...n everyday language to deviate means to stray from an accepted path. Many sociological definitions of deviance simply elaborate upon this idea. Thus deviance consists of those areas which do not follow the norms and expectations of a particular social group. Deviance may be positively sanctioned (rewarded), negatively sanctioned (punished), or simply accepted without reward or punishment. In terms of the above definition of deviance, the soldier on the battlefield who risks his life above and beyond the normal call of duty may be termed deviant, as the physicist who breaks the rules of his discipline and develops a new theory. Their deviance may be positively sanctioned; the soldier might be rewarded with a medal, the physicist with a Noble...
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...Assess sociological explanations of the functions and forms of punishments of offenders. Note- Make sure the points link to the question. Don’t just talk about theory. Write about what it tells you about the forms and purposes of punishment. 1- Define punishment. There are many different forms such as…. There are also many different aims such as…. Punishment is the process that enforces a sentence/ penalty for a crime committed. It is one of the main ways sociologists believe we can prevent and control crime. There are many different forms of punishment such as deterrence that sanction the offender to prevent them to commit crimes. There are also many different aims of punishment such as protecting the interests of the ruling class and preventing the working class from rebelling, as foretold by Marxists. 2- Reduction. Say what it is and what it does, including giving examples… Also, say the three types of reduction, what they are and how they help/ effect Reduction is a sociological explanation for the punishment of offenders. They are carried out to prevent future crimes from occurring. There are three ways in which it can be carried out. Deterrence is punishing the individual to discourage them from future offending. “Making an example” of them may also serve as a deterrent to the public at large. An example of a punishment is Anti Social Behavioural Orders (ASBOs). These help deter others from offending because…. You publicly humiliate them to deter others to avoid...
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...According to sociological research, the life chances of a child may be greatly affected by three factors. These factors include social class, race/ethnicity, and 2-parent vs. single-parent families. Although all three factors are of great importance, it can be said that social class has the greatest impact on a child’s life chances. According to Cherlin, there is a four-class model consisting of “upper-class families, middle-class families, working-class, and the lower-class families” (114). He states that while at the top of the model in the upper-class, families “are amassed with wealth and privilege and often have substantial prestige as well” (114). Also, he states that the lower-class families “are those whose connection to the economy...
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...Uzochi Ihebuzor Assess different sociological explanations of suicide The study of suicide has a unique place in sociology because it was the subject that Durkheim chose to use in order to demonstrate that sociology had its own distinctive contribution to understanding human behaviour. Early Positivists such as Comte and Durkheim argued that sociology was a science therefore they believed that its studies should mirror that of the natural sciences. They advocated scientific and logical methods in order to find law like generalizable patterns and cause & effect relationships. New Positivists aim to develop their theories, whereas Interpretivists sought to abolish this they criticise this theory as such methods are at the expense of actors individual meanings Durkheim suggested that suicide was a social fact. Features of a social facts are that they are external and greater than the individual, they constraint their behaviour therefore shaping the way they act. He argued that factors e.g. climate had no effect on suicide rates. He also claimed that psychological theories were inadequate as he rejects the views that only psychological factors can explain the differences in suicide rates taking the macro structuralist approach. In order to show evidence of his theory Durkheim studied the suicide rates of Catholics and Protestants in the 19th century he found that suicide rates remained constants and rates varied between different groups. He measured social integration and...
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...There is much debate in sociology about whether class is still important. Many argue that class is no longer important as an individual’s identity and life chances are based more status and cultural factors such as lifestyle, values, intelligence, education and the like, the post-modernists state that class has ceased to be the prime determinant of identity and suggest that societies are now organised around consumption rather than production, consequently people now identify themselves in terms of what they consume rather than in terms of social-class position. Class identity has therefore fragmented into numerous separate and individualised identities. Others argue that class is still a central influence on people’s lives, that it affects their life chances (health, education, voting, social mobility etc.), they argue that class inequality exists and that such inequalities are widening rather than narrowing. Early theories such as Functionalist theory argue that inequality is functional for society since it makes sure that those who show the most potential talent are encouraged to develop this talent through higher education and training, with the promise of higher incomes when they qualify (deferred gratification). They state that in order for society to function properly, society must make sure that people fully use their talents. Inequalities stem from the fact that society values different roles in different ways, based on the shared norms and values of a society. Davis...
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...Assess the sociological explanations of changes in the status of children (24 marks) Childhood is a socially defined age-status. There are major differences in how childhood is defined both historically and cross-culturally. Some may believe that childhood is biological. The age and development of children are biologically determined as these remain the same throughout time and cultures. But childhood, the way children are viewed and treated, changes throughout time and cultures. This is why childhood is viewed as a social construction. Some sociologists suggest the changes in the status of children are good, while others suggest they are bad. To examine the change in the status of children, we have to see how it has been constructed by society. In the UK people follow the western modern notion; that childhood is a special separate life stage. However, this view is not found in all societies as suggested by Wagg (1992). There is clear evidence of this when childhood is examined cross-culturally. Ruth Benedict (1934) argued that children in simpler, non-industrial societies are generally treated differently from their western counterparts. Benedict suggested that children take responsibility from an early age and that there is less value placed on obedience to adult authority. She also suggests that children’s sexual behaviour is often viewed differently. Many sociologists have studies to support this. Malinowski (1957) found that Trobriand Islanders took an attitude of ‘tolerance...
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...which happen internally cause our daily behaviours to be the way that they are. These are identified as private operations which determines how we perceive different problems in our lives, and attention that differs between the stimulus and response. People in society, according to the cognitive approach, are identified as people who process information that they learn from different sources. This goes through a process of receiving information from our senses, and then being processed by our brains which then leads to the direct way we behave towards the issue. Based on the variety of different researching methods we have gained over the years shows how our cognitive processes such as memory, attention span, linguistics and perception function. During research, there have been founding’s of different models which are the role of the theoretical and computer models. The theory of the cognitive approach shows there are models, for example the multi-store model of memory which is supported by Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968, or the working memory model which was supported by Baddeley & Hitch which provide recent evidence in society. Biological Approach The biological approach is how our biology affects our bodies such as our genetic makeup, and the biological environments that we are influenced from. This approach focuses on our genetics, neurochemistry, our nervous system, endocrine systems and our brain structure. Our genes mean that we can inherit from past generations a gene which...
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...Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of changes in the status of childhood The status of childhood has always been changing with time and in this day and age there are many views over the position of children, being confined, disciplined or controlled by the adult authority. Others say that they are growing up to fast and the distinction between the adults and children is overlapping. Some sociologists believe that childhood is socially constructed, that childhood is dependent on society’s cultures, beliefs and laws etc. An example for this theory is Stephen Wagg’s (1992), who believes a single ‘universal’ childhood, which everyone goes through, does not exist. He says that childhood isn’t natural or defined by biology. By this he means that although all children go through life stages and physical development, it doesn’t create their position in society and instead the society and its differential culture, religion and laws decide this for them. Earlier centuries like the middle ages didn’t regard childhood at all and adults and children were almost equal with each other, work, clothing and playing. As item A describes ‘little distinction was drawn between adults and children’. This is a view taken up by the historian Philippe Aries where the child entered the wider society on most the same terms as adults and taking the responsibility of work from a young age. Evidence of this is from Bruegel’s 16th century painting which shows children...
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...TITLE: outline and assess sociological explanations for gender difference in patterns of crime. What is the relationship between crime and masculinity? Crime can be described as an act that harmful to an individual as well as the society; such acts are against and punishable by the law. While deviance can be described as acting against social norms, for example a boy wearing a skirt would be out of place in the society The sex role theory states that, when young males and females are younger they socialise in different ways, resulting in young males being more reckless and neglectful. There are several sociologist and different versions of the sex theory. Edwin Sutherland stated that the gender difference when it comes to socialisation is very obvious. Girls are treated with more supervision and control, while boys are treated not as strict as the girls and are emboldened to take more risk to be tough, which makes boys more inclined and a higher tendency of committing crimes. Talcott parsons believes that there are clear gender roles in a nuclear family, where the father performs the instrumental role which portrays him as a leader and provider, while the mother performs the expressive role of providing emotional support and talking of the children. For girls, because their female role model who is their mother is always available unlike for boys who don’t not have as much access to the male figure in their lives (the father) because traditionally the father would be at work...
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...Assess sociological explanations of ethnic differences in educational achievement. (20) Tony Lawson and Joan Garrod (2000) define ethnic groups as ‘people who share common history, customs and identity, as well as, in most cases, language and religion, and who see themselves as a distinct unit.’ When talking about culture we use terms such as customs, language and religion that is, about all of the things that are learned, shared and valued by a social group. It is a mistake to think of ethnic groups as always being defined by physical features such as skin colour. Although many ethnic minority groups in the UK are non-white, this is not applicable to all groups. According to Crystal (03), well over 100 languages are in routine use in the UK. Today, children from minority backgrounds make about21% of the pupils in English schools. The level of achievement of different ethnic groups varies greatly in Great Britain. This may be due to factors such as home background, class, language and in-school factors. Recent studies highlight the effects of racism. It is believed that ethnicity influences such factors, leading to an impact upon their education. When ethnic minority students do underachieve in education this may be explained partly by social class disadvantages and partly by educational disadvantages related specifically to their ethnicity. Although members of ethnic minorities are found throughout the UK class structure, Afro-Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin...
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...Men are suspected, charged and convicted of crime of all types more than women. This pattern crosses all other social factors such as age, class, ethnicity and region. This is shown in the official statistics. In 2001, 167 per 10,000 of the male population were found guilty or cautioned for an offence, compared to 3.7 per 10,000 of the female population. There are different sociological explanations for why men seem to commit more crime than women. Men and women are socialised in different ways and the values they are taught can encourage men to commit crime. Heidensohn (1986) is a feminist who says gender socialisation prompts men to be more aggressive, which makes them more likely than women to commit violent crimes. She also says that women are socialised into not being criminal in the same way men are socialised into seeing criminal activity as acceptable. Further explanations for why men are more likely to commit crime is provided by Messerschmidt (1993) and why women are less likely to commit crime by the sex-role theory. Messerschmidt (1993) proposed the idea of normative masculinity which ‘defines masculinity through difference from and desire for women’. Normative masculinity is something men have to achieve and are socialised into wanting it. There are different ways of achieving this type of masculinity. For example, a businessman can express power in the workplace whereas those with no power are forced to turn to violence to achieve their normative masculinity. The...
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...Assess the sociological explanations for the growth of new religious movements. By: Amy Rashid Over the years, there has been a growth of new religious movements in the society. This growth can be explained in terms of why people chose to join the movements or in terms of wider social changes. Hence, in this essay, I shall discuss several sociological explanations for this occurrence. Firstly, Steve Bruce (1995, 1996) attributes the development of a range of religious institutions, including sects and cults, to a general process of modernization and secularization. He believes the weakness of more conventional institutionalized religions has encouraged some people to consider less traditional alternatives. As modern societies developed and faith in traditional sources of authority (eg: churches) declined, religious pluralism and diversity were increasingly tolerated. More recently, in what Bruce believes is a more secular world in which people are less likely to hold strong commitments, cults have become more popular. These require fewer sacrifices and less commitment than churches and sects and are therefore more tolerable in a modern clientele. These new religious movements engage in worldly activities and allow people to drift in and out of participation as the sample the beliefs on offer. For example Transcendental Meditation (TM) is associated with a political party that fights general elections on policies that advocate the benefits of TM and ‘yogic flying’ for solutions...
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...CIPD HR ASSESSMENT Core Module |Title of unit/s |Recording, Analysing and Using Human Resources Information | |Unit No/s |3RAI (HR) | |Level |Foundation | |Credit value |2 | |Assessment method |Written | |Learning outcomes: | | | |Understand what data needs to be collected to support HR practices. | |Know how HR data should be recorded, managed and stored. | |Be able to analyse HR information and present findings to inform decision-making. | |Both activities should be completed. ...
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...Assignment 2: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exists Due Week 5 (5/6/13) and worth 100 points Using your thesis statement and research, present the problem that needs to be addressed with your proposed solution. Note: Your solution, advantages, and challenges, will be in Parts 2 and 3. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1. Provide an appropriate title and an interesting opening paragraph to appeal to your stated audience (appeal with logic, ethics, or emotion). 2. Include a defensible, relevant thesis statement in the first paragraph. (Revised from Assignment 2) 3. Describe the history and status of the issue and provide an overview of the problem(s) that need to be addressed. This should be one or two (1or 2) paragraphs. 4. Explain the first problem (economic, social, political, environmental, complexity, inequity, ethical/moral, etc.) and provide support for your claims. This should be one or two (1 or 2) paragraphs. 5. Explain the second problem (economic, social, political, environmental, complexity, inequity, ethical/moral, etc.). and provide support for your claims. This should be one or two (1 or 2) paragraphs. 6. Explain the third problem (economic, social, political, environmental, complexity, inequity, ethical/moral, etc.) and provide support for your claims. This should be one or two (1 or 2) paragraphs. 7. Provide a concluding paragraph that summarizes the stated problems and promises a solution. 8....
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...Code of Ethics Analysis There are many obstacles one will encounter in the human service organizations. One of the biggest issues is trying to explain to the clients that they need to give informed consent. Human service organizations tend to forget about the rights of the patient to give consent on treatment plans or methods of treatments under certain instances. For example, if a patient has a mental illness, it may be hard for a social worker to explain what is going on in a way that the patient will understand it. This situation may lead to the patient to not fully understanding that they have just given consent to be treated or not treated. The NASW, or National Association of Social Workers, had a Code of Ethics. This Code is to help guide the social workers on how to behave in a professional matter, how to handle situations in an ethical matter, and it gives a list of standards that are to be meet in an ethical way. These codes or rules may affect how a social worker will obtain consent from a patient because the patient could have a hearing disorder, a mental disorder, or they could even speak a different language. The goal of NASW is to take each situation and outline a way in which the social worker can get the consent they need. For example, let us say that the client is illiterate, or cannot understand the main language being used. The social worker will then have to verbally explain everything in a way that the client will understand them. If the...
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