAIRMAN OF THE SECURITIES COMMISSION MALAYSIA INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 v vii 1 5 SHAREHOLDER RIGHTS CHAPTER 2 13 ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS CHAPTER 3 21 THE BOARD’S ROLE IN GOVERNANCE – – – – ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES INDEPENDENCE OF THE BOARD COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD COMMITMENT OF BOARD MEMBERS 43 CHAPTER 4 DISCLOSURE AND TRANSPARENCY CHAPTER 5 53 ROLE OF GATEKEEPERS AND INFLUENCERS CHAPTER 6 61 PUBLIC AND...
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...A Framework for IT Governance in Small Businesses by Herman Koornhof A FRAMEWORK FOR IT G O V E R N A N C E by IN SMALL BUSINESSES Herman Koornhof TREATISE Submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE in Business Information Systems in the FACULTY ENGINEERING, BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF THE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY of the N E L S O N M A N D E L A M E T R O P O L I T A N U N I V E R SI T Y Supervisor: Prof. Rossouw von Solms January 2009 ii Declaration I, Herman Koornhof, hereby declare that: • • • The work in this treatise is my own work. All sources used or referred to have been documented and recognised. This treatise has not previously been submitted in full of partial fulfilment of the requirements for an equivalent or qualification at any other recognised educational institution. higher Herman Koornhof iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the following people: • My love, Jenny, for your love and understanding during the past year. Without your encouragement and inspiration this work would not have been possible. • • My family and friends for your interest and support. My supervisor, Prof. Rossouw von Solms, for your guidance and advice, and your detailed and constructive comments. • To Him who is able to do immeasurably more than all we ask or imagine, according to his power that is at work within us. iv Table...
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...Phase 1, New Delhi-110028 Qklhokn 3 Contents Chapter 1 Accounting-An Intoduction Chapter 2 The History and Evolution of Accounting Thoughts 23 Chapter 3 Approaches to Accounting Theory 56 Chapter 4 Accounting Postulates, Concepts and Principles 88 Chapter 5 Income Concepts 107 Chapter 6 Revenues, Expenses, Gains and Losses 139 Chapter 7 Valuation of Assets 158 Chapter 8 Liabilities and Equity 177 Chapter 9 Depreciation Accounting and Policy 192 Chapter 10 Inventories and their Valuation 238 Chapter 11 Financial Reporting 277 Chapter 12 Specific Issues in Corporate Reporting 302 Chapter 13 Harmonization of Financial Reporting 323 Chapter 14 Accounting for Price Level Changes 339 Chapter 15 Human Resource Accounting 397 Chapter 16 Financial Engineering: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Risk-Return Management 421 Chapter 17 Accounting Standards 429 Chapter 18 Elementary Knowledge of Indian Accounting Standards 474 Chapter 19 Lease Accounting 512 Chapter 20 Social Accounting 542 5 4 jktuhfr foKku Accounting Theory Paper-8 Nt: oe Max. Marks.: 100 Time 3: Hrs T e ew l b t r es c i...
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