...Introduction The world is full of inequality, inequality exists in many areas, for example, a girl who is born in Norway is more likely live on to old age, while I that same girl was born in Sierra Leone, she would have a one in four chance of dying on her birthday, (Green, 2012) this is just a minute example of inequality in this world. It exists on the basis of, race, caste, gender, economy, health, education and lots more. It is up to the people in various countries to put an end to inequality and therefore alleviate poverty. it is believed by some economists that redistribution is the only way to make the world equal again , these economists also believe that redistribution is the role of the government (Browning, 1989) while others believe it is the role of the citizens and the government . Inequality is a major global problem which leads to loss of GDP, health, lives and others. Inequality is a cancerous growth that needs to be cut down (Gostin, 2007) in this research report will elaborate on the inequalities of the world and how it ties to poverty, using the theme of discrimination, based on race, caste and gender. It will show how discrimination leads to inequality and poverty, with the help of various case studies and examples, it will also give recommendations on how the inequality can be reduced. The global inequality shows that 80% of global health is in the hands of 15% of the "privileged." (Milanovic, 2011) What is poverty? Poverty is described as the thing...
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...dimension in the design and analysis of social and economic development policies. These development concerns have brought about gender issues at the forefront of national and international agenda. During the 1990's, the gender issue continued to follow the historical trend by being one of the most popular themes of debates. The Human Development Report, (1995) posits that the number of women is greater than or equal to that of men, in today's society, yet females are still considered as a minority segment of the population. As a measure to redress gender inequalities, approaches by feminist movements, such as Women in Development (WID), were crafted but not much was achieved. Later, it was Women and Development (WAD) and lastly Gender and Development (GAD). It seems deep-rooted gender inequality still exists globally, despite substantial national and international measures that have been taken towards gender equality. This essay deliberates on the assertion that, “Gender equality is debatable: what is undebatable is the attempt to make it universally applicable.” The writer agrees to a greater extent that gender equality is a controversial issue basing on the multiplicity of societies that it is applied to. The fact that there is no universal culture, universal religion or universal ideology makes the whole issue arguable, ence, the need to degenderise gender. Definition of Key Terms Keating, (2004:9) defines gender as, “the social meanings given to being either a man...
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...often believe that “Feminism” is just a thing of the past and now unnecessary because the patriarchal system is no longer subsisting. Women already procured the rights, opportunities, breaks, shots and chances, but they still tussle many struggles. As it is maliciously misconstrued as a way to dominate men, it just shows how little people understand the term. In clarification, it is no synonym to female preeminence or domination, instead, it peacefully advocates women’s rights. Feminism is definitely not a gender issue, but it is a humankind issue. So as people thought that women in countries had fully achieved their goals, they are all considerately wrong. Some of the major gender inequality issues facing women of today are First and foremost, the violence against women. According to the Philippine...
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...Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges August 2005 © 2005. Economic Commission for Africa Material from this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication. The views expressed are those of the original authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. Project coordinator: Adrian Gauci Editorial coordination: Cristina Müller Team: Abebe Shimeles, Workie Mitiku, Vanessa Steinmayer, Reto Thoenen This report was produced with guidance and input from Augustin Fosu, Director of the Economic and Social Policy Division of the ECA. It benefited greatly from the revisions of Bartholomew Armah and Kwabia Boateng. Special thanks to Lorna Davidson for the final editing, to Akwe Amosu for her valuable input, and to Seifu Dagnachew and Teshome Yohannes for creative and efficient lay-out and production. The report was designed by the ECA Communication Team and printed by the Documents Reproduction and Distribution Unit, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Photo credits (left to right): Front cover- R. Zurba/USAID, J. Dunlop/USAID, R. Zurba/USAID, M. Crozet/ILO. Back cover- J. Maillard/ILO, T. Brunette/USAID, I. Getachew/UNICEF. Table of Contents Acronyms ...............................................................................................
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...of the uniform legal system. Article 44 in the constitution of 1950, reads, “Uniform Civil Code for the citizens of India- the State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.” But the much anticipated eventuality has been a distant dream since the past 60 years. India is known for its socio-economic diversities and inequalities. India is one of the most diverse democracies of the world. India’s secularism which is enshrined in the preamble of the constitution is not an anti-religious policy but outlook to frame the country into one entity. India’s pluralism is linked with how the Hindu culture has never been mono-cultural or monotheistic. India’s democracy also aims at providing all citizens equal rights; this premise is based on treating equals equally. There are many shifting agendas in the personal laws in India. People’s outlook towards bigamy , triple talaq, polygamy , absence of coparcenary rights for women under Hindu undivided family, etc. have received much condemnation in the present times. The increasing equal rights between men and women, societal outlook and equal protection of laws has led to the need for a uniform legal system governing the personal laws on India. Polygamy is prohibited by law in some Muslim-majority countries...
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...Feminist: A person who believes in the social, political, economic, equality of the sexes. A feminist is often associated with the stereotype of an irate, manipulating man-hater although, only the few minority actually fall into this generalization. Feminists can come in all sizes: ebony, white, Asian, female, male, European, masculine, feminine etc. Many people do not understand the significance of feminism in our world and to do...
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...building trusting relationship in our hands EMPOWERMENT living in coexistence transformation the basis of social justice to create equality and dignity recognizing and appreciating differences a step towards reconciliation a major piece of education self-revelation a process of exploring the true possibilities of mankind uncovering the common thread of humanity the opportunity to think differently GOING TO CHANGE THE WORLD peace . It does not mean to be in a place where there is no noise, trouble or hardwork. It means to be in the middle of those things and still be calm in your heart. Educate a generation. Rebuild a nation. FROM HARM TO HOME. Our education support is a key part of these comprehensive program to renew dignity and self-reliance, for the people all over the WORLD. INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES FOR PEACE We need a school and teachers for our community. We should think about those who make the future. They need a peaceful environment. We are interested to be educated. We are reading in sunshine. We have neither books nor school buildings or any other learning material. Our elders support education. | In Afghanistan, 2 decades of conflict have not only destroyed the country’s brick and mortar, but have torn its social fabric and created a long lasting education crisis. | In rural areas, children have very limited or even no...
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...* Spainish social structure Society * Spain itself is divided into 17 regions, each of which elect leaders in direct elections allowing for every region to have a level of autonomy. The Spanish constitution of 1978 protects the democratic independence for, “distinct and nationalities and regions” (Gale 2009b). Because of this, attempting to define the social structure, gender roles, family structure, social identity, and political structure for the entire country is a difficult task. Within Spain, there are six major cultures including the Castilians, the Galicians, the Basques, the Catalans, the Levante, and the Andalucians (Gale. 2009a) and other minority cultures include the Roma and the Asturians (Gale 2009b). Spaniards as a whole do share some cultural traits. * Political Structure: * The political structure of Spain at large is one of a parliamentary monarchy. The king, determined by hereditary, serves as the head of state, however, legislative powers are held within General Courts, or the Cortes Generales, which is spilt between the Congress of Deputies, the Congresso de los Diputados, and the Senate, or the Senado (Gale 2009b.). There are 350 deputies, all of which are elected by the people, and 259 senators, 208 are chosen by the people while 51 are decided by the regions of Spain. Spain, within their executive branch, holds the Council of Ministers which includes a president, a first, second, and third vice president who also serve as ministers for...
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...Women’s Changing Roles in the Context of Economic Reform and Globalization Shahra Razavi United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland razavi @unrisd.org May 2003 (first draft: not to be quoted or cited without permission of author) Background Paper for the UNESCO Education for All Monitoring Report 2003: Gender and Education for All Introduction The 1980s and 1990s are frequently referred to as the era of globalization. While there is no consensus on what the term “globalization” means, for the purposes of this paper we use the term to refer to the greater openness of economies to international trade and finance, or external liberalization. The question that this paper will be tackling is how globalization has impacted on the growth of real economies in diverse regional contexts (Section One), their capacity to create employment (Section Two), and specifically how the new policy agenda has impacted on women’s labour force participation in diverse regional contexts and their enjoyment of social rights (Sections Three and Four). In addition to the available global data sets, the paper will be drawing on in-depth case studies from around the world in order to support the arguments that are being put forward. 1. International Economic Integration and Economic Growth The purpose of this section is to look at the growth implications...
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...31 Intersection between Shari' a and Reproductive and/or Sexual Health and Human Rights OLAIDE ABBAS GBADAMOSI* Shari 'a has become an important feature of the legal system of the Muslim world with its attendant implications for reproductive health and human rights. Like other religious doctrines, Islam has been used to legitimize conflicting positions on gender and reproductive choice. In some cases, women were being denied rights by those who claimed to be acting in the name of 'Islamic' laws. some of which are incompatible with internationally recognized human rights. This article identifies selected sexual and reproductive health issues at the intersection ofreproductive rights and Shari 'a e.g. adultery (zina), inheritance, child marriages, polygny, and violence against women and considers how their shared concerns may prompt actions leading to the elimination of religious and cultural barriers imposed by Shari 'a which impede the implementation of international legal frameworks and consensus documents on reproductive rights. Nigeria is selected as a case study on the nature of implementation of Shari 'a law and reproductive rights. The article calls for more progressive interpretations of Islamic law to be codified in legislative reforms and/or seek to interpret Islamic law in harmony with international human rights standards and calls for the implementation of Shari 'a that would promote respect for human rights. J believe that if Islam is interpreted and applied correctly...
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... UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS LECTURER : PROFESSOR SOYOMBO OMOLOLU FEBRUARY, 2013. ABSTRACT With the rapidly increasing rate of migration – a by-product of a more globalised world – human traffickers have greater opportunities to exploit those who migrate to other States. First, human trafficking is driven by poverty and international productivity/living quality disparities. Second, the existing humanitarian and/or suppressive approaches cannot solve the problem. Third, the best option for solving the problem is setting up the ‘reciprocal direct investment’ (RDI) scheme between leading and lagged economies. The RDI scheme can facilitate improvements in the quality of public governance in lagged economies and directly promote international competition, efficiency, trade liberalization and division of labor. The resulting convergence in global living quality at a higher level across nations will eliminate the root causes of illicit migrations STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem stated in this seminar paper is based on human trafficking in Nigeria that emerges as a result of the unstable...
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...Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction In this chapter, revision of the relevant literature is undertaken to provide an overview of previous studies related to this particular study. The first section starts with the Principles of Islamic Banking and a description of the products. The next one consists of studies indicating the relief provided by Islamic Microfinance institutions globally. The remaining sections comprise of the factors affecting the demand of Islamic financial products namely, awareness, religious factors and trust among parties. The last sections include the Mauritian government’s assistance in introducing Islamic Finance in the country and measures taken to set high standards and women empowerment. 2.1.1 Products...
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...nanceGender and rural microfinance: Reaching and empowering women Guide for practitioners Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty This paper was prepared by Linda Mayoux and Maria Hartl. Linda Mayoux is an international consultant on gender issues in economic development including microfinance. She is currently global consultant for Oxfam Novib’s Women’s Empowerment, Mainstreaming and Networking (WEMAN) programme. Mayoux prepared this paper in collaboration with Maria Hartl, Technical Adviser for Gender and Social Equity in IFAD’s Technical Advisory Division. Annina Lubbock, Senior Technical Adviser for Gender and Poverty Targeting, Michael Hamp, Senior Technical Adviser for Rural Finance. Ambra Gallina, Gender and Poverty Targeting Consultant, also contributed. The following people reviewed the content: Maria Pagura (Rural Finance Officer, Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Carola Saba (Development Manager, Women’s World Banking) and Margaret Miller (Senior Microfinance Specialist, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor – CGAP). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any...
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...Running head: ISLAM : GLOBAL CONCEPT AND PRACTICES 1 Islam : Global Concept and Practices DeVry University Sociology – 350N – Cultural Diversity in Professions Spring Semester 2013 Introduction The history of Islam, its’ concepts and practices is one of the most intriguing yet controversial religions known today. Worldwide, Muslims make up about 23.4 percent of the population, while Christianity makes up about 30 percent (Goodstein, 2011). A study published in 2009 by the Pew Research Center to get global concept of the Muslim population found, “Of the 232 countries and territories included in this study, 50 are Muslim-majority” (p. 5). The Center also found “While 80% of the world’s Muslims live in countries where Muslims are in the majority, significant numbers – about one-fifth of the world’s Muslim population – live as religious minorities in their home countries” (p. 7). With so many countries adhering to Islam and the growth of the Muslim population here in America and worldwide; how will this affect how non-Islamic countries communicate and interact with Islamic countries and how we communicate right here in the United States? If Muslim fundamentalists were not at the forefront of controversy in the war on terrorism, would Islam be a religion that sparks so much debate? Even before September 11th, there had been much controversy related to Islam. However most of it occurred on foreign soil. With significant bombings and terrorist attacks in Europe...
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...In Western languages 'culture' commonly means 'civilization' or 'refinement of the mind' and in particular the results of such refinement, like education, art, and literature. This is 'culture in the narrow sense; 'culture one' Culture as mental software, however, corresponds to a much broader use of the word which is common among social anthropologists: this is ‘culture two’. In social anthropology, 'culture' is a catchword for all those patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting referred to in the previous paragraphs. Not only those activities supposed to refine the mind are included in 'culture two', but also the ordinary and menial things in life: greeting, eating, showing or not showing feelings, keeping a certain physical distance from others, making love, or maintaining body hygiene. CULTURE It is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. It is a collective phenomenon, because it is at least partly shared with people who live or lived within the same social environment, which is where it was learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one's social environment, not from one's genes. Culture should be distinguished from human nature on one side, and from an individual's personality on the other: 1 Cultural relativism there are no scientific standards for considering one group as intrinsically superior or inferior to another. 'Cultural relativism affirms that one culture...
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