...Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Body & Muscle Groups a. Muscle Growth b. Physical & Psychological Benefits of Exercising 3. Weight Training: Anaerobic Exercise Mechanics & Impact on Muscle Growth a. Energy Transformations During an Exercise b. Investigating Torque in Weight Training c. Muscles Acting as Levers d. Impulse in Weight Training e. Intensity versus Speed 4. Protein Supplementation a. Protein supplementation b. Combining Protein Supplementation 5. Cellular Respiration & Effect on Weight Training a. Glycolysis b. Aerobic Respiration c. Anaerobic Respiration (inc. lactic acid) d. Carbohydrate Loading 6. Creatine Supplementation a. An Introduction b. Lab: Effect of Phosphocreatine on Lactic Acid 7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids a. Reactions within the Body involving steroids b. Side Effects of Steroid Intake c. Detecting Steroids in the Human Body 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited 10. Miscellaneous Bodybuilding Page 2 of 59 I. Introduction Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training. While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society today begin bodybuilding to present a good image of themselves. Many different companies have grasped on to this concept of muscle mass growth and have formulated products...
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...Anatomy and Physiology 2, SCI 136 Research project # 40904000 Muscular Dystrophy Definition Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles used during voluntary movement. The word dystrophy is derived from the Greek dys, which means "difficult" or "faulty," and troph, or "nourish." These disorders vary in age of onset, severity, and pattern of affected muscles. All forms of MD grow worse as muscles progressively degenerate and weaken. Many patients eventually lose the ability to walk (“National Institute,” 2011). Some types of MD also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, spine, eyes, brain, and other organs. Respiratory and cardiac diseases may occur, and some patients may develop a swallowing disorder. MD is not contagious and cannot be brought on by injury or activity (“National Institute,” 2011). Method(s) of diagnosis Muscular dystrophies are diagnosed through both the patient’s medical history and a complete family history to determine if the muscle disease is secondary to a disease affecting other tissues or organs or is an inherited condition. It is also important to rule out any muscle weakness resulting from prior surgery, exposure to toxins, current medications that may affect the patient's functional status, and any acquired muscle diseases. Thorough clinical and neurological exams can rule out disorders of the central and/or...
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...Chapter 14 - The Brain and Cranial Nerves Choose the single best answer to each question. 1) The brain A) is the center of both motor and sensory processing. B) is the center of emotion, intellect, memory and behavior. C) is composed of trillions of neurons and thousands of neuroglia. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 2) Which part of the embryonic brain ultimately becomes the cerebrum and lateral ventricles? A) telencephalon B) mesencephalon C) diencephalon D) rhombencephlon E) metencephalon 3) Each of the following is considered a major part of the brain EXCEPT the: A) brain stem B) cerebellum C) cerebrum D) diencephalon E) hypothalamus 4) How do the cranial meninges differ from the spinal meninges? A) The cranial meninges have one layer instead of two. B) There no epidural space between the dura and the bones of the skull. C) The cranial meninges do not enclose vascular sinuses, but the spinal meninges do. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 5) Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood? A) vertebral arteries B) internal carotid arteries C) external carotid arteries D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 6) Which is true of the adult brain? A) It uses about 2% of the body’s O2 at rest. B) It is dependent on fatty acid metabolism for energy. C) Its functions are impaired by even transient interruptions of blood flow. D) It represents about 20% of the body’s mass. E)...
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...involve labour of the workers to put in place the materials as per the design are it mixing, lifting and placing them in place, installation, delivery and storage of the materials. Material handling can be by machines/equipment or directly by the workers themselves. Handling and storing materials involves many different activities such as hoisting, manually carrying bags or material and stacking supplies. Employees can be injured by improperly lifting materials (manually and by machine), falling objects and improperly stacked supplies. This paper concentrates on the human ability in the movement and placement of materials and other facilities as work progresses on site. An examination of activities on an active site have been undertaken to inform this paper on the practicability and applicability of researched theories relating to human lifting capability on site. The following sites have been examined and findings discussed later in this paper: • Proposed Primary Security Screening Facility - JKIA Nairobi • Construction of a Terminal Building at Isiolo Airport • Crescent residential apartments in Kileleshwa • Riverside place apartments in Lavington. The human aspect on sites being examined relates to the handling of materials and other facilities on site. It is noted that manual handling involves activities that...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...| Research Paper Part 1 – Introduction & Body Paragraphs | EN 1320 | | Anthony Brown | Week 8 | | Myasthenia Gravis (pronounced My-as-theen-a Grav-us) derived from the Greek and Latin words and it means “grave muscle weakness.” Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body ("National institute of," 2012). The prevalence of MG in the United States is estimated to be about 20/100,000 people ("What is myasthenia," 2010). MG is a rare but very serious disease and many people who have been diagnosed do not recognize the symptoms. If detected early, MG can be treated successfully with, if any, very little side effects in the future. Once diagnosed with MG, that person must go through a drastic life change; Enduring rigorous treatments depending on how aggressive the disease has become, possibly undergoing a life threatening surgery, and living with myasthenia gravis for the duration of their life. “Muscle weakness caused by MG progresses as the effected muscle is used repeatedly. Since symptoms typically improve with rest, but your muscle weakness may come and go” (Staff, 2010). The first signs and symptoms of MG are ptosis and diplopia. “Ptosis is a drooping of the upper eyelid. The lid may droop only slightly, or it may cover the pupil entirely” (What is ptosis?, N.d.). “Diplopia (double vision) is a common subjective complaint, or diplopia may...
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...diagnosis in 1903. The biggest aspect of Osgood-Schlatter (OS), is that its target population are adolescents during periods of growth. The condition is not a disease that causes permanent or long-term disabilities. This paper will further discuss the different aspects of OS such as the main cause, common reported symptoms, varying forms of treatment, prevention methods and different physical therapy implications. Cause and Etiology The exact etiology of OS is idiopathic, making it unknown and debated over the years. The common theory is OS is an injury due to overuse. (Whitmore, 2013). It is believed that OS is caused by repetitive, forceful contractions of the quadriceps muscle tendon pulling on the “immature tibial tuberosity” (Tuong, White, 2011). This repeated traction force can be strong enough to pull bone fragments off the tuberosity or in worse cases, pull the proximal portion of the tendon off the tibia causing the tuberosity to become elevated resulting in pain and inflammation (Sullivan, 2014). The reason the condition is viewed at such a high level of importance is because the tuberosity is located on the epiphyseal plate: the site of long bone growth of every adolescent boy and girl. It is a “self-limited” disease that typically resolves itself with “skeletal maturity” (Whitmore, 2013). If an individual with a damaged tuberosity continues sport related activities, they will eventually increase the number of microtears resulting in a distinguishable bump that leads to more...
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...calisthenics or light running (White, 2008). In turn, this increases extensibility and flexibility of muscles and tissues. Similarly, the stretching routine also serves to increase the extensibility and flexibility of muscles and tissues. This paper will give the rational for using dynamic stretching, its benefits and the specific movements that one can use during the stretching process. Dynamic stretching is among the preferred stretching techniques used by a majority coaches. It involves the controlled swinging of both arms and legs without stretching out of one’s range of motion. In this case, the stretch is produced by both active muscular contractions and momentum (Reilly, 2007). During dynamic stretching, one uses certain movements depending on their sport in preparation for body movement. This type of stretching tends to be confused with ballistic stretching. This is because if one stretches beyond their static ability, it is no longer dynamic stretching but rather ballistic stretching. This routine of dynamic stretching should begin from low intensity and gradually progress to movements of higher intensity (White, 2008). This is mainly because dynamic stretching calls for both coordination and balance. This form of preparticipation routine serves as an aerobic exercise, which elevates core temperature of an individual. Moreover, it also allows for muscle stretching and preparation for motor skills required in the specific sport. The latter is a crucial...
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...calisthenics or light running (White, 2008). In turn, this increases extensibility and flexibility of muscles and tissues. Similarly, the stretching routine also serves to increase the extensibility and flexibility of muscles and tissues. This paper will give the rational for using dynamic stretching, its benefits and the specific movements that one can use during the stretching process. Dynamic stretching is among the preferred stretching techniques used by a majority coaches. It involves the controlled swinging of both arms and legs without stretching out of one’s range of motion. In this case, the stretch is produced by both active muscular contractions and momentum (Reilly, 2007). During dynamic stretching, one uses certain movements depending on their sport in preparation for body movement. This type of stretching tends to be confused with ballistic stretching. This is because if one stretches beyond their static ability, it is no longer dynamic stretching but rather ballistic stretching. This routine of dynamic stretching should begin from low intensity and gradually progress to movements of higher intensity (White, 2008). This is mainly because dynamic stretching calls for both coordination and balance. This form of preparticipation routine serves as an aerobic exercise, which elevates core temperature of an individual. Moreover, it also allows for muscle stretching and preparation for motor skills required in the specific sport. The latter is a crucial...
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...All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE About the Editor and Contributors, vii Introduction, ix CHAPTER 1 The Building Blocks of the Human Body, 1 Julie McDowell CHAPTER 2 The Circulatory System, 23 Leslie Mertz CHAPTER 3 The Digestive System, 85...
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...A2 Biology Unit 5 page 1 AQA A2 Biology Unit 5 Contents Specification Human Nervous system Nerve Cells The Nerve Impulse Synapses Receptors Muscle Animal Responses Control of Heart Rate The Hormone System Homeostasis Temperature Homeostasis Blood Glucose Homeostasis Control of Mammalian Oestrus Plant Responses The Genetic Code Protein Synthesis Gene Mutations Stem Cells Control of Gene Expression Biotechnology DNA sequencing Southern Blot In vivo cloning Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Genetic Screening and Counselling 2 4 6 0 14 17 24 28 30 33 34 38 42 44 48 50 54 57 63 66 71 76 80 85 89 92 Molecular Genetics These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the...
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... * To be able to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. * To be able to define tetanus and identify its clinical manifestations and risk factors. * To be acquainted with the different drugs for tetanus and their actions. * Plan for a suitable nursing care. * To know the purposes and specific nursing responsibilities before, during, and after some procedure done with the client. * To institute bond between the student nurse and the patient. II. INTRODUCTION Tetanus comes from the Greek word “teiteim” which means to stretch. It is also called lockjaw. It is a serious infectious disease of the nervous system in which toxin causes severe muscle spasm. It is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. It is caused by a bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep punctured wound. Tetanus is often associated with rust, but this concept is somewhat misleading. The C.Tetani is an Anaerobic bacteria which survives in an environment that lacks oxygen, thus with or without rust a person may have a tetanus once C. Tetani...
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...From Zero to Five Making Six Stages of Slumbering Activities in Your Brain By: Bill Pak Section: #1762 (I was allowed permission by you to turn in this term paper due to some personal issues with the original term topic) Ever wondered what in blue blazes your brain is doing when you sleep? Well so far, all the research and experiments that have been made to understand and answer this question have resulted with the so called six stages of sleep. The six stages of sleep starts from Stage 0 to Stage 5. Stage 0 is not really considered a stage since it involves the person of interest being awake. Sequentially, Stage 1 is considered to be the beginning of being asleep. Following Stage 1 is Stage 2 which is well known for its sleep spindles and K-complexes (L & F 8). Afterwards, Stage 3 is considered to be a transition phase towards Stage 4 and both stages are collectively often titled as deep sleep (McPhee 20). Lastly, but not the least, Stage 5 is identified as dream sleep and with REM (McPhee). Each stage is not just discerned by its major aspects, but by the activity in the brain in each stage. Although sleep can be described through the various behavioral changes, the different activities in the brain allow the discerning of each stage during sleep. Each stage is distinguished by various electrical activities and patterns across the brain (L & F 7). These electrical activities and patterns consistently change between each stage (McPhee 17). Obviously, each stage has...
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...Volume : 2 | Issue : 7 | July 2013 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Research Paper Education Role of Emotion in Learning Process N. Evelyn Thayamani KEYWORDS : Emotion, Learning, Feelings and Amygdala Research scholar,Center for Research in Education, Thava Thiru Kundrakudi Adigalar College Campus,Kundrakudi, Sivagangai District - 630 206. Tamil Nadu, South India Dr M. Parimala Fathima Research co-ordinator, Center for Research in Education, Thava Thiru Kundrakudi Adigalar Dr S. Mohan ABSTRACT College Campus,Kundrakudi, Sivagangai District - 630 206. Tamil Nadu, South India Director, Center for Research in Education, Thava Thiru Kundrakudi Adigalar College Campus,Kundrakudi, Sivagangai District - 630 206. Tamil Nadu, South India This study is an attempt to discuss the role of emotion in learning process. Emotions are important in the classroom in two major ways. First, emotions have an impact on learning. They influence our ability to process information and to accurately understand what we encounter. For these reasons, it is important for teachers to create a positive, emotionally safe classroom environment to provide for the optimal learning of students. Second, learning how to manage feelings and interfere with learning occurs when students are anxious about their school-work (Cole, 1991; Dobson & Dobson, 1981). Students who are depressed or anxious about learning often do not feel competent academically. Teachers will understand how their students’ ...
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...[pic] ICAK-USA Research The Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in the Collected Papers of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2005-2006 -- Edited by Scott Cuthbert, D.C. Functional Systems Approach to Central Nervous System Evaluation Richard Belli, D.C., D.A.C.N.B. ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigates the clinical utility of testing functional systems within the central nervous system, compared to testing individual motor nerves with manual muscle testing. Design: Private practice. Study Subjects: Patients were examined by the treating chiropractor from his existing patient pool. Methods: Chiropractic management was decided on by the treating chiropractor. A series of twelve tests were designed to discover disorders of functional systems within the CNS. The tests described were to evaluate the function of 12 systems: 1) spinal cord, 2) myelencephalon/reticular formation, 3) vagal system, 4) trigeminal motor system-muscles of mastication, 5) vestibulospinal system, and bulbo reticular area, 6) reticular formation, 7) diencephalons and gait locomotion system, 8) mesencephalon, 9) cardiac sympathetic autonomic system, 10) pyramidal system, 11) limbic system, 12) sensory system. Results: This chiropractic approach tests the nervous system after provocation of functional systems...
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