...Edward Jenner was born in 1749 and died in 1823. Edward Jenner’s great gift to the world was his vaccination for smallpox. This disease was greatly feared at the time as it killed one in three of those who caught it and badly disfigured those who were lucky enough to survive catching it. Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and his natural surroundings since childhood. He had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox – the non-life threatening cowpox – but did not get smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids. Jenner decided to try out a theory he had developed. A young boy called James Phipps would be his guinea pig. He took some pus from cowpox blisters found on the hand of a milkmaid called Sarah. She had milked a cow called Blossom and had developed the telltale blisters. Jenner ‘injected’ some of the pus into James. This process he repeated over a number of days gradually increasing the amount of pus he put into the boy. He then deliberately injected Phipps with smallpox. James became ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects. It seemed that Jenner had made a brilliant discovery. He then encountered the prejudices and conservatism of the medical...
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...300 April 8th, 2010 Essay#2 Smallpox 2010 In today’s world it would be amazing if you had a friend or a family member who has smallpox and how sad it would be, especially if she or he was your close relative. That is what happened to my coworker’s Barbara. Barbara’s brother actually died from smallpox. She says that her mother told her that “in 1950 one day her brother didn’t feel well then he ran a high fever and the family sent him to the hospital. A few a days later his skin turned red, then it developed red spots and pustules all over his body.” His throat also felt very dry and irritated, so then the doctors knew that he had smallpox. Therefore, they sent him home to prevent him from infecting others. Not long after he left the hospital, he died at home. From the day it started to the day he died it was three weeks. Not long after that another brother had the same symptoms and he died within three weeks. Although there has not been a case of smallpox for over 30 years, Americans need to be educated about the disease as well as the vaccine and learn what to do in case of an emergency outbreak of smallpox. Smallpox was one of the first diseases that people a found vaccine for and one of the deadliest diseases that humans can contract. When someone first gets smallpox, they start with a fever, headache and back pain, and then they have an eruption on the skin that leaves the faces, arms and legs covered with dimpled scars, or pox. Smallpox is caused by variola major...
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...Despite evidence of vaccine research in ancient manuscripts, it has not been until the past few centuries that vaccines have truly flourished, undoubtedly revolutionizing health on a global scale. This glory, however was not an easy feat. Initially vaccines faced much criticism as people were clouded with fear of the unknown. Cartoonist James Gilray sketched a powerful cartoon in 1802 which portrayed this sentiment. His cartoon depicted a room full of mutilated people with snouts for noses, hooves instead of hands and their long and flaccid ears. In short, these people were turning into cows. Also illustrated in the center of Gilray’s cartoon was a doctor holding a syringe and gazing into the distance: Edward Jenner. People felt that vaccines were so absurd and dangerous that they were capable of transmute a human being. Jenner’s cowpox vaccine eventually permitted the elimination of smallpox off the face of the earth. In modern day, this ignorant fear seems rather amusing hence in most parts of the world, we have become accustomed to the method and reason of science. Although we do not possess the fear that a vaccine can turn people into cows, we do possess another fear: the fear of...
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...Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Terry J. Vervenne DeVry University Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Shots, inoculations, vaccines, do children need them? This is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal...
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...Smallpox and Vaccination Images are a significant tool in the history because it elucidates feelings, behavior and new tendencies in society (Leggat 1995). In the history of vaccines, it is not different; there are many pictures that explain reality in different societies at different times. From this context, this essay will analyze two pictures that link smallpox early attempts of treatment in two different societies. The first selected picture was found in AIDS: The Burdens of History a book wrote by Fee and Fox in 1988. The image explains the early vaccination technique called “Jennerian vaccine” that was a prodigious improvement in the history of medicine. I believe that this picture was intentionally made to show how the vaccination...
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...Vaccines are a preventative medication to confer immunity against one or several diseases. Vaccinations stimulate a response in the immune system that will protect the individual from the targeted disease. This is achieved from injecting a patient with an antigenic variation of the disease or a synthetic substitute. Vaccines are considered as one of the greatest medical achievements and are responsible for the world-wide eradication of smallpox. Although child immunisations are effective in prevention of disease, some parental concerns persist that vaccines may cause autism. Three specific proposals for this cause include; the vaccine for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and a toxic preservative named thimerosal. This essay will investigate both...
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...Vaccines are a preventative medical intervention established to avoid contracting serious infectious diseases. They work through the “process of introducing foreign proteins or inactive cells into the body to trigger immune activation before the patient is exposed to the real pathogen” (Adams, Holland & Urban, 2014). As a result, memory B cells are formed, which will rapidly produce large quantities of antibodies to neutralize the pathogen when exposed to the actual infectious organism. This essay will discuss the advantageous of vaccinations, and why they should still be implemented regardless of their adverse reactions. Similar to most medical interventions, vaccinations are not without adverse effects. Some common adverse effects include “redness and discomfort at the site of injection, fever, minor aches or arthralgias” (Adams et al., 2014). A live vaccination may present with a “subclinical appearance of the disease”, for example, a minor rash may be associated with the measles vaccination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Although severe reactions are uncommon, anaphylaxis is always possible. In addition, vaccinations are also contraindicated for patients who have a “weakened immune system or who are currently experiencing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting or fever” (Adams et al., 2014). Most vaccines are pregnancy category C and vaccinations are often delayed in pregnant patients until after a delivery to avoid any potential harm to the fetus...
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...Industrial Revolution Test Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer for each question and mark it on your scantron sheet. Each question is worth three points 1.) Which of the following factors motivated European nation’s to compete for colonies? a. Nationalism b. Communism c. Socialism d. Urbanism 2.) What was a result of the invention of the cotton gin? a. Slaves were no longer needed b. The need for slaves increased c. Farmers stopped growing cotton d. Cotton production decreased 3.) During the Industrial Revolution, how did the factory owners feel about the formation of trade unions? a. The owners encouraged the unions to form b. The owners did not care about the unions c. The owners did not like the unions d. The owners were excited about the unions 4.) Which of the following is the correct definition for collective bargaining? a. Process of negotiation between the United States and Japan b. Process of negotiation between management and union representatives c. Process of expanding educational opportunities for children d. Process of expanding a nation’s control over another nation with force 5.) Which of the following was included in child labor reforms passed by parliament? a. Increased the hours that children could work b. Restricted how many men could work c. Increased the hours that men could work d. Restricted the hours that children could work 6.) Adam Smith is...
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...Jordan Quist Dr. A English 101 Persuasive Essay Wanted: Ignorance Vaccine Smallpox causes many terrible symptoms, including rashes, fever, lesions, vomiting, nausea, muscle ache, and headaches. Luckily we no longer have to worry about this horrific disease thanks to the development of vaccines. Vaccines are a version of a virus that has been weakened, then a small portion of the weakened disease is injected into a patient, where white blood cells easily fight off and kill it, and T-cells in the body remember the virus, so if a vaccinated patient comes in contact with the virus they have been vaccinated for, the body can easily fight it off and remain healthy. Unfortunately, some parents have recently come out with a belief that vaccines cause...
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...health care. In one hand, contemporary medicine has brought advantages, namely declining mortality, and improving humanity health. Nonetheless, there are certain unfortunate consequences of modern medicine, such as demographic ageing and substance abuse. This essay will outline the beneficial and problematic implications of modern medicine. For the purpose of this essay, the “modern medicine” is the period of the history of medicine from1790 when the vaccine was invented to the present. There are two main advantages of modern medicine. The first merit of modern medicine is improving humanity health. For instance, vitamin deficiency can be supplemented with tonic utilisation or physical pain can be reduced with analgesics. Moreover, life expectancy can be extended by methods such as damaged tissues repairing or defective organs and limbs replacing of artificial ones. The second benefit of modern medicine is decreasing mortality. This is rooted in the fact that widespread immunisation lead to a considerable decline in infant mortality. Moreover, mass death which resulted from prevalent epidemics in the past, for example smallpox, measles, and malaria now can be distinguished in a fairly short period of time with vaccines. Furthermore advance medical techniques, particularly diagnostic imaging such as X-rays, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging permit early detection and treatment of diseases, for instance, lung cancer, or tuberculosis. Nevertheless, contemporary medicine also brings...
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...Chickenpox Pamela Nauerth Grand Canyon University April 20, 2014 Chickenpox Varicella infection, commonly known as Chickenpox, is a member of the herpes virus group. Varicella has the capacity to stay latent in the human source. It stays in the sensory nerve ganglia and the recurrent infection is called Herpes Zoster or Shingles. This essay gives the description, causes, symptoms, mode of transmission and the treatment of varicella. It describes the mortality, morbidity, incidence and prevalence of the disease. It explains the determinants of health and how they contribute to the development of varicella. This essay discusses the epidemiologic triangle and how it relates to chickenpox. It explains the role of the community health nurse regarding their case findings, reporting, data collecting, data analysis and the follow-up related to chickenpox. It identifies on great national agency that addresses the virus and describes contributes to resolving and reducing the impact of the disease. Varicella was confused with smallpox until the late eighteenth century. Rudolf Steiner was scientist who discovered that varicella virus was caused by an infectious agent in 1875. Steiner removed fluid from the blisters of chickenpox and put it on the skin of volunteers that were healthy. It resulted in the volunteers to contract the virus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). The symptoms of the virus develop about 15 days after being exposed to an...
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...Leslie Professor Religion 101 November 3, 2013 Application of Service, Peace, and Justice in Society After attending college, graduating high school, getting confirmed in the Catholic Church, and participating in several sports/recreational activities, one will recall many speeches about the importance of peace, helping others, and “doing the right thing”. To me these concepts were only theoretical, of little consequence or application in my life. I think most of my peers thought along similar lines. The parents in my community also never appeared interested in these topics. When service was spoken of by a teacher or a priest, they would all smile and nod, but they never seemed particularly concerned. My fellow community members could speak about peace and a senseless war overseas, but they were all too far removed to really feel its impact. To them, “service” meant the community service hours that were required to pass a religious requirement. These concepts were almost only theoretical, if not a quick rite of passage. The photo of me behind a soup kitchen counter was a parenthesis between studying for a chemistry final and working the weekend shift at my part-time high school job. The reasoning behind charity has deviated greatly from its definition in the 4th and 5th centuries. Aristotle wrote, “If all men vied with each other in moral nobility and strove to perform the noblest deeds, the common welfare would be fully realized, while individuals could also enjoy the...
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...Historical Essay (Age of Exploration) By: Paige Yamate P.7 Many people know of Christopher Columbus, a famous Spanish explorer who said to have discovered North America, but what many people fail to realize is that he was not the first to uncover the “new world,” another name for the Western Hemisphere, in fact, there were hundreds of explorers doing just that. This era of unprecedented European Exploration is known as, The Age of Exploration. The Age of Exploration started in the 1400’s, and the motive for the sudden venture is search for new trade routes, wealth, adventure, and a way to spread Christianity and the word of God. Inventions and Technological advancement, such as cartography (the practice of map drawing), astrolabe (a navigation system bearing latitude and longitude), and stronger ships with cartels for faster travel, also played an important role in this era. Many Europeans discovered many new cultures and lands and pushed their own religion and culture onto them, resulting in the disappearance of some societies. However, this is not a bad thing, cultures, such as the Hawaiian culture that was thankfully converted to Christianity, drowned newborns that showed any peculiar defects when birthed. The Age of Exploration had a positive effect on the New Worlds and Europe because both societies gained new goods, proper medicine was discovered, and Europe civilized the New World. The Age of Exploration was positive because both societies gained new animals, crops...
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...Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Biotechnology A) is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. B) is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. C) has only been used successfully in the area of forensic science. D) has been around since the dawn of civilization. E) is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society. Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A) cloned DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) a vector. D) a plasmid. E) a DNA library. Answer: B Topic: ...
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...Writing Resource Guide Version 1.0, Fall 2002 By Lucy Honig Contents Introduction Writing for the MPH: A W/Rite of Passage A message to BUSPH students Useful writing references for SPH students The writing process: some practical tips Common problems The Paramedic Method of editing Referencing: Styles of citation Citation of electronic sources A note about plagiarism Using direct quotations and paraphrases Boston University writing resources 6 9 10 15 21 25 27 29 31 2 3 INTRODUCTION Public health professionals write all the time. Writing is an important tool for bringing about changes in policy, practice, public understanding, and health behaviors. You may create exciting and effective methods for addressing these matters, but if you cannot effectively communicate those ideas it is as if they do not exist at all. Furthermore, the process of writing helps to sharpen one’s ideas; good writing requires good thinking. Writing assignments in SPH courses have a variety of goals: to test your knowledge, to foster critical thinking, to enhance your research skills, to assess your communication skills and to prepare you for the myriad writing tasks you will encounter in your professional work. We expect you to carry out writing assignments with the thought and skill consistent with graduate level work, and we believe the improvement of writing skills is essential for the health of our profession. An MPH degree implies that you are equipped with the many competencies that are...
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