...assumed. A comparative legal perspective is no more than the systematic recognition that law is always fluid, pluralistic, contested and subject to often contradictory pressures from both inside and outside its jurisdiction; that it reflects an always unstable diversity of traditions, interests, allegiances, and ultimate values and beliefs. If the comparative perspective on law was once a view of the exotic ‘legal other’ or of the ‘external relations’ of one’s own law with the law of other peoples in other lands, now it is a view of transnational legal patterns and of the cultural complexities of law at home. We live in conditions where the law of the nation-state must respond to a great plurality of demands from different population groups within its jurisdiction. At the same time, it must respond to powerful external pressures. Legal thought in national contexts is being fragmented from within in a new ‘jurisprudence of difference’…and globalized from without in demands for transnational harmonization or uniformity. (“Culture, Comparison, Community” by Roger Cotterrell) Kindly react to this statement, supporting your personal views and conclusions with research, analysis, examples and well-reasoned argumentation. I. Introduction 1 The phenomenon of ‘globalisation’, exemplified by the growing interconnectedness between nations, leads to inevitable interactions between legal systems. Roger Cotterell’s statement illuminates the myriad of overlapping concepts in comparative law that...
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...of Analysis / Theory | Unit of Analysis | The Effects of Attitude, Subjective Norm, andPerceived Behavioral Control on Consumers’Purchase Intentions: The Moderating Effectsof Product Knowledge and Attention toSocial Comparison Information.Jyh-Shen Chiou1998 | northernTaiwan | 300 student subjects from universities around northernTaiwan | Independent Variables : * Attitude * Subjective norm * Perceived behavioral control. Moderating Variable : * Subjective knowledge * ATSCI (attention to social comparison information) | Purchase intention | Questionnaire | Individual | Findings & contribution | Limitations | Suggestion for future research | Key word | Objective/ purpose | - This study showed that the relative importance ofattitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in the prediction of intention varies when consumers possess different subjective product knowledge or social information comparison disposition.- This research has strong implications for marketers. It can help them develop more effective marketing programs to affect consumers’ purchase intentions under different situations. | - In this study only one product type, the computer printer was examined.- This study just use of student subjects may limit the generalizabilities of the findings. | - Future research should identify more product characteristics that can affect the results.- Study for consumers in different countries may have different sources of social pressure...
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...BUS 606 Entire Course Global Comparative Management http://homeworklance.com/downloads/bus-606-entire-course-global-comparative-management/ All Tutorials will be E-mailed immediately after the Payment, Please Check your inbox or Spam Folder and can also be Downloaded by clicking on Tutorial Bucket. For More Tutorials Visit Website: HOMEWORKLANCE.COM For Any Other Inquiry Feel Free To Contact Us: Lancehomework@gmail.com BUS 606 Entire Course Global Comparative Management BUS 606 Week 1 DQ 1 Global Leadership Global Leadership. Identify three leadership challenges in a global world. Support your answers with examples and/or professional experience. Discuss how you would develop a global mindset in five central areas: General perspective Organizational life Work style View of change Learning. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. BUS 606 Week 1 DQ 2 Globalization Globalization. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of globalization. How has globalization affected cultures and cultural identities? Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. BUS 606 Week 1 Globalization and Cultures Globalization and Cultures. In a 3-5 page, APA style paper, complete an article review. Your article should come from one of the Ashford online library resources. Your article should cover one or more of the following topics that were introduced in your readings: the impact of globalization cultural differences leadership challenges in...
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...The contrast of rational choice’s emphasis on institutions as coordination mechanisms that generate or sustain equilibria versus historical institutionalism’s emphasis on how institutions emerge from and are embedded in concrete temporal processes serves as the foundation for the second half of the essay, which assesses our progress in understanding institutional formation and change. Drawing on insights from recent historical institutional work on “critical junctures” and on “policy feedbacks,” the article proposes a way of thinking about institutional evolution and path dependency that provides an alternative to equilibrium and other approaches that separate the analysis of institutional stability from that of institutional change. INTRODUCTION Institutional analysis has a distinguished pedigree in comparative politics, and the “new” institutionalist literature of the past two decades has both sustained this venerable tradition and deepened our understanding of the role of institutions in political life. At the same time, recent work has given rise to new debates. It is now conventional to distinguish three different varieties of institutionalism: rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, and sociological institutionalism. Each of these three schools in fact represents a sprawling literature characterized by tremendous internal diversity, and it is often also difficult to draw hard and fast lines between them. The differences that have...
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...examines the applicability of theory of reasoned action (TRA) in a context of Islamic pawnshop using structural equation modelling (SEM). The present study presents a simplified theory of TRA, hence it is intended to test whether the two constructs in the theory are acceptable or not in a newly context of Islamic pawnshop. The simplified theory is tested using survey data from 250 respondents. Out of these, only 221 questionnaires are found to be usable whilst the rest are omitted owing to the incomplete responses. The results reveal that attitude was significantly related to the intention to use Islamic pawnshop. Subjective norm was also significantly associated with the intention to use Islamic pawnshop. In sum, the present study provides us valuable insights for service providers to future planning of Islamic pawnshop businesses. Key words: Attitude, subjective norm, questionnaire-survey, theory testing, Islamic pawnshop, Malaysia. INTRODUCTION In this study, an Islamic pawn is normally noted as arRahnu. Ar-Rahnu is defined as a method of providing short-term financing to a person by pawning her jewellery to banks or pawnshops as a security. It is one of the micro financing facilities available for low and middle class income earners who are seeking financial assistance to meet two purposes. Firstly, for precautionary purposes, mainly when one encounters unexpected situations such as death and accident which required quick cash, and less cumbersome financial assistance, Islamic pawnshop...
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...is generally ascribed to societies in a country, or ethnic and regional clusters within a nation, but can also be assigned to organizations, institutions, and family. Social organizations, whether national cultures, or institutional cultures develop because members’ behavior is not arbitrary, and can sometimes be anticipated and calculated. Organizations are bound by culture, which includes the individual behaviors of members and the collective purpose of the organization. In his frequently referenced book, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (1984), Geert Hofstede provided a methodology for the cross-cultural studies of nations, and the organizations that develop based on cultural values. Cultural concepts, as they relate to organizational studies, are borrowed from anthropology, in which views vary, and there is no consensus. Therefore the application of the “cultural perspective” to organizational studies also varies, and is based on assumptions about the nature of both “culture” and “organizations” (Smircich, 1983). Pettigrew (1979) advocated the use of cultural concepts borrowed from sociology and anthropology in the examination of organizational behavior. He advanced “longitudinalprocessual” studies of organizations that acknowledged the possibility of long-term analysis of institutions as entities within societies, which also have pasts, presents, and futures (Pettigrew, 1979, p. 570). Organizations, like nations consist of people from...
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...discipline Boas and historical particularism: • Influence from German diffusionism (critical to evolutionism) • Development of theory = sufficient empirical grounding → collect and systematize detailed data on particular cultures → theoretical generalisations (but with great care) • Four-field-approach: linguistics, physical anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology (↔ France, Britain: not specialized, but generalistic approach) • Field work: Inuit, Kwakiutl, NW coast of America, short, repeated visits, teamwork • CULTURAL anthropology (USA): culture = everything mankind has created, including society (material phenomena, social conditions, symbolic meaning) – (cfr. definition Tylor) (↔ Britain: SOCIAL anthropology: sociologically (social structure, norms, statuses, social...
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...change in the identity of the doctoral student through their social and academic environments. It is believed that their identity has been developed by the educational environment where they studied, and that the introduction of the Internet created a community of change. Distance education was introduced and the opportunity to teach critical thinking strategies was becoming the norm of the classrooms. Today socialization is the main force in the development of one’s academic identity, the role of the scholar and becoming critical thinkers. Presented in this paper is a comparative analysis of three articles: “Socialization of Doctoral Students to Academic Norms” by Weidman and Stein (2003); “Developmental networks and learning: toward an interdisciplinary perspective on identity development during doctoral study” by Baker and Lattuca (2010); and “Critical thinking distance education and traditional education” by Visser, Visser and Schlosser (2003). Comparison of Research Questions The three articles studied presented a look at the relationships between the faculty instructors and the students and what can be done to help in the socialization of the students. Article one ask the question regarding the preparation of the students for a scholarly role or the role that a student is expected to have after they have earned their doctorate degree. It explores the socialization of the doctoral student to the academic norms of research and scholarship (Weidman, 2003) and what effect...
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...EMILE DURKHEIM to the research methodology used in social sciences” INTRODUCTION The paper mainly concerns the contributions of MARX, WEBER and DURKHEIM to the methodology in social sciences. The various methodologies in social sciences establish a connection with the societal implications which have a large impact over the society and its normative effects. Referring to the contributions by the following sociologists, all have a different and influential impact on the factors of society. The methodology of various sociologists reflects their attitude towards the society and its various customs and traditions. The following mentioned are the various methodologies adopted by sociologists in the field of social sciences. Marxist sociology emerged around late 19th/early 20th century, influenced by the thought of Karl Marx. Marx is seen as one of the most influential thinkers in early sociology, alongside thinkers such as Max Weber and Émile Durkheim. KARL MARX The theory propounded by Karl Marx is Marxism; in a nutshell it is the theory and practice of working-class emancipation. Marxism is also a method of looking at the world. One of the most important foundations of Marx's method was dialectical thought. Marx relied a lot on historical materialism and dialecticism to propound his theories in social science. Marx relied heavily on these two methods for social science research. Historical materialism starts from...
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...Abstract Building on Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism cultural dimension, Pruitt’s negotiation styles model, and Rahim’s conflict management model, this research examines how national culture influence the way people choose negotiation and conflict resolution handling styles through an empirical study of 87 individuals in the U.S. The respondents were divided in two groups: American, and Ethiopians. The results show that the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension did differentiate the members of the American culture from the members of the Ethiopian culture. Among the negotiation and conflict management styles object of this study, the dominating style was found to be preferred by those with high concern for self, whereas the cooperating and the integrating styles were found to be preferred by those with high concern for others. Introduction In order to remain competitive in their respective markets companies around the world are expanding their horizons beyond their original country, and they are increasingly seeking international partnerships and business ventures in different cultural environments. The ability to negotiate across national borders and within the organization has become increasingly important in the past decade, but despite the continuous growth of business globalization negotiation and conflict resolution styles are often misunderstood. According to much of the literature available scholars have conducted substantial research on the subjects...
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...Original Article Rationality, norms and identity in international relations Ji Young Choi Department of Politics & Government, Ohio Wesleyan University, Elliott Hall 204, Delaware, OH 43015, USA. E-mail: jychoi@owu.edu Abstract This article examines major debates between rationalism and constructivism. It presents that there are politically significant motives of social actions, including norms and identity, which cannot be completely subsumed by the concept of instrumental rationality. These ideational or social-psychological motivations are governed primarily by thymos or affect (the moral or emotional part of the human personality) and/or valueoriented rationality. We need more flexible assumptions about main actors and their motives than those of rationalism to explain appropriately the politics of anger, loyalty and a sense of justice at international levels. However, constructivism’s emphasis on ideational motivations cannot totally replace rationalism in explaining international political life. Constructivism maintains that identity or norms are causally prior to actors’ interests. Yet when there is conflict between pursuit of interests and maintenance of identity or norms, actors’ strong and well-defined self-interests can overrule their contested or unstable identity or norms. In short, causal arrows can flow in either direction between identity or norms and interests. This implies that rationalism and constructivism are complementary rather than competitive...
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...CHALLENGE OF DEVELOPMENT Developed countries are the exception, not the rule. Billions of dollars of aid and countless hours of advice notwithstanding, most countries have not been able to foster sustained growth and social progress. Increasingly research has shown that weak, Cross-country missing or perverse institutions are the roots of underdevelopment. regressions persistently demonstrate large and statistically significant correlations between institutional variables and growth, and in horse races between variables, an index of institutional quality “trumps” geography or trade as an explanation for growth (Rodrik, et al. 2002). To meet the challenge of development countries need two distinct and not necessarily complementary sets of institutions: (i) those that foster exchange by lowering transaction costs and encouraging trust, and (ii) those that influence the state to protect private property rather than expropriate it. 1 The first set of institutions includes contracts and contract enforcement mechanisms, commercial norms and rules, and habits and beliefs favoring shared values and the accumulation of human capital. Among the second set of institutions are constitutions, electoral rules, laws governing speech and education, and legal and civic norms. Today’s underdeveloped countries must acquire these institutions under particularly difficult conditions -- in a global market competing with already developed countries (North 2002). Although there may be some advantages...
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...Robust Political Economy The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. We are always going to come up short when we compare to expectations of the ‘perfect world.’ Economist Harold Demstez, creator of the idea of the nirvana fallacy, states, “The view that now pervades much public policy economics implicitly presents the relevant choice as between an ideal norm and an existing 'imperfect' institutional arrangement.” This nirvana approach differs considerably from a comparative institution approach in which the relevant choice is between alternative real institutional arrangements. Comparative institutional analysis focuses on the rules people operate by and is defined as the assessment of feasible organizational or policy alternatives. Comparative institutional analysis goes conjointly with robustness, which is the normal standard we apply. Robustness asks questions such as, ‘what set of rules produces better outcomes in bad circumstances?’ and ‘how well does it keep the really bad things from happening?’ Mark Pennington on Robust Political Economy, draws on two problems: the knowledge problem and the incentive problem. This goes hand in hand with the economic calculation problem proposed by Ludwig von Mises and later expanded by Friedrich Hayek as well as the comparison between private versus public property in economics. All economic and political systems must challenge both knowledge problems and incentive...
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...management is considered just as much the concern of public safety as it is the realm of academia. The prevalence of reports of negative crowd behaviour may suggest that the media presents a distorted view of crowd behaviour; non-aggressive pro-social crowds do not result in such attention grabbing headlines. The lack of aggression evident in many everyday crowds, for example spectators of tennis matches illustrate that crowds are not fundamentally aggressive but incredibly diverse. To understand the nature of crowd behaviour is therefore to question the underlying assumption that a “mind of the crowd” even exists. Such an assumption suggests a hegemonic, mystified view of collective behaviour in which the role of the individual disappears. This essay seeks to “demystify” the crowd by understanding the crowds as a specific form of collective action, distinguishing the crowd from other social groups by its larger size, specificity of location, density of persons and the notion of acting in a socially cohesive manner. In viewing the crowd as a specific form of group behaviour rather than a specifically unique phenomenon this essay seeks to emphasise that individual and group identities remain integral to crowd action which usually remains rational and norm-governed. Early theorists such as LeBon, Allport and McDougall...
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...A Comparative Analysis of Halo Effect and Workplace Today with a Comprehensive Chart Luis Navarro, Jr. Southern New Hampshire University A Comparative Analysis of the Halo Effect and Workplace Today with a Comprehensive Chart Classic Study The selected classic study is non-other than the halo effect, researched by Nisbett and Wilson (1977) and from its titled article: “The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgements.” When an observer’s feelings or thoughts interfere with the impression of any individual, entity, or the like thereof this is best applied with the halo effect. The research, pertinent to cognitive biases, reflects the everlasting portrayals of perception, of social norm, and of the fundamental social...
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