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Software Process Improvement (Spi)

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Introduction A software process is a collection of activities, methods and transformations that are used or followed by software developers to build and maintain software and the software related products. In other words, software process provides a roadmap through which software is developed. Since the existence of software processes, many software projects continued to fail even when software processes were used hence software processes alone are not enough for the success of the software project. Pressman (2010) supported this view by indicating that the existence and use of software process does not guarantee that software developed will be on time, will meet customers’ needs and will be of high quality.
The quality of software in today software industry has been given much attention due to increased demand for high quality software. The reason of increased demand is because high quality software plays an important role in modern business environment. As indicated earlier that software alone cannot guarantee high quality software, software process need to be assessed and improved in order to achieve high quality software.
Software process improvement is defined as a set of activities which leads to a better process which suite business goals hence it results with high quality software delivered on time. Höggerl and Sehorz (2006) describe software process improvement as a process where organizations use maturity to assess their process and to raise software quality by improving their process performance. Current software process in the organization need to be assessed before software process improvement is initiated. Software process improvement requires process assessment to be done and this is done using different software assessment models. According to Gorschek (2004) assessments lead to establishment of plans for process improvements and then implementation and evaluation of software process. Some of these software process models will be discuss later in the discussion.

Elements of an SPI Framework
In order for software process improvement to be successfully implemented in organization, it should be based on certain framework which is called software process improvement framework. It is upon this software process improvement framework that assessment models are going to be based. Software process improvement framework is described in terms of several characteristics that must be shown in order to achieve an affective software process. People in the organization need to change their behaviours and there should be consideration towards organizational and cultural issues in the organization for software improvement to be affective in the long term.
Software process improvement framework defines a method to assess whether those set of characteristics described above are present in SPI. Furthermore, a framework defines an approach to summarize the results of the process assessment. During SPI, framework provides a systematic way in helping a software organization to achieve process characteristics that were found missing or organization was weak in them. In general, SPI framework assesses the maturity provides a qualitative indication of a maturity level.
There are four elements of a software process improvement (SPI) framework. They are:
1. Software process
2. Assessment
3. Improvement strategy
4. Capability determination
The figure below depicts four elements of software process improvement (SPI) framework as shown by (Pressman, 2010).

Process Area Capability and Maturity Levels
Process maturity is an extent for which software process is fully controlled, defined, managed, measured and effective in the organization. Maturity level on the other hand is a fully defined way to achieve a maturity of software process. For each maturity level, a stable software component is achieved when set of process goals are defined and satisfied. As more levels of maturity framework are achieved, different software process components are established, consequently thereby improving the process capability of the organization.
The evolutionary steps involved in these maturity levels are clearly defined and organized in Capability Maturity Model framework. These steps form the successive layout for continuous process improvement. They further provide a measuring tool for software process maturity and also for evaluation of software process capability. These levels are further used in the prioritization of improvement efforts in organization.
The figure below shows maturity levels with its five levels labelled.

Reasons Why the Following Models were Developed
Due to software development processes gaining more acceptance and showing heavy impact on software quality, many different methods for modeling processes have been developed. Over past years different approaches have been used for software process assessment and improvement (Pressman, 2010). 1. Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
The CMM was developed to provide guidance on how to manage processes for the development and maintenance of software and also management excellence and culture. Furthermore, CMM was developed to support software organizations in the process of choosing best process improvement strategies. The determination involves identification of few issues that are more significant to process improvement and software quality.

2. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)
CMMI is the current version of CMM. Like the name implies, CMMI is formed by integrating previous version of CMM. CMMI is a full process model resulting from a collection of software and system engineering capabilities that organizations show as they attain new levels of process maturity and capability (Pressman, 2010).

3. The People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM)
The People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) was developed to provide a guideline in improving human resource management. Furthermore, it was developed to provide a set of five organizational maturity levels that provide an indication of the relative sophistication of workforce practices and processes.

Discussion of Other SPI Frameworks
1. SPICE
SPICE came to be formed as an international motive to create software process assessment standard. SPICE is an international framework used to assess software processes and it was jointly created by the ISO and IEC. It provides the description of software process assessment and tools needed to carry out the assessment process. Furthermore, a model that is used to perform an assessment is described and factors that contribute to the success of the process assessment are discussed. SPICE primary context of use is for capability determination and process assessment.

2. Bootstrap
Bootstrap framework is developed to enhance and refine software assessment method hence it covers the whole assessment activity. Furthermore bootstrap is a SPI framework developed particularly for medium and small sized organizations that found to be conventional to SPICE (Pressman, 2010). The assessment results provide the main input into process improvement action plan. The evaluation of organizational processes in bootstrap framework is achieved through defining each process.

3. Disciplined Software Development Model (DSDM)
Disciplined Software Development Model (DSDM) is a model based on the fact that people use their software engineering skills and their individual discipline to develop and bring software project into a success. The DSDM has team software process (TSP) and personal software process (PSP) as its components. According to Pressman (2010), Watts Humphrey argued that to create PSP and tsp was possible through training, hard work and coordination. Through concentrating on the role of developers, PSP’s goal is to enable individual developer to develop high quality software product (Humphrey, 1995). On the other hand (Pressman, 2010) indicated that tsp goal to achieve high quality software is through organization of self directed project teams.

Software process improvement is important to improve quality of software. For every organization to deliver high quality software, it has to strive to achieve the intent of CMMI. There is misconception that only large organizations use CMMI because of its cost and complexity but actually its beneficial to even small organization (ZHANG & LI, 2010).
It is possible that small organizations can initiate SPI activities and that initiative can results high quality software. Furthermore, it is well known that small organizations are more informal and they turn to apply few or even none of standard practices in their software development but SPI is also important to them.
No, CASE environment should not be introduced in the organization that is at CMM level 1 or level 2. In the first level of CMM, software process is not fully followed. There are no procedures formally described to perform and manage the software process (Mathiassen & Sørensen, 1996). Due to poor process definition at this level, CASE environment should not be introduced. Hamphrey in Mathiassen and Sørensen (1996, p. 371) supported this, “Automation of a poorly defined process will produce poorly defined results. This is the normal consequence of picking solution before understanding the problem”.
In level 2 of CMM, there is a basic application of project management functions and furthermore, cost estimates and schedules are generally met (Mathiassen & Sørensen, 1996). Software project and process at this level share behavioral patterns that are repeatable. If CASE environment can be introduced at this level, it is not going to be fully utilized. Introducing CASE environment at level 2 organizations can only benefit the use of project management tool. Therefore it is not recommended to introduce CASE environment at level 2.
On the final analysis, CASE environment can be fully utilized when software process have achieved maturity managed level. Curtis in Mathiassen and Sørensen (1996) indicated that it is possible to begin defining the tools that will benefit the engineering process once the process has come under management control.

Reference
Gorschek, T. (2004). Software Process Assessment & Improvement in Industrial Requirements Engineering: School of Engineering, Department of Systems and Software Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology. Höggerl, M., & Sehorz, B. (2006). An Introduction to CMMI and its Assessment Procedure. Humphrey, W. S. (1995). Introducing the personal software process. Annals of Software Engineering, 1(1), 311-325.
Mathiassen, L., & Sørensen, C. (1996). The Capability Maturity Model ans CASE. 6, 367-385.
Pressman, R. (2010). Software engineering: a practitioner's approach (7th ed.): Mc Graw Hill. ZHANG, L., & LI, Y. (2010). Software Process Improvement for Small Organizations Based on CMMI/TSP/PSP. 1213-1216.

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