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Socialisation and Identity Making in Denmark

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Socialisation og identitetsdannelse

I sociologien beskæftiger man sig ofte med begrebet socialisation. Socialisationsprocessen er den proces som gør det lille barn til samfundsborger. Det er også den proces hvor sociale normer, roller og værdier indlæres, og det er ved socialisation at sociologerne taler om opvækst. Socialisationen er det som hjælper det enkelte individ på vej til at tilegne sig de værdier og egenskaber som gør at de kan indgå i et fællesskab.
Der er både det man kalder primær og sekundær socialisation. Den primære socialisering sker for det lille barn gennem påvirkningen fra forældrene og søskende. Den primære socialisation betegner overgangen fra biologisk til socialt væsen, og er egentlig meget uformel. Ting som sprog, stemmebrug, mimespil osv. indoptages uden at hverken børn eller voksne er bevidste om det. Efterhånden som barnet bliver ældre, kommer der også påvirkninger fra daginstitutioner, skolen, kammerater, medier osv. Dette kalder man for sekundær socialisation. Denne del som er den store del af socialisationen, er mere formel og fører frem til f.eks. afgangsprøver i form af eksaminer. Afhængig af om man sympatiserer med de pågældende roller, normer og værdier eller ej, kalder man det ”læring”, ”opdragelse” eller ”indoktrinering₁”. Vi har også det man kalder for dobbeltsocialisering. Ved dobbeltsocialisering har vi med den kendsgerning at gøre, at børnene bliver opdraget i to forskellige sociale sammenhænge – nemlig i familien og i daginstitutionerne. Da både mor og far i de fleste danske familier er på arbejdsmarkedet, er det yderst sjældent man ser en familie uden dobbeltsocialisering.
I socialiseringen bliver der også dannet en masse normer. Normer kan både være formelle og uformelle. En norm er en regel eller forventning til en bestemt adfærd i forskellige situationer. Med andre ord, udtrykker normer hvad bestemte samfundsgrupper lægger vægt på. Som sagt kan de både være formelle og uformelle. Nogle normer kan være formelle – altså beskrevet i love og regler, og andre normer kan være uformelle, som f.eks. vores bordskik. Det står ikke skrevet nogle steder at man skal blive siddende til alle er færdige, eller at man ikke bøvser ved bordet. Det er bare sådan det er. Det er disse normer som indføres gennem socialiseringen. De fleste normer ender med at komme så langt ind i vores system, at vi til sidst slet ikke tænker over dem. Nogle normer kan diskuteres og problematiseres og andre er bare ikke til diskussion. Derfor er der også tilknyttet nogle sanktioner i forbindelse med mange normer. Lad os tage skolen som eksempel. Hvis en elev laver sine ting og deltager aktivt i timerne, vil den pågældende elev også belønnes i den anden ende med en glad lærer og en god karakter. På den anden side, vil den elev som ikke arbejder hårdt eller måske er flabet i timerne, måske blive smidt uden for døren eller straffet på en anden måde. Der er mange andre tilfælde, hvor sanktionerne er meget tydeligere også. Normer og sanktioner er altså udtryk for det man i det sociale system kan kalde den sociale kontrol. Social kontrol handler om at etablere en social orden ved, at det enkelte menneske tilpasser sig – som der så fint står på side 15 i vores bog ”Sociologi”. Dette gælder både for familien, i skolen og på vores arbejdsplads. Så er der også de vi kalder ”sociale afvigere”. Sociale afvigere er dem som går ind og bryder forventningerne om hvilken adfærd de skal have. Altså dem hvis væremåde og opførsel ikke følger de respektive normer. Når man snakker om sociale afvigere, bliver det oftest forbundet med noget negativt, f.eks. tabere i skolen, kriminelle, fattige, folk med mærkelig og klodset adfærd osv. Men det kan også sagtens være positivt. F.eks. hvis man er usædvanlig rig, klog, dygtig eller lignende kan sociale afvigere sagtens være et begreb der bliver brugt.
Når man snakker om socialisation, snakker man også meget om roller. I det moderne samfund som vi lever i, skal vi kunne tilpasse os en masse forskellige roller, og man skal kunne navigere mellem mange forskellige forventninger. Man skal f.eks. både kunne påtage sig rollen som gymnasieelev, kæreste, datter osv. Altså er der en masse sociale roller. Dette kalder man også adaptation.
Det er i den forbindelse vi bruger begreberne ”rolle” – som er den dynamiske, og ”status” – som er den mere stillestående. Vi bliver socialiseret ved at påtage os en masse roller og statusser som fortæller os hvordan vi skal føle, tænke, handle, opføre os osv.
Begrebet ”social rolle” er faktisk et begreb som er lånt fra skuespillerkunsten. Det kan måske give os et indtryk af at det hele er skuespil, og det er faktisk den helt forkerte betydning. For alle disse roller som vi påtager os, er noget som er nødvendigt, og som er en hel naturlig del af os. Vi tilpasser os de omgivelser vi er i. Med alle disse roller som vi skal holde styr på, kan det til tider gå galt og være for svært at holde styr på, og der kan opstå det vi kalder en rollekonflikt.
”Identitet betyder enhed eller lighed. Identiteten opstår, når vi sorterer indtrykkene fra vores medmennesker, medierne o.l. Herudfra danner vi os opfattelser om ligheder og forskelle mellem os selv og andre” Jeg har valgt to artikler, som hver i sær tager udgangspunkt i unge menneskers identitetsdannelse. Den ene beskriver hvordan de unge mennesker danner en identitet via Facebook og andre digitale medier. Hvordan de kan iscenesætte sig selv på den måde de nu har lyst til, og give sig selv hvilken som helst rolle. Den fortæller også hvordan hver tredje forældre bliver nødt til at sætte retningslinjer op mht. til internettet, så ubehagelige ting ikke forekommer – ting som mobning, grimt sprog osv. Denne artikel sætter i hvert fald det faktum i fokus, at de unge ”eksperimenterer med deres egen identitet via den virtuelle verden”, når de f.eks. opretter en Facebook profil. Sådan kommer de også tættere på at finde ud af hvem de er. Den fortæller lidt om hvordan man i nutidens ungdom skal have et image som sej og populær, og udover det skal man også se godt ud. Alt dette kan en Facebook profil hjælpe med at danne, så de unge danner den identitet de gerne vil have.
I den anden artikel bliver det beskrevet på en lidt anden måde, hvordan vi vælger at iscenesætte os selv på internettet. Hvordan man faktisk ud fra en facebook-profil, vil kunne sige lige så meget om personen, som hvis man havde lavet en tidskrævende og grundig personlighedstest. Den handler om hvordan vi gennem ting som Instagram, Spotify, Facebook, Twitter osv. skaber den identitet som vi gerne vil have.

Begge tekster handler som sagt om den virtuelle verden og identitetsdannelse. Man kan jo diskutere hvor vidt det er godt eller skidt at denne form for identitet. På den ene side kan man lære sig selv bedre at kende, man kan få nogle positive oplevelser i form af ”likes” og kommentarer, man kan melde sig ind i diverse grupper og fællesskaber og man kan få nogle nye bekendtskaber. På den anden side, kan man også få et forkert billede af hvordan man skal se ud – i forhold til de andre profiler, hvordan man skal skrive, eller hvor mange ”followers” eller ”likes” man skal have, før at det måske er acceptabelt i vennernes øjne. Det kan også være med til at skabe en falsk identitet, som egentlig slet ikke afspejler eller stemmer overens med den person man er. I stedet er der måske nogle som skaber en identitet ud fra hvordan man tror andre gerne vil have man skal være. Dette mener jeg kan være problematisk, da man så kan komme til at glemme sine egne normer og værdier, for at ”please” andre og for at være mere vellidt og populær. Man kan opstille en falsk personlighed, så man til sidst måske ikke selv ved hvem man er længere. Lige pludselig er der mange som hellere vil side derhjemme foran skærmen i sin virtuelle verden, end at komme ud og være rigtig sammen med personerne i stedet. Igen skal man også huske og se på de mange gode ting. Man skaber denne her identitet over mange år, og man kan gå tilbage og følge sin egen udvikling. Det udvikler os også meget som mennesker at kunne sortere i – nok gør vi det ubevidst – hvad der er passende og hvad der vil blive givet ”thumbs up” for, og hvad der ikke vil. Alt dette er med til at skabe os som mennesker, i det moderne samfund som vi lever i.
I nutidens Danmark har vi en masse muligheder for at danne den identitet som vi gerne vil have. Vi har en masse normer og værdier, men der er ingen der fortæller og hvordan vi skal være. Dette tror jeg er sundt og godt for os, selvom det så vil tage længere tid for os, at finde ud af hvem vi er. Vi har mulighed for at være hvem vi nu vil være, hvis bare vi handler rigtigt. At finde ud af hvem vi gerne vil være, kan jo så bare være et problem. Som der står i det ovenstående afsnit, har det moderne menneske også en identitet i den virtuelle verden, som for de flestes vedkommende, stemmer ret godt overens med hvem de er som person. Min vurdering er at vi kan være hvem vi vil, og vores identitet er skabes og ændres i takt med at vi også udvikler os som personer.

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