...A Research Presented to the Faculty of Lyceum of the Philippines University Department of College of Arts and Sciences Social Factors that Fuel the Influence of Peer Pressure in Adolescent Smoking In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Social Psychology under Ms. Amor Santiago School Year 2014-2015 Members: Gaña, Servil R. Gonzaga, Marc Ian V. Dela Cruz, Jamella Mariz CHAPTER I I. Introduction “Smoking is dangerous to your health.” Despite of this warning printed on every box of cigarette, people still tend to buy these “cancer sticks”. People are aware of the costs of cigarette smoking, and we know for a fact that, behind a stick’s purpose of giving pleasure or relief, it slowly kills, not only an individual but also the environment. Yet smoking exists. It would have been tolerable for people in their middle adulthood to smoke since they have their personal and somehow dignified reason for smoking, but why did smoking have to invade the adolescent’s realm of pure inquisitive innocence? This research paper aspires to extract some of the factors that have a definite influence on why and how adolescents learn to smoke. Years of research about adolescent smoking have already been conducted, thousands of papers have been printed and many psychologists, researchers, students and professors went through stress just to gather data and information about adolescent smoking. These efforts are very helpful and it continues to spur great awareness among others...
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...Introduction It is smoking? It is killing many people? Why, would you want to smoke, if it causes so many dead people have all kinds of excuses for that question, Some of which include: “I’m stressed out”, “I need to lose weight”, and “I just want to fit in”. Would you want to die because you wanted to lose weight, you felt stressed, or you just want to be cool? There are many reasons why you should not-start smoking and why you should stop smoking now. II. Backgroud of the study Smoking is an adaptive behaviour which in most cases acquired when an individual is aware of the effects the associated with the habit. A large number of smokers know both the long and short term, smoking is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, emphysema, and also premature aging. ‘‘Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health?” This is the packaging warning message. Cigarette, from the french word “cigarette”, meaning “small cigar”. Is a small cylinder effects of this habit which include respiratory diseases and cancer. Shockingly of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. The term cigarette is commonly used, refers to a tobacco but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as ascloves or cannabis. The smoking habit is easily acquired by an individual. This is because there are various reasons attract an individual into attempting to smoke. Some individuals take the habit as a show off thus they start smoking since they believe...
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...Teenage Smoking Name Course Subject Teenage smoking had become a serious health issue in the American society due to the increased number of young people engaging in the risky health behavior. There are a several health complication issue resulting from cigarette smoking such as a decrease in physical fitness and increase in respiratory illnesses. This paper seek to conduct a survey on the effectiveness of programs offered to teens in the society and the amount of information available to sensitize them on the effects of tobacco smoking. In additional, this paper seek to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy programs offered to assist teenagers quit smoking and avoid the behavior. The most effective methodology of collecting data is administering questionnaire in the aim of ensuring adequate information is collected on smoking habits among teenagers Edward (Swan & Gabbard, 2014, p. 140). The aim of collecting data in a mannerly and organized manner to use in developing health policies that assist in reducing health issues that result from smoking. Participants were selected randomly from high school and middle school students to ensure because they are the target in the research. Closed –ended questionnaires are administered to reduce the time consumption and make analysis process efficient (Jastone, 2006, p. 112). The period for the research is a year where participants are required to answer questions on a monthly basis. There are several ethical issues that...
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...References | | Abstract Our purpose is to help people to understand dangers of smoking on them and people around them, hoping to decrease at least numbers of smokers to let them enjoy a healthier and longer life without problems. Introduction: Like most people, you already know that smoking is bad for your health. But do you really understand just how dangerous smoking really is and how it can be also deadly for non smokers too? Do you know that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year smoking causes about 6 million deaths which is about 10% of all deaths and 0.6 million of these occurring in non smokers too due to second hand smoke? Do you know that smoking is considered as the greatest cause of preventable death globally? Since stopping smoking can be an extremely difficult process, understanding exactly how smoking harms your body and people around you can help keep you motivated to end that habit. So in our research we are going to talk about smoking health problems and second hand smoke. Literature review: Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. [1] About one half of long term male smokers will die of illness due to smoking. A person's increased risk of contracting disease is directly proportional to the length of time that a person continues to smoke as well as the amount smoked. However, if someone stops smoking, then these chances gradually decrease as the damage to their bodies repaired. A...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Most people are aware of the fact that smoking causes lung cancer but people hardly know how or why the cancer develops. What does tobacco contains that gives the smoker the deadly disease of lung cancer? How many packs a day and for how long does a person have to smoke in order for him or her to develop this cancer? Are there any other conditions that are caused by smoking besides lung cancer? According to Jonathan Foulds in the article “Smoking and Lung Cancer,” the smoke contains dangerous chemicals such as benzopyrene and methylnitrosamino which are deposited into the lungs. Further, the chemicals cause DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammation which end into malignant tumor growth (Foulds). Lung cancer destroys the respiratory tract from the mouth to the alveoli; in addition, major organs of the body are affected. Symptoms of lung cancer are coughing with blood in sputum, fever, and chest pain (Foulds). There are three main methods by which lung cancer may be diagnosed. According to Mark H. Beers of The Merck Manual of Medical Information, an x-ray of the chest, CAT scan, or biopsy may be done to diagnose lung cancer. Lung cancer is usually detected at a late stage, which does not give an individual many options for treatment. The treatment options include quitting smoking, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, and surgery (Beers). The purpose of this paper is to examine smoking and lung cancer by summarizing two articles on the topic...
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...Four new studies offer powerful evidence of the dangers of smoking and the health benefits of quitting or not being exposed to secondhand smoke. Smoking in the UK– Between 1996 and 2001 the Million Women Study started following more than one million women aged 50 to 65 years of age. In a report published in the Lancet, trial investigators, including renowned epidemiologist Richard Peto, found that 12-year mortality was significantly higher in women with a history of smoking compared to women who never smoked (rate ratio 2.76, CI 2.71-2.81). Smokers, the authors calculated, lose 10 years of life. The good news is that stopping smoking before the age of 40 reduces the excess mortality by 90%. Smoking in Japan– The Life Span Study, published in BMJ, was started in 1950 and has followed more than 65,000 men and women in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The results were consistent with the Million Women Study in the UK: the rate ratio for mortality was more than doubled for smokers compared to nonsmokers both for men (2.21, CI 1.97-2.48) and for women (2.61, CI 1.98-3.44). The investigators also reported that stopping smoking before age 35 eliminated almost all of the risk associated with smoking. Smoke-free legislation meta-analysis– Smoking is not just a personal decision that has individual health effects. A new meta-analysis published in Circulation found that smoke-free legislation results in immediate reductions in hospital admissions or deaths for coronary events (RR .848,...
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...Differential Effects of Cigarette Price on Youth Smoking Intensity 1Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago 2Health Research and Policy Centers, University of Illinois at Chicago 3Health Economics Program, National Bureau of Economic Research ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Support for this research was provided by grants from The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (ImpacTeen – A Policy Research Partnership to Reduce Youth Substance Use) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Price, Availability and Youth Tobacco Use) to the University of Illinois at Chicago. We thank Lloyd D. Johnston and Patrick J. O’Malley of the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research for providing us with selected data from the 1992, 1993 and 1994 Monitoring the Future Surveys. The Monitoring the Future Project is supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Abstract Objectives: Data from the 1992, 1993, and 1994 Monitoring the Future Surveys were used to investigate the differential effects of cigarette price on the intensity of youth cigarette smoking. Methods: Respondents are classified into nonsmokers; individuals who smoked less than one cigarette per day; individuals who smoked one to five cigarettes per day; individuals who smoked one-half pack a day; and individuals who smoked one pack or more a day. A Threshold of Change Model was estimated with information on cigarette prices as the main explanatory variables. Results: Dummy variables...
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...Smoking and Lung Cancer Ramon Gaetan, Kimberley Martinez, Anthony Paige, Mirany Legaspi, Annabelle Fohne HCS/330 December 06, 2010 Peter Mabrey Smoking and Lung Cancer Every year an estimated 392,000 people die from smoking -related diseases such as Lung cancer and another estimated 50,000 people die from secondhand smoke each year. Smoking is the number one preventable death within the United States. Of adults who have ever smoked most started at the age of 21 years old or younger. Smoking is directly responsible for over 90% of all lung cancer deaths (American Lung Association, 2010). The goal of this paper is to provide an analysis of lung cancer, which directly relates to smoking. Included in the analysis is an introduction of the disease, disease history, lung cancer etiology, affected populations, and possible treatments if any. By providing this information, one will understand why it is important to keep the younger generations from smoking and encouraging those who already smoke to quit, saving their lives and those around them from this unnecessary death known as lung cancer. When introducing lung disease one needs to know the emphasis from abstaining or acquiring help to quit smoking, which would greatly reduce the chances for someone to be affected by this deadly disease. Lung cancer is diagnosed by the results of abnormal cell growth in one or both lungs. This abnormal cell...
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...THE PATH TO TOBACCO ADDICTION STARTS AT VERY YOUNG AGES Lifetime smoking and other tobacco use almost always begins by the time kids graduate from high school.1 Young kids’ naïve experimentation frequently develops into regular smoking, which typically turns into a strong addiction—well before the age of 18—that can overpower the most well-intentioned efforts to quit. Any efforts to decrease future tobacco use levels among high school students, college-aged youths or adults must include a focus on reducing experimentation and regular tobacco use among teenagers and pre-teens. How Early Do Kids Try Smoking? Every day more than 2,800 kids under 18 try smoking for the first time.2 Though very little data about smoking is regularly collected for kids under 12, the peak years for first trying to smoke appear to be in the sixth and seventh grades (or between the ages of 11 and 13), with a considerable number starting even earlier.3 In 2013, nearly five percent of eighth grade students reported having had their first cigarette by the end of fifth grade (ages 10 to 11), and 14.8 percent had tried smoking by the end of eighth grade. More than one-fourth (28.7%) of twelfth grade students reported having used cigarettes by the end of tenth grade.4 A 2013 nationwide survey found that nearly one in ten high school students (9.3%) had smoked at least one whole cigarette before the age of 13.5 The 2014 nationwide Monitoring the Future Study reports that more than one out of every three twelfth...
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...Vulnerable Populations and Self-Awareness Paper Barbara D. Ross University of Phoenix Health Assessment and Promotion for Vulnerable Population NUR 440 Marcella Hardy - Peterson April 19, 2010 Vulnerable Populations and Self-Awareness Paper The social stigma of cigarette smoking has grown over the last 25 years. Many states have established anti-smoking legislation that prohibits smoking in public areas. This paper examines current social, economic and health related impact of the chronic smoker in today’s sociality. The author began smoking cigarettes as an enlisted Navy recruit, quit “cold turkey” when a severe morning cough convinced her that smoking cigarettes might not be conducive to optimum health. The conversion from smoker to non-smoker was not difficult. Cigarette smoking can be part of a social and cultural ritual. Tobacco use became popular in the United States in the 1800’s. Chewing tobacco was the method of use for the early American pioneers. In 1880, James Bonsack, created a machine that rolled tobacco in paper. The creation of the cigarette machine increased the cigarette production and revolutionized the tobacco industry. The health concern of long termed cigarette smoking came to the forefront in the mid-twenthth century. The CDC estimated in 2005, that 20.9% of all U.S. adults, were current cigarette smokers, 80.8% smoked daily and 19.2% some days. The highest prevalence of ethnic smokers...
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...Meat vs Vegetarian: the War of Strong Opinions The question whether the views of people with strong but scientifically unsupported opinions should be given prominence equal to those with compelling scientific evidence in the decades-long battle of ‘conclusive evidence’ between the Meat and the Veg camp, seems to have surfaced again in the debate. On one hand, there is always a moral choice camp for whom vegetarianism and veganism are choices of non-violence towards animals. PETA is the biggest advocate for moral vegetarianism and much alike other followers of this principle, is not too much concerned with the ultimate healthiness of the food choice, as long as it does not involve killings. “Soy sausages and “Fib Ribs to Tofurky jerky and mock lobster” that PETA is citing as its meat alternatives, do not sound too ingredient-friendly. On the other hand, people choosing vegetarian or meat diet for its health-related advantages are faced with dire straits of scientific burden of proof because health is a long-term domain of high science. ‘Compelling scientific evidence’ appears to be a strong word sequence with almost magical powers, practically an idiom, but, of course, it has to be handled carefully. In many examples of bad or ‘yellow’ journalism, the phrase “British [American, sometimes on gets Chinese for exoticism] scientists have discovered” often validates, or at least serves as modality qualifier for the stories with unchecked or altogether invented facts.’...
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...Introduction Cigarette smoking is tremendously widespread and is the most crucial problem that many countries are facing up to now. Despite all laws that restrict smoking and the emphasis of media that smoking kills, it still remains as the most addictive vice that begins early in childhood and adolescence which results to a lifetime habit. Tobacco use is one of the preventable causes of death, yet, will be the leading cause of preventable and premature deaths globally in next few years (Salazar, 2004). As years come, the average age of smokers is declining. The youth is greatly and easily influenced by smoking especially if proper guidance for them to avoid it was not established. Indisputably, smoking creates a big impact on people, and year by year, the population of smokers increase thus tobacco-related illnesses that may lead to death also increase. Even the expression that “Warning: Smoking is bad for your health.” is not enough to encourage people especially the young to pick up the habit. It is seriously evident that the several programs or regulations formed to avoid and quit smoking needs more “press on” to switch down its impression to the people Background of the Study There are 1.25 billion smokers around the globe and consequently, one-third to one-half of it, which is almost 6 million people, will be killed in the year 2010 from the disruptive effects of smoking. According to the nonprofit research and advocacy organizations, smoking rates have declined...
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...HEALTH RISKS & COSTS The Effects Of Obesity, Smoking, And Drinking On Medical Problems And Costs Obesity outranks both smoking and drinking in its deleterious effects on health and health costs. by Roland Sturm ABSTRACT: This paper compares the effects of obesity, overweight, smoking, and problem drinking on health care use and health status based on national survey data. Obesity has roughly the same association with chronic health conditions as does twenty years’ aging; this greatly exceeds the associations of smoking or problem drinking. Utilization effects mirrors the health effects. Obesity is associated with a 36 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 77 percent increase in medications, compared with a 21 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 28 percent increase in medications for current smokers and smaller effects for problem drinkers. Nevertheless, the latter two groups have received more consistent attention in recent decades in clinical practice and public health policy. M a n y b e h a v i o r a l r i s k f a c t o r s , chief among them smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity, are known causes of chronic health conditions. Chronic health conditions, like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, in turn are primary drivers of health care spending, disability, and death. This paper compares the associations of smoking, problem drinking, and obesity with health care use and chronic conditions....
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...The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence Marc Suhrcke, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Carmen de Paz Nieves, Fundación Ideas, Madrid, Spain ISBN 978 92 890 0220 2 Keywords HEALTH BEHAVIOR - HEALTH STATUS - EDUCATIONAL STATUS - RISK FACTORS - SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS - REVIEW LITERATURE Suggested citation Suhrcke M, de Paz Nieves C (2011). The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in highincome countries: a review of the evidence. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning...
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...Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that is associated with growth delays, specific facial characteristics, and includes some mild to moderate intellectual disability. DS occurs due to an extra chromosome, and is often referred to as trisomy 21. Patients with DS have either a partial or full extra copy of chromose 21. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology and epidemiology of the disorder. Next, the paper identifies family history and genetic testing options that are currently available. This paper covers bioethical principles that should be considered when providing healthcare to families that are caring for a dependent with DS. And finally, this paper discusses specific challenges and successes regarding healthcare services for DS. Pathophysiology and epidemiology...
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