...CDE January 2011 UNDERSTANDING NREGA: A SIMPLE THEORY AND SOME FACTS Diganta Mukherjee Email: digantam@hotmail.com Unitedworld School of Business Kolkata Uday Bhanu Sinha Email: uday@econdse.org Delhi School of Economics University of Delhi Working Paper No. 196 Centre for Development Economics Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics Understanding NREGA: A Simple Theory and Some Facts * Diganta Mukherjee # and Uday Bhanu Sinha Abstract A developing economy like India is often characterised by a labour market with demand and supply of labour and a wage that even if competitively determined may not be adequate for the poor household to reach their target income; what they consider as means of a decent living. Envisaging situations like these, the Indian government has implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in recent past, to complement the income of the poor by providing them employment for certain number of labour days in a year. In this paper, using a simple theoretical model, we have analysed the impact of NREGA scheme on (i) rural labour market, (ii) income of the poor households and (iii) overall agricultural production. It is seen that the income from NREGA alone can be a substantial part of the target income of the poor. We show that in such a situation, the poor may exhibit a backward bending supply curve of labour which may lead to an aggregate reduction in agricultural output. This adverse production effect...
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...Comparing Two Magazines For my compare and contrast essay, I have decided to compare two magazines in the financial business. The name of the first magazine is” The economist” and the second magazine is “Forbes” The theme of the first magazine is to highlight, how and what type of businesses to start and make money without putting in much of the hard work. The very first page of the magazine shows an absolute image of the man and women dressed up with lots of money and a road of success. The magazine rapidity claims” Sure ways to make money”. It seems like editor is personally involved in guaranteeing the success of the business with highlighting text displaying “Make $40 Million with eco-friendly herbs and sprouts” or “Make 15 million in the first year with Dollar Varity stores” As I am turning and reading pages more and more, I realize that this magazine is not meant to show issues, techniques, pros and cons of starting up a business but it is more like infomercials showing the top returns one can reap from his investments. The magazine forces me to realize that I am missing an essential experience in my life by not starting up the business. The magazine displays beautiful color and picture schemes. The magazine also highlights few of the success stories of the entrepreneurs. Overall this magazine makes business as a seamless transition of normal day today activity to a profit generating machine, but to some extent it also highlights few realistic...
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...scholarly source. Submit your Final Paper as an attachment in Moodle. How You’ll Be Graded An excellent paper (90-100%) will deal with the following subjects: 1. What art is, is not, and the part God has designed it to play in the life and spiritual experience of every person – using the course material, the Scriptures, and scholarly outside sources. 2. Why it is important for believers to understand what artists are saying, and what tools to use in order to be accurate in our understanding, before accepting or rejecting the work of art. 3. What you intend to do in your own family going forward, to ensure that your children and grandchildren will come from a family where culture is understood and valued as part of every Christian’s experience. It is highly encouraged for a Christian to be involved in the world of art, but it is important that the Christian viewer has a good understanding of art before they become too involved or make false assumptions due to a lack of understanding. For example, nudity is present in a vast amount of art that was created in the past. One who is not properly educated on art cannot possibly comprehend what the artist is trying to say through his artwork or understand the tools that were used in creating the art. Because of this, one would simply find the nudity in the art unnecessary and more than likely consider it to be pornography instead of art. This is a huge misconception that can completely destroy one’s perspective on art as...
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...of the significance of such an expression as personal responsibility. Personal responsibility refers to an ability to care for actions, feelings, emotions, good habits, and their consequences. In addition to that, responsibility covers all in regards to the understanding of the effects from making certain choices in life, accountability for obligations, difficulties, as well as the lack of responsibility in some people. The comprehension of all these definitions can interfere and be applied to success in college. The capacity to pay attention to actions and consequences is an ability, which not everyone can embrace. Basically, it is something that typically has to be learned during the early years and should be applied to the rest of the life. For instance, little children understand that by crying, is a way to get a bottle of milk, or someone will change the wet diaper. A child is supposed to understand that if the schoolwork is not finished, there will not be time for recess and so on. Although later in life, depending on people’s backgrounds, costumes, and experiences, the individual begins to form a personality. Unfortunately, not always a fully-grown person ends up having this ability. Robert Peter gives us a simple definition of Personal Responsibility in his article Personal Responsibility for Safety by saying that “PR is indeed one foundation for accomplishing anything. Remember the statement from Spider-Man, "With great power comes great responsibility"? The authors...
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...adjustments, like using a thermostat to regulate temperature. Are we doing things right? Here's what to do—procedures or rules. Double-Loop Learning Double-loop learning leads to insights about why a solution works. In this form of learning, we are considering our actions in the framework of our operating assumptions. This is the level of process analysis where people become observers of themselves, asking, “What is going on here? What are the patterns?” We need this insight to understand the pattern. We change the way we make decisions and deepen understanding of our assumptions. Double-loop learning works with major fixes or changes, like redesigning an organizational function or structure. Are we doing the right things? Here's why this works—insights and patterns. Triple-Loop Learning Triple-loop learning involves principles. The learning goes beyond insight and patterns to context. The result creates a shift in understanding our context or point of view. We produce new commitments and ways of learning. This form of learning challenges us to understand how problems and solutions are related, even when separated widely by time and space. It also challenges us to understand how our previous actions created the conditions that led to our current...
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... | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Team Ground Rules and Guidelines What are the general expectations for all members of the team? General expectations are simple. Get the work done on time in a friendly manner and by the deadline appointed. Expectations for Time Management and Involvement (Participation, communication with the team, accessibility, etc.) I believe in getting the work done and ontime. Usually there is a time for turning in your portions. Communication is key, if there is something you don't understand or have a problem with speak up, the only stupid question is the one not asked. Ensuring Fair and Even Contribution and Collaboration What strategy will you use to ensure that all team members are contributing and collaborating appropriately? Describe the communication strategy you will use if a team member is not contributing and collaborating effectively. How will the team manage conflicts between team members? Usually assignments are divided equally, that way everyone knows what they are doing and when to turn it in. If they choose not to participate then it will be noted and the instructor informed. There really isn;t a strategy but common courtesy and understanding. Special Considerations ------------------------------------------------- What do you, as a team, agree will make this team experience different from past team experiences? We will...
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...Key points A clear regard for history, an honest understanding of where we are today, and having the intellectual curiosity as we look to the future will be key to one’s ability to be an effective leader. These are the key points that I gleaned from the readings that were assigned to me. As a student of history and political science, I am always impressed when an author can help us understand where we are today, by giving us a clear understanding that much of what we will see in the future has at least some basis from the past. This is not to say that we will be in an endless cycle of repeated patterns, but that we will for the most part see traces of the past as our future unfolds. I was particularly impressed with the way Devereaux described the 75 year cycle and how we are now in the midst of the final 25 years of what she describes as the badlands. It is true that the majority of the transformational change that we encounter typically happens at the end of a cycle just as we transition into a new era. In my opinion, sound decision making should be made with an understanding of history as it relates to the question at hand. Thomas Friedman’s words give us an understanding of history, but he also talks about how we can learn from the successes and failures of America’s decisions during the last 50 years. He paints a vision for us to look to as we sit on a precipice where we as a nation clearly have a choice to make. Do we continue to act ‘as dumb as we wanna be’...
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...writing this letter to you in hopes of helping you understand what is taking place in our business communications course. I do understand that as a native speaker to English, this course may be a bit difficult for you, however please don't worry as I am always here to help you. This week we are putting our focuses on the "Word Power" conference. This conference has been set up for students to participate in a fun new way of introducing new words and phrases. These words and phrases are English culture specific and may be difficult to learn, however with my help I am hoping you will understand the definition of the word as well as understand the phrases that this word provokes. In this conference we are discussing the word "Joe". Joe is a simple word, yet is used in so many ways to refer to so much. The word "Joe" in its simplest form is a noun and refers to a person, place or thing. Its most common reference is to a person; "Joe" is a name or nickname. It has become an easy way to refer to other phrases that mean more than just a name. The word is very informal and is used in a casual context. The military community has also adopted the word "Joe" and it used to refer to a cup of coffee, "May I have a cup of Joe to go with my breakfast?" In addition the Armed Forces use the word to refer to a United States soldier anywhere in the world (G.I. Joe), again this is a very informal way of addressing a military personnel. The abbreviation to "G.I." stands for Government Issued. While...
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...Understanding nourishes belonging… a lack of understanding prevents it. Demonstrate how your prescribed text and ONE other related text of your own choosing represent this interpretation of belonging. Belonging is primarily about acceptance and developing a connection and identity. Belonging implies an understanding of the needs of the individual and the group and negotiating a way towards acceptance of those needs. Conversely, exclusion emerges when the individual and the group fail to understand each other. Steven Herrick’s “The Simple Gift” is the story of three protagonists who develop friendships and ultimately change their perceptions of self. Comparatively, John Duigan’s “The Year My Voice Broke” explores how the relationships of two people help each other reform their identity. Belonging is about acceptance and developing a connection and identity. In Herrick’s “The Simple Gift”, Old Bill finds his acceptance when he develops a connection with Billy and Caitlin. The first person narration in ‘for the first few hours/I hadn’t thought of anything/but how pleasant it was/to sit with these people/and to talk to them’ demonstrates to the reader the depth and effortlessness of their friendship. This sense of belonging reforms Old Bill’s identity because it gives him confidence to come out of his shell. Herrick juxtaposes Old Bill’s perception of self as an “old drunk” and his new identity as a member of the community. The visual imagery in “his grey bread was stained...
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...ASSIGNMENT OUTLINE UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP (15 MARKS - MIN 100 WORDS) • Assess your own leadership capability and performance UNDERSTANDING HOW TO DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN EFFECTIVE WORKING RELATIONSHIPS (15 MARKS - MIN 200 WORDS) • Explain the benefits of effective working relationships in developing and maintaining the team. o Describe behaviors which could develop and maintain trust at work • Explain how a team develops and how members have a preference for particular behaviors when working with others. SOLVING PROBLEMS AND MAKIND DIFFICULT DECISIONS (20 MARKS - MIN 250 WORDS) • Identify a workplace problem facing you and examine ways to resolve it. o Describe the problem, its nature, scope and impact o Explain ways to recognize, define and analyze problems • Describe and Identify possible solutions to the problem o Gather and interpret information to identify possible solutions to the problem • Evaluate the possible solutions using a simple decision making technique o Apply a simple decision making technique to evaluate options to arrive at the best solution o State your chosen solution clearly and concisely. For the purpose of this questions, ‘problem’ may be interpreted as a deviation from the norm OR ‘a potential or anticipated problem’. The evidence you gather should be fact supported by evidence not just your opinion. UNDERSTAND HOW TO COACH A TEAM MEMBER (20...
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...able to hear your tone of voice, which can be very challenging to most people. I know that I have sent several e-mails thinking that the recipient “knows me” or knows how my personality but that is not the case at all. E-mails can be misinterpreted very easily causing hurt feeling, not fully understanding what is expected of them, or simply just not understanding what the purpose of the e-mail really was. Be careful about using irony in e-mails to people who don’t know you well. If misunderstood, it could cause conflict (Bloomsbury, 2004). Today everyone is always on the go, with a million things to do. Any shortcuts that we can take to save a little time, we normally jump on that opportunity. This is very easy with e-mails. The popularity of text messages is beginning to creep over into e-mail. While most people will understand what you mean if you send them a message along the lines ‘C U at 10’ or ‘mtg off’, it’s best not to include this type of abbreviation in messages to external clients or contacts. Use full correct spelling, even if this takes a little longer (Bloomsbury, 2004). As technology keeps moving forward and coming up with new ways to make life quick and simple, we still as managers have to enforce etiquette rules for several different reasons. First and foremost is maintaining professionalism. By using proper e-mail language I will be able to continue to keep a positive image with my consumers. Another area that needs to be enforced is efficiency. ...
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...and Comprehension What was the main point of the written piece? The main point of the reading is 8 simple points to create a knockout business presentation. What did each section deal with? Well each section has their own special to creating an effective business presentation. There is dig deep where you try to keep the people on their feet during the presentation. There is avoid info overload where you try not to overload the audience during the presentation because you shut down the dialogue that's an important part of decision-making. There is also practice delivery is where you practice your presentation over and over until you remove the distractions including nervous tics and uncomfortable pauses. There is also forget jokes which means to leave your jokes at home. It's ok to throw in a few natural off the cuff laughs but don't overdo it. There is also pick powerful props where you pick a few simple props to demonstrate a point can be memorable in the minds of your target audience. There is also minimize you where you write Write a script for your presentation that makes the audience the protagonist, or the main character, who faces a problem that you will help them to solve. There is also speak your language is where you might be tempting to throw in a few big words but are you alienating your audience? Always explain terms and acronyms. There is also simple slides where you use slides in your knockout presentation to highlight and emphasize key points. What...
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...Communication Process Model Eric Drew Business Communication and Critical Thinking /BCOM/275 May 20, 2013 Steve Hynds Communication Process Model The purpose of this paper is to describe through examples (examples 1 & 2) the types and reasons for some misunderstandings when communicating with peers and subordinates in the workplace. Who Was the Sender? In example 1, I was the sender. In Example 2, a peer was the sender. Who Was the Receiver? In example 1, the receiver was a subordinate staff person. In example 2, I was the receiver. What Was the Message? In example 1, the message I was attempting to convey was the due date and process needed to complete a deliverable for a client presentation. More specifically, we needed to complete and finalize a power point presentation outlining specific opportunities for the client to pursue. In example 2, the message that my peer was trying to convey related to potential problems with a client’s treatment of Medicaid reimbursement payments. What Channel Was Used to Send the Message? In both examples 1 and 2, verbal communication was used. What Was the Misunderstanding that Occurred? In example 1, the misunderstanding was that the staff did not clearly understand the level of work or information needed for the project to be completed within the due date following our conversation resulting in frustration on both parties. In example 2, the misunderstanding was that I did not clearly understand the question...
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...utilization of organizational psychology within organizations will provide insight into just how the human factor contributes to the failure or success of an organization. The finely tuned sports team, that just achieved greatness, or the corporation that collapsed due to corruption contained one thing, people who had either a positive or negative impact on an organization. “Organizational psychology is field that utilizes scientific methodology to better understand the behavior of individuals working in organizational settings” (Jex & Britt, 2008, p.1). The simple explanation is to understand what makes people tick in an organizational environment such as a business. Once understood, the challenge to organizational psychology is to capitalize on dynamics of individual behaviors and build upon the success of the organization. The role of research and statistics in organizational psychology is crucial to understanding how an organization functions. Research is accomplished in numerous ways; archival data studies, survey studies, and observational studies gather information for researchers about employees in a business setting (Gantly, 2010). Information gathered through this type of research is utilized to determine data applicable to the study of organizational psychology. “Statistics reflect important parts of organizational research; they also help researchers determine variables to base their data...
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...the issue of same-gender parents and how to explain it to a curious, yet ignorant, child using a well written children’s book. Pederson proposes that children are mostly “egocentric”, unable to grasp the emotional simplicities between two parents of the same gender. Pederson goes on to explain that it is unfortunate our society has deemed a children’s book as “most challenged and inappropriate material for its age group” only based on the taboo of same-sex parenting. Although the same-sex issue is not easy to explain to children, it is wise to educate children instead of sheltering them from reality. One of the first childhood lessons of “where babies come from” entails the necessity of a man and a woman. This causes a dilemma in understanding as to how a child could have two moms or two dads. The book “And Tango Makes Three” is revered by Pederson as a great tool to enlighten questioning children. Just as the issue insinuates – same-sex − the matter of love between parent and child is the same for all types of families. The claim, or thesis, for this piece is that an appropriately well-written children’s book should not be banned. Although the topic is still a societal taboo, the book would be highly useful for approvingly, and comfortably, answering young minded questions about homosexual parents by demonstrating equality. I agree that children – especially ones delighted in reading – should have access to a book(s) focused on answering questions through story and comparison...
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