...Burnham, the City Beautiful Movement. Very influential in the US in that many of the leading late 19th century architects had been trained at Ecole des Beaux Arts, e.g., Richard Morris Hunt (the first American to study there) , H. H. Richardson (the second American to study there, but who chose to develop his own style, "Richardsonian Romanesque") and Charles McKim, More than any other style (except perhaps the Chateauesque), the Beaux Arts expressed the taste and values of America's industrial barons at the turn of the century. In those pre-income tax days, great fortunes were proudly displayed in increasingly ornate and expensive houses. Broadly speaking, the term "Beaux Arts" refers to the American Renaissance period from about 1890 to 1920 and encompasses the French Renaissance, Italian Renaissance, and Neoclassical Revivals. In Buffalo, the movement was featured at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. Features: * Symmetrical facade * Roofs: flat, low-pitched; mansard if modeled after French Renaissance Revival * Wall surfaces with decorative garlands, floral patterns, or cartouches dripping with sculptural ornament * Facades with quoins, pilasters, or columns (usually paired with Ionic or Corinthian capitals) * Walls of masonry (usually smooth, light-colored stone) * First story may be rusticated * Large and grandiose compositions * Exuberance of detail and variety of stone finishes * Projecting facades or pavilions ...
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...People were living like never before. The modern city was a exceptional space for its facilitation of new forms of culture. After the second world war, the art world witnessed the styles and creative practices of European culture shift to America. American modernism like modernism in most areas of the world is a trend of thought that humans have the power to create, shape and improve their environment. Foster, .R did state ‘What distinguishes American modernism is the unifying theme of a conscious search for identity” (2003). Meaning artists and architectures searched for what it meant to be American? What would set the United States apart from Europe and the rest of the world? America’s economic and technological progress throughout the 1920’s ‘gave rise to widespread utopianism’ (Boundless, 2014). Artists drew inspiration from the forever growing industrialised landscape of the U.S., New York in particular. American artists like Georgia O’Keefe and … Stieglitz collaborated...
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...The Wonders of MANHATTAN By Luke Lindgren Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City, which are Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, Staton Island, and the Bronx. Manhattan is the largest and most-visited borough, largely because it has very famous attractions like Times Square, Broadway, The Empire State Building, and Central Park, just to name a few. The Population of Manhattan, based off the 2012 Census, is 1,619,090. I am now going to tell you about a few things you can do at some of the attractions. Go to Times Square! Times Square is one of the largest attractions of the world, has some of the tallest buildings in America, and many amazing celebrations and stores. Firstly, it has the Mega Toys R Us store with an indoor ferris wheel, 4 floors of endless fun, and huge lego statues like a 7-foot tall Empire State Building and a 6-foot tall Lego model of Lady Liberty. Times Sqaure also has the M&M’s store, with over a hundred different colors and flavors for you to mix, and a ton more. It has Godiva, Hershey’s, and a Disney store too! Times Square has the biggest New Year’s Eve ball drops in the country with famous performers and thousands of people in the crowd. It also holds the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day parade, and has an awesome 4th of July with the Statue of Liberty. Another Amazing place you should visit in Manhattan is Wall Street. It is a historic, large street with many amazing things you can do and places you can see. Wall Street is the “financial district”...
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...Assignment 1.2: Industrialization After the Civil War David T. LaPradd Strayer University After the Civil War, the mass production of steel helped shape America. The mass production of steel allowed the country to increase the manufacturing of the equipment. This was significant in the production of the railway tracks and allowed the country to grow. This growth provided jobs for the working class, the ability to move the goods produced to the marketplaces, and moved the people for the expansion to the west. The early production of steel was costly and time consuming. In England, Henry Bessemer developed an inexpensive way to mass produce steel. The key principle behind his patent was to remove the impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The iron heated up with the oxidation and kept it in a molten state. This new process changed the manufacturing of a rail that took two weeks to produce down to 15 minutes. Andrew Carnegie brought this process back to the United States. Carnegie saw all of the possible uses of this mass produced steel but before he could realize the materials potential he had to convince the public of its strength. He was charged with building the first permanent bridge to cross the Mississippi River by Tom Scott. Building the bridge utilizing this new processing of steel was what he needed. The bridge took four years to build and had many cost overruns. When it was finally...
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...meeting at the Edgewater Beach Hotel in Chicago, Charles Schwab, Samuel Insull, Howard Hopson, Ivar Kreuger, Leon Frazier, Richard Whitney, Arthur Cotton, Jesse Livermore and Albert Fall met to talk about different investments and money schemes. Twenty-five years later, a report stated that a large majority of those extremely wealthy people that met in Chicago either ended up in jail, dead or penniless. The major idea to take from the results of these unfortunate entrepreneurs is that you need financial literacy to be and stay safe. The idea that was represented with the big 1920’s entrepreneurs is still prevalent today with some of the professional athletes making poor financial decisions and ending up with next to nothing. This specific lesson is meant to teach people not to be wise with your money once you have it, but rather be smart with your money before you have it. In a way, don’t try to build a skyscraper or even a house without building a strong foundation first. According to Kiyosaki, there is one rule, and only rule that can help a person to build a strong foundation; know the difference between an asset and a liability, and make sure that you only control assets. Kiyosaki and Lechter 56 When it comes to beliefs about money buying freedom and the ability to enjoy retirement without fear of outliving...
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...Society & Architectural Design Architecture is defined as the complex or carefully designed structure of an object. In this case architecture can apply to a variety of different examples that are not just buildings, or objects, but as a reflection upon the thoughts and ideas of the time period in history. In this essay I will be discussing the dramatic impact that architecture has had on the major civilizations throughout time by being able to display them in their works, which not only was a clear representation of the time but as well helped mold and solidify the society’s thoughts through expression. By taking examples from ancient to modern times I will examine how the architecture of these eras clearly displays the thoughts and ideas of the culture in which it was built upon and as well the society in which it is placed. As well I will be examining how several major key architects played a dynamic role in these critical showcases that represented their time. I will be taking architectural examples from; the ancient Egyptian time period, the gothic and medieval time period, the renaissance & pre-modern period and the now contemporary period. Each one of these unique periods of time in architectural design were clear representation of the dynamic time period in our history. Here, looking back at these time periods we can see the most incredible works in architectural design that still to this day help us understand the culture at the time. As well I will be...
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...AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE (Early history – 1930) THE FIVE PHASES OF U.S. ARCHITECTURE: 1) Indigenous Phase (Circa 500 B.C. to A.D. 16th century) 2) Colonial Phase (1607- 1780) 3) Post Colonial Phase (1790-1820) 4) First Eclectic Phase (1820-1860) 5) Second Eclectic Phase (1860-1930) 1. INDIGENOUS PHASE (Circa 500 B.C. to A.D. 16th cent.) 1) It is characterized by the use of materials like bricks, stone, rubble, and sand 2) Its most characteristic feature is the truncated pyramid. 3) Earliest settlement were roofed dugouts, pallisaded huts, wigwams, or garrisoned forts surrounding thatched half-timbered cottages. 2. COLONIAL PHASE (1607- 1780) -begins with the colonization of the North American continent. Settlers from various European countries brought with them the building techniques and prevailing forms of their respective homelands. Colonial architecture was subsequently adapted to the topography and climate of the chosen site, the availability of building materials, the dearth of trained builders and artisans, and the general poverty of the settlers. 1.Spanish Influence 2. English Influence(Georgian/ classical/ Palladian phase) Georgian architecture- the prevailing style of the 18thcent. In Great Britain and the north American colonies, so named after George I, II George and George III. Derived from classical, renaissance, and baroque forms...
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...Sunny Herold Professor Moore History 132: Paper #2 2 December 2009 Shallow Babbitt George F. Babbitt is a text-book example of a conformist businessman whose life is based on appearance and material items. Lewis not only accurately portrays Babbitt as a symbol of the shady business world of the 1920’s, but also makes him a symbol of sympathy. Babbitt’s shallow fixations and arrogant behavior throughout the book reflect May Sinclair’s review of Babbitt as “a bundle of pompous negations, futilities, [and] preposterous vanities” (May Sinclair, “The Man from Main Street,” The New York Times, September 24, 1922). Although his character is criticized in such a negative light, his troubles are realistic and easy to relate to. Even with all of his amenities and thriving job, Babbitt is unhappy and fantasizes regularly. When Babbitt finally realizes his discontent and tries to change, he is shunned from the community. The setting of the novel is the 1920’s in a fictional city called Zenith, a typical booming town full of factories, hope, and skyscrapers. Lewis correctly depicts the time period after WWI, when business was booming and materialism was rampant. Everything was about industry and conforming. Everyone longed to have the best and most recent appliances and the best appearance. Therefore, there was a huge increase in consumer spending. Babbitt’s house in Floral Heights is described as being “right out of Cheerful Modern Houses for Medium Incomes” (Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt...
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...transformation from an agricultural an industrial society, in which the new technology as well as mechanization of industry is dominant. It first took place in Britain from the middle of the 18th to the early 19th century and presented a prototype for industrial revolution spreading throughout Western Europe and North America afterwards. The greatest significance of this process is that it replaced manual labor by machinery as well as mechanical production took the place of manual production. Furthermore, the industrialization was made possible by the great, incredible and numerous inventions, such as steam engine technology, electric power, cotton gin, elevators, telegraph code, telephone, railroads, steel mills, refrigerator, washing machines, skyscrapers, diesel engine, airplanes, the discovery of oil and the production of petrol and so on. The impacts of those inventions cannot be underestimated that made life easier while creating productivity. New technologies, especially creation of assembly line made manufacturing more efficient, tremendous and assisted mass-produced goods soared in quantity and variety with cheaper price. In...
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...A History of the Great Depression During the 1920s, the U.S faced a time of great prosperity. Often referred to as the “Roaring Twenties”, this period brought many increasing riches and wealth. Many, lulled by the decadence of the era believed that the good times would last forever. Looking back, many would see the naivety which colored their views on what would end up being for many, artificial wealth. For, the 1930’s ushered in an era of economic collapse that would overshadow history and adequately be deemed the “Great Depression”. Ironically, the roaring twenties became a precursor to the Great Depression leading to one of the main causes, the stock market crash of 1929. The economic growth of the 1920s was unparalleled to any previous time. The United States during the 20s experienced a wave of new technology and growth. Silent Films, which could be viewed on one of the newest inventions, the television had experienced a surge of popularity as well as radios. With the increase in factories came new methods of mass production, which made the automobile affordable now to many households (Scaliger). Skyscrapers were beginning to dot landscapes in larger cities seeming to support the notions of the decade that the sky was the limit. Underneath the glitz and glamour, though a startling truth was starting to emerge. The economic growth of the past decade was partially a façade created by an abundance of newly printed money. (Scaliger). Inexperience combined with arrogance...
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... Industrialization after the Civil War After the Civil War the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 in 1920 industrialization and proved American life in many ways. However industrialization also created problems for American society. This paper will introduce my previously crafted thesis statement where I stated my opinion on how industrialization after the Civil War influenced US society, economy, and politics. This paper will also identify three major aspect of the industrialization during 1865 in 1920 that influenced United States society, economy, and politics while considering issues such as; geography, entrepreneurship, and legislative representation. This paper will also identify three specific groups that were affected by industrialization and provide two examples of each group describing how the group was affected while considering issues such as race, ethnicity, gender, and child labor. Finally this paper will summarize how industrialization affected the life of the average working American during this period. After the Civil War the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 in 1920 industrialization improved American life in many ways. However industrialization also created problems for American society. When industrialization, which is the large scale introduction of manufacturing, advanced...
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...Mice and Men’ serves as a foil to ‘Death of a Salesman’, as it outlines the beauty of the Salinas River in rural California. There are however some links between the two introductions; the Salinas River is described as ‘twinkling over the yellow sands in the moonlight’, which directly opposes the description of Brooklyn ‘an angry glow of orange’ in scene one of ‘Death of a Salesman’. Rural California seems to be a very still and peaceful place where wildlife such as rabbits, raccoons and deer are able to thrive amongst ‘sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs and branches that arch over the pool’. Steinbeck then describes the Gabilan Mountains surrounding the valley, ‘strong and rocky’ which relate directly back to the ominous skyscrapers looming over the Loman household. Whereas Of...
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...Walter Gropius Born in Germany Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste. Walter Gropius served as a sergeant and then as a lieutenant in the signal corps in the First World War. He survived being both buried under rubble and dead bodies, and shot out of the sky with a dead pilot. Like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius ,Walter Gropius then became an architect. Gropius's career further emerged in the post war period. He was appointed as master of the Bauhaus school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world famous ‘Bauhaus’, attracting a faculty that included a lot of talented influential modernist artist. In principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. This building ‘The Bauhaus’ designed by Walter Gropius in year 1919 was designed with an emerging style that would forever influence architecture. The current state of the graphic design industry today owes a lot to the Bauhaus movement. The Bauhaus which means ‘building house’ in German, was a design school that persevered throughout a tough time of social and political upheaval to leave one of the biggest stamps on art, architecture and design in the 20th century. Four facts that loomed over the founding of the Bauhaus in 1919 in Germany were the; ...
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...The Communication Process - communication : the sharing of messages - intrapersonal communication within oneself - interpersonal direct sharing of experience between two people - group communication small group organizational - mass communication communication from one person of group of persons through a transmitting device (a medium or channel) to large, diverse audiences Mass Media Definitions - mass media are industries or businesses that create and distribute the following to large numbers of people: songs, novels, newspapers - MM are key institutions in society that affect our culture, buying habits, politics, etc - MM are profit-centered businesses making money is priority #1 concentration of ownership The media are good and bad - At their worst the median can erode out quality of life - at their best help us understand events and trends facilitate connections with others shape our identity - media literacy is crucial we can have a say in the role media play in our lives Media Convergence - convergence refers to the appearance of older media forms on the ewes media channels - convergence also refers to newspaper, broadcast, and internet outlets existing under one corporate roof Models of Mass Communication - linear model : sender -- message -- mass media channel -- (gate keepers) -- receivers media messages - cultural model: culture: the symbols of expression that people use to make sense...
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...History of Architecture Final Buildings Louvre east Facade, Paris 1670 pg 365 LeVau, LeBrun, Perrault Baroque * Originally a palace, now serves as an art museum * Updated with Baroque themes: ballistrate on top, double spaced columns lining the facade * There are 2 pavilions on the ends, and one in the middle * 330ft between pavilions * Architects won the chance to design the Facade in a contest Louis XIV made * Facade composition distinctly French: end pavilions, central pedimented unit and connecting stoalike wings Karlskirche (ext), Vienna 1725 pg 359 Fisher von Erlach Baroque * Church, dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo * Broad facade dominated by a dome on a drum above a pedimented portico, flanked by columns * Many historical influences: * Dome and drum from papal Rome * Columned portico from Roman temples like the Pantheon * Trajan’s Columns from Imperial Rome are repeated on both sides of the rotunda * Overall composition reminiscing the dome and minarets of Hagia Sophia * Ceiling embellished with frescoes depicting Charles Borromeo appealing to Virgin Mary as intercessor for relief from the plague St. Paul’s Cathedral (ext), London 1700 pg 372 Wren Gothic * Church * Triple shell dome includes a conical intermediate shell that supports the lantern and timber superstructure * Cathedral’s basilican structure comprised of saucer domes in the nave and aisles * Buttresses...
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