...Edward Jenner was born in 1749 and died in 1823. Edward Jenner’s great gift to the world was his vaccination for smallpox. This disease was greatly feared at the time as it killed one in three of those who caught it and badly disfigured those who were lucky enough to survive catching it. Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and his natural surroundings since childhood. He had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox – the non-life threatening cowpox – but did not get smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids. Jenner decided to try out a theory he had developed. A young boy called James Phipps would be his guinea pig. He took some pus from cowpox blisters found on the hand of a milkmaid called Sarah. She had milked a cow called Blossom and had developed the telltale blisters. Jenner ‘injected’ some of the pus into James. This process he repeated over a number of days gradually increasing the amount of pus he put into the boy. He then deliberately injected Phipps with smallpox. James became ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects. It seemed that Jenner had made a brilliant discovery. He then encountered the prejudices and conservatism of the medical...
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...issue (concepts, diagrams, definitions) (1 and 2) Possible options: provide a thorough discussion of options (3 and 4) Analysis of societal, economical, political, and environmental impact of the issue and solutions provided (5) Final recommendation- If we force kids to stay in school up until their 16 then hwy is it wrong to force them to get vaccinated, especially considering the fact that vaccinations are beneficial Slide 1 Should we force students to be immunized in schools? -Many diseases are spread due to contact with an infected person. -Schools are the perfect spreading grounds for infections -Incidence of common childhood illnesses such as polio, measles, tetanus, etc has significantly declined since the advent and use of vaccines. These diseases are unheard of nowadays. Picture of polio in africa eradication Pictures of polio graphs Slide 2 What are vaccines / how do they work? -Vaccine: a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease. -Vaccines are a safe and cost-effective way to maintain public health and prevent diseases. -Discovered by Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago -Several ways of developing a vaccine -Possible options are to: Inactivate the virus, weaken the virus, use part of the virus/bacteria. Can be injected or induced...
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...Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Terry J. Vervenne DeVry University Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Shots, inoculations, vaccines, do children need them? This is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal...
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...include. Be specific and draw from your readings or other research to demonstrate your understanding of newfound concepts, theories, and vocabulary. Include evidence-based information and your personal analysis describing why these exhibits should be included and how they shaped the current health care system in the United States. Descriptions and analysis must use complete sentences. Format your proposal consistent with APA guidelines. Part 1: Health Care Hall of Fame Museum Proposal | Description | Analysis (How does the development affect the current U.S. health care system?) | | Smallpox was a world wide epidemic that was so major it caused the fall of some empires. The fatality rate was 60% in adults, and 80-98% in infants. (Baylor University, 2005). Edward Jennings found a solution for a smallpox vaccination in 1796. He took the lesions from a lady who had cowpox and injected it into a young boy who had smallpox. The young boy was cured of the disease within 9 days. This made Edward Jennings realize that some diseases could be cured by injecting a small dose of the disease into the body for the immune system to fight. Once the immune system has fought off the disease before, there is a very small chance that it would return. (CITE) | The invention of the smallpox has greatly affected the current health care system. Scientists now can prevent world wide epidemics by creating...
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...get their vaccines for the upcoming school year. Why? Required by state, from the minute the child is born until they graduate from high school, the child must have a certain number of vaccines in order to attend school. The Centers for Disease Control recommends getting 29 doses of 9 vaccines, plus a yearly flu shot after six months old, for kids aged 0 to six. No United States federal laws mandate vaccination, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools. Most states offer medical and religious exemptions; and some states allow philosophical exemptions. Proponents say that vaccinations are...
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...Some chemicals used can cause diseases that can lead to extreme sickness, or even death. One example of these deadly diseases is smallpox. Amy Sands, who testified for U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, stated that, “Smallpox is one of the most devastating diseases known to humankind, having killed between 300 and 500 million people in the 20th century alone” (Sands 33). Some other pathogens include anthrax, Ebola, and the Plague. All of these are highly contagious, easy to obtain, and have a high probability for terrorists and criminals to obtain and use globally (“UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.”). The list of these deadly diseases used in warfare are constantly expanding, with thirty new diseases used for bioterrorism since 1973. Many of these are also incurable, notably HIV, Ebola virus, and Hepatitis C virus (Barletta...
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...Vaccines are responsible for many global public health successes, such as the eradication of smallpox and important reductions in other serious infections like polio and measles. Even so, vaccinations have also long been the subject of various ethical arguments. The key ethical debates related to vaccine regulation, development, and use generally revolve. “A discussion of the ethics of vaccine rationing leads to a review of suffering due to pneumonia, particularly in the elderly” (Zimmerman, 2007). Rationing of scarce vaccine supplies will likely be required when the next pandemic occurs, raising the questions about how to ration and upon what principles. Because, influenza pandemics have differing mortality patterns occur. Vaccine manufacturers and essential healthcare workers can be justified with either principle. Therefore, the unequal principles of choosing based on social worth or those in whom vaccination is most likely to medically succeed raise substantial justice issues. “A healthy person is unlikely to die from the flu and therefore does not need the vaccine as much as a senior, an asthmatic, or others who are at-risk of serious complications” (Ludwig, 2014). Equal principles of medical neediness and random chance avoid justice concerns and are proposed. A framework that uses multiple principles to address influenza vaccine rationing in light of a shortage is recommended. As the various prioritization models would suggest, there is no single, simple solution for allocating...
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...serious than he thinks. As reported on CDC, Centers for Disease Control, 40 percent of all American parents were refusing one or more vaccines for their children (Willrich 3). So it is clearly one of the most significant public health issues today. There are lots of people who hold the belief against vaccination because of several reasons. Even though there is a public notion that vaccine has bad effects on human body, I strongly believe that vaccinating is the most crucial and effective way to keep people healthy by preventing future diseases and it also helps people to avoid spreading out the infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination should be mandatory. First of all, I believe that the precaution of future disease should be imposed. People need to get vaccinated to improve their immune system to avoid future diseases and they need to be responsible for their safety. According to Michael Willrich, an internationally recognized historian, the contagious disease called smallpox spread out across the country at the turn of the 20th century. It is one of the deadliest diseases in human history that killed twenty five to thirty percent of all those whom it infected and most survivors were permanently disfigured with the dreaded pitted scars (Willrich 6). In my opinion, if the government had a vast majority of population vaccinated before the smallpox outbreak, it would have been a whole different issue; viruses wouldn’t have spread out that rapidly. This could have happened even...
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...The Important Public Health Care Developments during the Last 200 Years Michael K. Kivuva Uvocorp The field of public health has witnessed many changes over the past two centuries. The transformations have been fueled by various scientific innovations which have helped to reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases. Technological advancements have also led to various developments. The developments that have occurred in this field include improved sanitation and hygiene, vaccination, and improved methods of detection of diseases. These developments have led to the formulation of policies, public health programs and health promotion campaigns that have helped to control infectious diseases. In the 19th century, industrialization encouraged people to migrate from rural to urban areas as they searched for opportunities in the industrialized centers. This shift led to overcrowding which created various public health concerns. The overcrowded areas had poorly built houses that lacked proper sewerage drainage systems. Moreover, they did not have clean water supply systems. These shortcomings led to frequent outbreaks of diseases like cholera, typhoid fever, malaria, dysentery and yellow fever. However, various public health interventions that started in 1900 helped to overcome these challenges. In the first half of the 20th century, most local and state governments set up infrastructure for sewage disposal and clean water supply to homes. Moreover, water for...
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...with children who have not been vaccinated? Would it bother you? I’m sure there are several different answers to these questions. This paper will focus on the reasons why unvaccinated children should not be allowed to attend public schools as well as the benefits of vaccination. Every parent wants to raise a healthy child. Every parent wants to make sure their child is protected from infectious diseases and wants to do everything in their power to prevent any illness in the future. Every day there are thousands of babies born in this world and as parents we know that their immune systems are not ready to take on the illnesses that this world has. So why not protect your child? The American Academy of Pediatrics state that childhood vaccines are 90 – 99% effective in preventing disease. The risks of not being vaccinated far outweigh the small risks associated with vaccination. This is an issue that some parents face each time we prepare our children to attend public schools. We all know the common cold is air born and school aged children are prone to picking up that strand from another child. There are also other diseases that children can pick up from their classmates like chickenpox, measles and pertussis (whooping cough). If we vaccinate our children when they are scheduled to be, they are less likely to be sick in the future. For many years there have been reasons for a child not being vaccinated. Some individuals have claimed that it is due to religious views, the...
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...Measles is an airborne disease that is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person's nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission (coughing or sneezing)), and is highly contagious—90% of people without immunity sharing living space with an infected person will catch it.[4] An asymptomatic incubation period occurs nine to twelve days from initial exposure. The period of infectivity has not been definitively established, some saying it lasts from two to four days prior, until two to five days following the onset of the rash (i.e., four to nine days infectivity in total), whereas others say it lasts from two to four days prior until the complete disappearance of the rash. The rash usually appears between 2–3 days after the onset of illness. The classic signs and symptoms of measles include four-day fevers [ the 4 D's ] and the three Cs—cough, coryza (head cold), and conjunctivitis (red eyes)—along with fever and rashes. The fever may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F). Koplik's spots seen inside the mouth are pathognomonic (diagnostic) for measles, but are not often seen, even in confirmed cases of measles, because they are transient and may disappear within a day of arising. Their recognition, before the affected person reaches maximum infectivity can be used to reduce spread of epidemics. Complications with measles are relatively common, ranging from mild and less serious complications such as diarrhea to more serious ones such as pneumonia...
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...diseases continue to spread many people are having second thoughts about whether to require preventative vaccines. It’s leading many people to question laws that allow parents not to vaccinate their children. So, if we are so afraid of an epidemic outbreak; then why do we have such laws, allowing parents to opt out of vaccinating their children? Vaccinations should be required for every child. To estimate the vaccination rate in the context of the 2015 measles outbreak Maimuna S. Majumder, MPH (Master of Public Health), and his colleagues obtained data from the California Department of Public Health and HealthMap media alerts. They used the incidence decay and exponential adjustment (IDEA) method to approximate the effective reproductive number. They...
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...Industrial Revolution Test Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer for each question and mark it on your scantron sheet. Each question is worth three points 1.) Which of the following factors motivated European nation’s to compete for colonies? a. Nationalism b. Communism c. Socialism d. Urbanism 2.) What was a result of the invention of the cotton gin? a. Slaves were no longer needed b. The need for slaves increased c. Farmers stopped growing cotton d. Cotton production decreased 3.) During the Industrial Revolution, how did the factory owners feel about the formation of trade unions? a. The owners encouraged the unions to form b. The owners did not care about the unions c. The owners did not like the unions d. The owners were excited about the unions 4.) Which of the following is the correct definition for collective bargaining? a. Process of negotiation between the United States and Japan b. Process of negotiation between management and union representatives c. Process of expanding educational opportunities for children d. Process of expanding a nation’s control over another nation with force 5.) Which of the following was included in child labor reforms passed by parliament? a. Increased the hours that children could work b. Restricted how many men could work c. Increased the hours that men could work d. Restricted the hours that children could work 6.) Adam Smith is...
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...Chapter 6: Communication Chapter Outline 1. Introduction of topics and concepts to be discussed in the chapter. a. Mission b. Principles i. Customer Focus ii. Leadership Commitment iii. Inclusion of Communications in Planning and Operations iv. Information Collection, Analysis and Dissemination v. Media Partnership c. Conclusion 2. Case Studies a. Risk Communication During the Washington D.C. Sniper Crisis b. The Homeland Security Advisory System c. A Comparison of Leadership Between Two Outbreaks of Smallpox in the United States: New York City, 1947, and Milwaukee, 1894 3. Additional Sources of Information 4. Glossary of Terms 5. Acronyms 6. Discussion Questions a. General b. Washington, DC Sniper c. Homeland Security Advisory System d. Smallpox Outbreaks 7. Suggested Out of Class Exercises Introduction Communications has become an increasingly critical function in emergency management. The dissemination of timely and accurate information to the general public, elected and community officials and the media plays a major role in the effective management of disaster response and recovery activities. Communicating preparedness, prevention and mitigation information promotes actions that reduce the risk of future disasters. Communicating policies, goals and priorities to staff, partners and participants enhances support and promotes a more efficient disaster...
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