...feels the need to get a jean jacket; this is a social influence. Through studies and experiments, we can conclude whether or not social influence is bad. Why do we as a society feel the need to be accepted and/or ‘fit in’? In an experiment documented by Sasha Alo, a man walks onto an elevator and faces the doors, while everyone else faces the back. The man then proceeds to slowly turn around and face the back. All the other people in the video turn out to be actors and that man turns out to be a random person who just happened to walk into this elevator and unknowingly is apart of a social experiment. The man felt as though he needed to fit in with everyone else in the elevator. He felt the urge/need to be accepted in his own way. In Kathleen Yale’s article, she discusses different social influence experiments. Stanley Milgram’s gathered 40 men for an experiment. He wanted to test whether or not they would shock a stranger just because he told them...
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...Alexandra Bennett AP Psychology Coach Burton April 8, 2015 Chapter 18 Social Psychology 21) Just-world-phenomenon- is the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Example: If you have this belief, and something good happens to you, you may conclude that the world is just because you are a good person and so good things happen to you. In the same way, when you see something bad happen to someone else, you may conclude that they did something to bring on this bad event. 22) Mere exposure effect- you begin to like something simply because you are exposed to it over and over again. Example: If you have ever heard a song you did not like and then after a while of hearing it over and over again, you become used to it. Then, you start singing along and you like it. 23) Normative social influence- influence resulting in the desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Example: if you go to a play, many times you will applaud when others do even if you didn't really like the play that much. You do this to avoid the disapproval of the other people. 24) Obedience- occurs when you change your opinions, judgments, or actions because someone in a position of authority told you to. Example: An example of this is the story of the fake police man that called the McDonald’s manager and told her to strip search an employee. The manager only did this, because someone I authority told her...
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...“The Experiments That Still Shock” by Carol Tavris, The Wall Street Journal In 1963, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment on “obedience to authority” just 2 years after the Nazi Adolf Eichmann had claimed in his trial he was “only following orders” in the murder of Jews during the Holocaust. After World War 2, Milgram, along with many other people, was curious as to how many normal, everyday citizens would obey authority even when directly hurting another human being. About 780 Participants arrived at the Yale lab under the pretense they were to be part of an experiment studying the effects of punishment on learning. Three people were involved in each trial, one assigned the role the ‘teacher’, and the other the ‘learner’, and the experiment conductor (who was nothing but a man in a white lab coat). The learner, seated in an adjoining room as the teacher, was to receive an electric shock from the teacher whenever an error was made when reciting a pair of words. The teacher was to press a lever on a machine that had varying intensities of voltages. The shock levels were labeled “SLIGHT SHOCK” to “DANGER-SEVERE SHOCK” and finally “XXX”. With each error the learner made, the voltage intensity was to increase. What the participants didn’t know was that the learner was a confederate of Milgrams who didn't receive any shocks. He shouted and pleaded to be released with each “shock” according to a prearranged script. If the participant-teacher wanted to leave, the experimenter...
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...argument that is neither possible nor desirable to use experiments in social research Experiments are a scientific procedure which is used to test a hypothesis. There are two different types of experiments which are available to the researcher, these are laboratory and field. In laboratory experiments all variables are under the control of the researcher, the researcher will obtain their results from taking two groups which are identical. One group will be the control group and the other will be the experimental group. The researcher will then alter the independent variable in the experimental group to see if the variable that the researcher is investigating changes in any way when compared to the control group. If there is no change in the experimental group when compared to the controlled one then the variable that was being manipulated is dismissed as a cause of what the researcher is investigating. If however, there is a change in the experimental group then the researcher can arrive at an explanation for the issue that was being investigated. Laboratory experiments have a number of advantages, making them seem possible and desirable to use in social research. One of these advantages is the fact that it enables scientists to test their hypothesis in a controlled condition, knowing that there are no other variables or causes that can explain the change that they witnessed. Another advantage is that laboratory experiments are capable of being replicated, therefore it allows...
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...significant to the social sciences because evaluates how a stressor, such as working overtime can impact a person’s daily social and family life. As our world is becoming more socially knit people are placing intrinsic value on domestic values such as friendship and family. Employers though are now requiring mandatory overtime as a condition of employment. Consequently, this experiment is being proposed to acquire whether the rise in time at work is affecting the stress level of people thus causing a decline in mental health? Research Analysis Who will the demographic be for the experiment? The demographic will include both genders age group of 22 – 40, who are married or at least have a child. This demographic was chosen because the experiment is targeted to explore whether the overtime is resulting in chronic stress and thus it is required to include both genders. The age group was designed to be broad to eliminate radical variables from invalidating the experiment such as adolescence and physical causes such as menopause from flawing the results. Also this age group represents the statistical age group of people employed within the United States. Consequently, the age demographic allows for a good statistical average to be taken in a survey. What research design will be utilized? Due to the broad scope of the experiment the methods utilized within this proposed experiment will narrowed to the survey and the experiment. The case study is deemed useless in this experiment as this...
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...The first video is “ shopping while black” is about racial profiling how I see it however I am shocked how many hesitated to help. Less than twenty person helped out of a hundred that were there. A woman was harshly criticize over her race and the way she was dressed, since she was a woman of color they automatically thought she will steal. The actors were playing their role to criticize the woman however some shoppers said some rude comments towards her like is she “playing the black card” or “ would she have defend me”. I was speechless by some of the shopper’s action. Some just walked around or continue shopping like if there was not a big social issue going on not saying or doing a thing. I believe this is why people feel entitled to act a certain way and speak to someone because no one corrects them or educate them. It is highly wrong to judge someone based on their skin color and appearances. That dark skin colored person who is dressed casually who you think might steal from you, can actually have enough to buy your entire store. Someone can be dressed down and own a Visa black credit card or be a CEO of a company. It is judgment and wrong to single out a person of color based of a color. I am happy to see strong women united and help this woman out and encourage other to walk out the store. I was not shocked when I saw someone from her own race did not hesitate to defend her. The reason he was passionate because he was with his family who happen to be from the same race...
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...Social Constructivism (A way of learning through social interaction) In partial fulfillment for the requirement of the subject in PSYC 3095 Experimental Psychology Submitted to: Prof. John Mark Distor Submitted by: Sioson, Marry Jane R. Liwag, Norshan V, Rallos, Sheena Mae J. Atienza, Allineth O. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the students learn effectively through social interaction. APPARATUS: test questionnaire, timer INTRODUCTION: Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical constructivism into social settings, wherein groups construct knowledge for one another, collaboratively creating a small culture of shared artifacts with shared meanings. When one is immersed within a culture of this sort, one is learning all the time about how to be a part of that culture on many levels. Lev Vygotsky’s “Social Constructivism” is a kind of social interaction with others and helps the learner put meaning to information. In this kind of cognitive theory, learning occurs through social, meaning created by each learner. The factors influencing learning are engagement, participation, social cultural. The role of the memory in Constructivism is that prior knowledge is remixed to current context. The transfer of learning occur is through socialization PROCEDURE: The experimenters will give a certain situational problem to a class and divide them into three...
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...Social Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment In “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life”, Erving Goffman expresses his views on social interaction, analyzing many different key aspects that formulate an individual’s role and manner throughout the act of expressing himself in the presence of others. Goffman compares the difference between “the expression that he gives, and the expression that he gives off”, explaining that these two concepts involve significantly differing actions, but both provide a way in which others develop an impression of the individual (pg. 103). All individuals have the control, to some extent, to conduct themselves in such a manner in which they want others to perceive them, influencing others' impressions of him and setting the stage for the way in which others will react towards him. Communicated accurately by Goffman, humans can act in many ways to convey certain aspects of his self, which in more cases than not, are somewhat manipulative, strategic, and contrived. The individual is capable of hiding things from the audience in a social encounter, and can exaggerate and emphasize other aspects that he would like others to concentrate on. These pre-formulated performances of the individual are sometimes quite necessary for the well being of certain social situations, because complete honesty can occasionally cause disruptions and uneasiness. As stated on page 105, Coffman defines the use of preventive practices and techniques to avoid embarrassment...
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...Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose to use experiments when conducting research. Study the reason why sociologist prefer to use experimental methods when carrying out a research There are many different types of experiments that can be conducted by sociologist, in order to help with the research that they are planning to carry out or just to help further prove their hypothesis. There are three main experimental methods that sociologists may choose to carry out their research/study. These three experimental methods are: Natural, field and Comparative. Each of these experiments has their own advantages and disadvantages. These positive and negative factors can analysed by practical, ethical and theoretical limitations and strengths that can be considered. This essay will be looking at each of these in detail. But, firstly what is an experiment? An experiment is a way of investigation a cause and effect relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. The first type of experiment that sociologist may choose to use in their research is, laboratory experiment. Laboratory experiments are conducted in a control setting, (this means that IV (The independent variable) and DV (dependent variable) can be controlled and manipulated by the researcher). Participant are given instruction to carry out certain tasks, in a normally manner. From this, the researchers are able to observe behaviour and be able to see cause and affect relationship between variables...
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...Examine the reasons why some sociologists choose not to use experiments when conducting research. 20 Scientists set out to discover scientific laws of cause and effect. The method favoured by natural scientists for discovering these laws is the laboratory experiments take place in labs are considered more artificial. In this essay I will conclude the reasons why experiments are not used to evaluate research. In addition the field and the comparative method will also be outlined as wells as their strengths and limitations which is used by sociologists in their research. Field experiments takes place in real social world. positivist sociologists use laboratory experiments as they favour a more scientific method. Positivist sociologists however also acknowledge the short comings of laboratory experiments, such as, it is often impossible or unethical to control the variables. Also their small scale means that results may not be representative or generalisable to the wider population. On the other hand interpretivists reject the laboratory experiments because it fails to achieve their main goal of validity. It is an artificial environment producing unnatural behaviour. There are various practical problems with laboratory experiments. Society is VERYhttp://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png complex and in practice it would be impossible to control variables that may influence a situation. Therefore although the ability to control variables in laboratory conditions...
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...it as ‘justifiable classroom discipline’. Researchers not only want to know whether labeling occurs. They also want to measure its effect on pupils’ self-esteem and achievement. Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the strengths and limitation of experiments for the study of labeling in schools (20 marks) Using experiments for studying the theory of labeling in schools can have many strengths and limitations, included in practical, ethical and theoretical factors. The labeling theory is the idea that categorizing group or individuals can seriously affect their behavior. Two types of experiments – fields and laboratory, can investigate the effects of this theory. Interpretivists typically use field experiments as they’re taken place in a more natural environment, such as a school; which are usually real life situations. They can also extract qualitative and valid data, meaning you can look deeper into the truth behind the study of labeling on children in schools. However there is lack of scientific credibility and so there isn’t any identified or controlled variables. Experiments are unlikely to be used by interpretivists. On the other hand, positivists are more likely to use lab experiments because they’re reliable. They are...
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...scale and give them a higher fine. The results of this study showed that when it came to justice the ingroup rated deviant ingroup members lower then the outgroup but created a higher fine. Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members In society people are divided into two groups the ingroup and the outgroup both Social Identity Theory and the Black Sheep Effect deal with the idea of these two types of groups. Social Identity Theory is the expectation the ingroup offenders would be treated less harsh than outgroup offenders (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2010). While the Black Sheep Effect states that people see unlikable ingroup members more adversely than unlikeable outgroup members (van Prooijen & Lam, 2007). The theory that these two support is that ingroup members judge deviant ingroup members more harshly than they would outgroup members. Gollwitzer and Keller (2010) hypothesized that a repeat ingroup offender would be given a more harsh punishment than a first time ingroup offender or an outgroup offender and that a repeat ingroup offender would create more social concerns and anger or outrage leading to a harsher punishment. This study was done through...
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...Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1968, Vol. 8, No. 4, 377-383 BYSTANDER INTERVENTION IN EMERGENCIES: DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY3 JOHN M. BARLEY BIBB LATANfi New York University Columbia University Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by "apathy," "alienation," and "anomie." This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim. Several years ago, a young woman was stabbed to death in the middle of a street in a residential section of New York City. Although such murders are not entirely routine, the incident received little public attention until several weeks later when the New York Times disclosed another side to the case: at least 38 witnesses had observed the attack— and none had even attempted to intervene. Although the attacker took more than half an hour to kill Kitty Genovese, not one of ...
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...Social Psychology and Multicultural Psychology Jennifer Wolf Psych/620 Instructor- Jean Thorndike Social Psychology and Multicultural Psychology This paper defines social psychology and multicultural psychology. Described within will be the primary research strategies used in social psychology. Provided will be examples of each strategy. An explanation regarding how social and multicultural psychology are related and what separates social and multicultural psychology into two distinct fields will be provided. Social Psychology Social psychology is “the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings” (Fiske S. , 2010). Social psychology tries to explain how an individual reacts to another individual whether the individual is present or not. Social psychology also attempts to explain how an individual acts in a group setting as well as how an individual acts when a person (s) of authority is (are) present. Primary Research Srategies1 The three primary research strategies used in social psychology are descriptive research, correlational research, and experimental research (Fiske S. , 2010) Descriptive research “aims to depict accurately some characteristic in a population of interest” (Fiske S. , 2010). Descriptive research deals with one variable at a time and averages the responses to said variable. For example, a public opinion survey such as...
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...Social Psychology and the Self Cynthia Durham Social Psychology/400 University of Phoenix “Social psychology is a science that studies the influences of our situations, with special attention to how we view and affect one another. More precisely, it is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. Social psychology lies at psychology’s boundary with sociology. Compared with sociology (the study of people in groups of societies), social psychology focuses more on individuals and uses more experimentation. Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses less on individuals and uses more experimentation. Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses less on individuals’ differences and more on how individuals, in general, view and affect one another Sociology is the study of people in society. Social psychology is all about your life, beliefs, attitudes, and relationships. (Myers, D. 2010)” “The discipline of Social psychology is that it uses scientific methods that an individual can understand and explain how the thought, behavior and feelings are influenced by the actual, imagines or implied presence of other beings. Social psychology extends a wide range of social topics, including but not limited to social groups, social perception and social interaction are also vital to understanding social behavior. Social psychology is also closely related to three other discipline; sociology, personality...
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