...Sociology is the study the behaviors of people, groups, and the society they live in throughout their lives. Sociologists use different research methods when studying society and the behaviors of society. Two common research methods used are experiments and surveys. Experiments Experiments allow sociologists to learn more about a particular subject by performing scientific testing of a hypothesis, this allows them to observe the cause and effects of each variable. It is considered one of the most reliable methods in researching the study of society. Surveys Surveys come in the form of questionnaires, interviews, or telephone poll. These methods allow researchers to ask specific questions on variety of topics; then analyze the data collected and find specific patterns (Crossman, 2014). Questionnaires are distributed to a large group of individuals usually through the mail or email, and are made up of open-ended questions. Interviews are typically face-to-face or by telephone, this method allows the individual to give more detail to their answers. A telephone poll contains pre-defined questions on a specific product or service, most often used to obtain the consumer’s opinion on that product or service. Surveys are the best method of collecting statistical information quickly from a large number of individuals. The results are often unbiased as most often the data is submitted anonymously. Cultural anthropology is the study of the development of human cultures...
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...Social Science Research Within the disciplines of sociological and cultural anthropology, research methods have similarities and differences based on philosophical roots that determine how a researcher will interact with study subjects to produce data or aesthetic judgments for an holistic understanding of individual or societal behavior. To what degree researchers will interact with participants is determined in two approaches that either promotes positivism or constructivist viewpoints. Positivism, according to Williamson (2006), considered as the investigation of human and social phenomena by observable and measureable methods, produces quantitative and reproducible data. In the viewpoint of positivism, data is obtained from the contextual origin and knowledge is determined as an external reality, one that is not integrated with the contextual milieu or qualitative variances (Williamson, 2006). According to Nomalungelo (2012), the positivist viewpoint is aligned with traditional western-based science, limiting in its integration of research with other qualitative approaches, paradigms and world views. Conversely, constructivism, as described by Nomalungelo (2012), is knowledge produced from intersection of human interaction and social processes, resulting in dynamic development of qualitative knowledge as the viewer creates varying interpretations from a continuously shifting, contextual social reality. Therefore, the discovery of new meanings and realities are reached...
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...What is Organization Psychology? Anissa Michaud PSYCH/570 November 07, 2014 Michelle Seyfarth What is Organization Psychology? A growing psychology for industries seeking a scientific approach to his or her business, will outreach for organizational psychologists. Organizational psychology refers to a person or group of behaviors as a whole among particular organizational settings (Jex & Britt, 2008). Jex & Britt (2008) discuss patterns of behavior are influences from a structured environment such as a person employment. How organizational psychology works by scientific studies with collection of data. The data can come from individual behavior or systematic levels of grouping common behaviors (Jex & Britt, 2008). Some types of organizations have a formal or informal organization. A continuity among employees is a setting of forma organizations and an informal organization is less explicit about the purpose (Jex & Britt). This paper will breakdown all the information pertaining to organizational psychology. This includes the evolution, a couple of disciplines with association to organizational psychology, and roles for the research/ data collection. Evolution Industrial organization psychology begins in the 20th century. Topics of investigation for this scientific study were skill acquisition and personnel selection (Jex & Britt, 2008). This advancement gave industries a platform to formulating better hiring of employees through simple questionnaires...
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...Contrast and Continuities in Society OUSCC1504 [pic][pic] [pic] Combined Studies, Sociology, Level 4 This programme is currently validated by The Open University [pic] [pic] 2014-15 [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] |Assessment type |Hand in date |Percentage of Marks |Assessment description | |Formative assessment |27 March 2015 |0% |Assignment Plan | |Summative assessment |11 May 2015 |10% |Group Presentation | |Summative assessment |25 May 2015 |30% |Individual Supporting Summary | | | | |750 words | |Summative assessment |12 June 2015 |60% |Essay 1,500 | [pic] | | |What’s the module all about? | |Module and Programme Learning Outcomes | |Assessments | |Handing in your work ...
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...(Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism) As a Sociologist, should we practice Cultural Ethnocentrism or Cultural Relativism? We must first understand the two distinct theories regarding perception of outside cultures: Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.[1] The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion - these ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity’s unique cultural identity.[2] The logical alternative to ethnocentrism is Cultural relativism, the practice of judging a culture by its own standards. Cultural relativism can be difficult for certain individuals to adopt: it requires not only openness to unfamiliar values and norms but also the ability to put aside cultural standards we have known all our lives.[3] No one ethnic group has the right to say that their particular system of beliefs and values are in any way superior to anyone else’s system of beliefs and values. What is right for one culture might be wrong for another. There is no absolute standard of right and wrong by which to compare and contrast morally contradictory cultural values. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are mutually exclusive. The social sciences are limited to what can be observed, measured and verified. The question of what...
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...GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY STUDENT GUIDELINE NOTES GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY MODULE Paste the notes here… Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated in moral philosophy (e.g. Adam Smith was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow), it developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states — polities, hence political economy. In late nineteenth century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, used by those seeking to place the study of economy upon mathematical and axiomatic bases, rather than the structural relationships of production and consumption (cf. marginalism, Alfred Marshall). History of the term Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states. The phrase économie politique (translated in English as political economy) first appeared in France in 1615 with the well known book by Antoyne de Montchrétien: Traicté de l’oeconomie politique. French physiocrats, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. In 1805, Thomas Malthus became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. The world's first professorship in political economy was established...
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...A Look into Cross-Cultural Psychology Amy Stoffel Psych 450/Diversity and Cultural Factors in Psychology December 6, 2011 Cheri Meadowlark A Look into Cross-Cultural Psychology Culture is a significant factor for any psychologist to consider when interacting with a client. However, for those psychologists in the field of cross-cultural psychology understanding culture is essential. Understanding the basis of cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology as well as the relationship between the two psychologies is necessary in this field. Additionally, key concepts such as multiculturalism, the methodology connected with the research, and the role of critical thinking are important in understanding cross-cultural psychology as a discipline. Cross-Cultural Psychology versus Cultural Psychology Cross-cultural psychology is a relatively new field of psychology rooted in Europe but developed primarily in the United States. This branch of psychology is an international discipline that includes other disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, history, physiology, and political science. The main focus of cross-cultural psychology is how cultural factors influence people’s behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and motivations. Cross-cultural psychology is considered the critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology. In cross-cultural psychology both the similarities and differences of people in various cultures are compared [ (Levy & Shiraev...
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...United States (the freest nation in the world) is just as arranged in India, is it possible to see that arranged marriages in India are perhaps freer than a marriage of self-choice? First we must answer what is a marriage and what forces play into a marriage to truly know. The definition of a marriage in the 1950’s was the union of a non-related male and female backed by their family members with duties and obligations to love and care for one another with the prospect of having children. Nowadays this definition is dated, thanks to the study of Anthropology and the phenomena of homosexuality; a politically correct and culturally considerate definition of marriage would be; “a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.” The study of Anthropology brought the discovery of different cultural practices in other parts of the world, where there are polygamous marriages of 3 or more people, ghost marriages where one of the parties are in fact deceased, and homosexual marriages where both parties of the same sex. Returning...
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...Chapter 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? MULTIPLE CHOICE Importance of Interpersonal Skills 1. Over the past two decades, business schools have added required courses on people skills to many of their curricula. Why have they done this? a. Managers no longer need technical skills in subjects such as economics and accounting to succeed. b. There is an increased emphasis in controlling employee behavior in the workplace. c. Managers need to understand human behavior if they are to be effective. d. These skills enable managers to effectively lead human resources departments. e. A manager with good people skills can help create a pleasant workplace. (c; Moderate; Interpersonal Skills; p. 4) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 2. Which of the following is most likely to be a belief held by a successful manager? a. Technical knowledge is all that is needed for success. b. It is not essential to have sound interpersonal skills. c. Technical skills are necessary, but insufficient alone for success. d. Effectiveness is not impacted by human behavior. e. Technical skills do not influence efficiency. (c; Easy; Interpersonal Skills; p. 5) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} What Managers Do 3. Which of the following would not be considered an organization? a. a church b. a university c. a military unit d. all adults in a given community e. an elementary school (d; Moderate;...
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...and the non-secular. He also raises the question of whether or not there is a fixed definition of the term religion, if that term is imbued in Western Christian bias, and the confusions that result in this analytically empty but ideologically loaded term. This term is used in so many different contexts that it has no clear meaning. Fitzgerald says that “the word ‘religion’ is analytically redundant and even misleading” (Fitzgerald 5), because religion refers to a “belief in gods or the supernatural” (Fitzgerald 5), and it was of “traditional European usage” (5). Fitzgerald claims that people have “self-consciously attempted to transform the meaning of religion…and extend it as a cross-cultural category” (Fitzgerald 5). The problem is that people have been incorrectly labeling cross-cultural categories under one term ‘religion,’ that imbues Western Christian views that do not accurately reflect the principles of many cultures. According to Fitzgerald, “working with the blurred and yet ideologically loaded concept of ‘religion’ as a starting point can confuse and impoverish analysis…encourage the uncritical imposition of Judaeo-Christian assumptions on non-western data, and generally maximize our chances of misunderstanding.” This means that explaining Islam to someone, for example, under the category ‘religion’ will imbue Western bias, as the concept of religion now generally reflects Christian view, therefore will misconstrue data about Islam....
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...A World Culture of Schooling? Kathryn M. Anderson-Levitt Introductory chapter to Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn, Ed. 2003 Local Meanings, Global Schooling: Anthropology and World Culture Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1 Is there one global culture of schooling, or many? Are school systems around the world diverging from their original European sources, or are they converging toward a single model?i This book opens a dialogue between two very different perspectives on schooling around the world. On the one hand, anthropologists and many scholars in comparative education emphasize national variation, not to mention variation from district to district and from classroom to classroom. From their point of view, the nearly 200 national school systems in the world today represent some 200 different and diverging cultures of schooling. On the other hand, sociology’s “institutionalists” or world culture theorists argue that not only has the model of modern mass education spread from a common source, but that schools around the world are becoming more similar over time.ii According to world culture theory, rather than diverging, schools are converging toward a single global model. This question matters to anthropologists because when we look at globalization— the movement of people, money and ideas across the entire world in unprecedented volume—we wonder whether it really means that the world is becoming more homogeneous. Are we creating a global culture (a “McWorld” for the...
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...Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 12e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behavior? 1) Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the ________ aspects of management. A) ethical B) people C) technical D) human E) global Answer: C Explanation: C) Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the technical aspects of management, focusing on economics, accounting, finance, and quantitative techniques. Course work in human behavior and people skills received relatively less attention. Over the past three decades, however, business faculty have come to realize the role that understanding human behavior plays in determining a manager's effectiveness, and required courses on people skills have been added to many curricula. Diff: 1 Objective: Management and Leadership Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) Which of the following is not a reason why business schools have begun to include classes on organizational behavior? A) to increase manager effectiveness in organizations B) to help organizations attract top quality employees C) to expand organizations' consulting needs D) to improve retention of quality workers E) to help increase organizations' profits Answer: C Explanation: C) Understanding human behavior plays an important role in determining a manager's effectiveness. Developing managers' interpersonal skills helps organizations attract and keep high-performing employees. Positive social relationships...
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...ISI, IBSS & SA DHET - FOR 2012 SUBMISSION TITLE LIST COUNTRY ISSN E-ISSN PUBLISHER'S DETAILS Subject classifaction International Accreditation - SA JOURNALS 4Or-A Quarterly Journal Of Operations Research ISI SCIENCE A + U-Architecture And Urbanism ISI ARTS & HUMANITIES A Contrario IBSS Aaa-Arbeiten Aus Anglistik Und Amerikanistik ISI ARTS & HUMANITIES Aaohn Journal ISI SCIENCE Aaohn Journal ISI SOC SCIENCE Aapg Bulletin ISI SCIENCE Aaps Journal ISI SCIENCE Aaps Pharmscitech ISI SCIENCE Aatcc Review ISI SCIENCE Abacus: Journal Of Accounting, Finance And Business Studies IBSS Abacus-A Journal Of Accounting Finance And Business StudiesISI SOC SCIENCE Abdominal Imaging ISI SCIENCE Abhandlungen Aus Dem Mathematischen Seminar Der UniversISI SCIENCE Abstract And Applied Analysis ISI SCIENCE Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society ISI SCIENCE Academia-Revista Latinoamericana De Administracion ISI SOC SCIENCE Academic Emergency Medicine ISI SCIENCE Academic Medicine ISI SCIENCE Academic Pediatrics ISI SCIENCE Academic Psychiatry ISI SOC SCIENCE Academic Radiology ISI SCIENCE Academy Of Management Annals ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Journal ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Journal IBSS Academy Of Management Learning & Education ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Perspectives ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Perspectives IBSS Academy Of Management Review ISI SOC SCIENCE Academy Of Management Review IBSS Academy Of Marketing Science Review IBSS Acadiensis...
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...beyond facts, ideals and thoughts. It is a process and a model that has undergone tests, been tried, reviewed and accepted as a true representation of the processes and occurrences in the natural world However, due to the broad nature of science, and the work, time and resources involved in pursuit of knowledge in different science fields which entails different interests, and thereby different values too; and the different possibilities of knowledge about different subjects, has lead to a myopic misconception by the science practitioners that Physical and Natural applied sciences are more superior and of more importance than social sciences. These differences among practitioners of the various science disciplines are pervasive and aptly cultural ones, since scientific work requires transcending unconscious...
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...identity are critical parts of the overall framework of individual and collective identity. For some especially visible and legally defined minority populations in the United States, racial and ethnic identity are manifested in very conscious ways. This manifestation is triggered most often by two conflicting social and cultural influences. First, deep conscious immersion into cultural traditions and values through religious, familial, neighborhood, and educational communities instills a positive sense of ethnic identity and confidence. Second, and in contrast, individuals often must filter ethnic identity through negative treatment and media messages received from others because of their race and ethnicity. These messages make it clear that people with minority status have a different ethnic make-up and one that is less than desirable within mainstream society. Others, especially white Americans, manifest ethnic and racial identity in mostly unconscious ways through their behaviors, values, beliefs, and assumptions. For them, ethnicity is usually invisible and unconscious because societal norms have been constructed around their racial, ethnic, and cultural frameworks, values, and priorities and then referred to as “standard American culture” rather than as “ethnic identity.” This unconscious ethnic identity manifests itself in daily behaviors, attitudes, and ways of doing things. Unlike many minority cultures, there is little conscious instilling of specific ethnic identity...
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