...Three approaches to decision making are avoiding, problem solving and problem seeking. LEARNING OBJECTIVE * Differentiate between the three primary decision-making approaches: avoiding, problem solving, and problem seeking KEY POINTS * One approach to decision making is to not make a choice—that is, to avoid making a decision altogether. * Identifying and selecting a solution to a problem is a frequent type of decision outcome. * Sometimes decision making results in the need to restate the purpose and subject of the choice; this is known as problem seeking. TERMS * problem solving Problem solving involves using generic or ad hoc methods, in an orderly manner, for finding solutions to specific problems. * problem seeking The process of clarifying, understanding, and restating the problem. Give us feedback on this content: FULL TEXT Every decision-making process reaches a conclusion, which can be a choice to act or not to act, a decision on what course of action to take and how, or even an opinion or recommendation. Sometimes decision making leads to redefining the issue or challenge. Accordingly, three decision-making processes are known as avoiding, problem solving, and problem seeking. Avoiding One decision-making option is to make no choice at all. There are several reasons why the decision maker might do this: 1. There is insufficient information to make a reasoned choice between alternatives. 2. The potential negative consequences...
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...form parents and staff. A Penn State report stated that American kids are lagging in the knowledge of evolution and creationism because teachers are unwilling or unprepared. Since this is such a big debate of whether creationism or evolution should be taught in school many teachers are opting to do the bare minimum to satisfy district standards. The current curriculum in many school districts in the United States allows for the discussion of both creationism and evolution. This has seemed to be the standard across the board. Since school districts do not want to push creationism as the main idea of human creation as it promotes or endorses a religion, but many parents are objecting to exclusive teachings of evolution on schools. The National Academic Council and National Academy of Science recommend that high school science teachers touch on evolution as a link between biology topics. In 2013 they released a report A Framework for K-12 Science Education. In the report they stated that Science, engineering, and technology permeate nearly every fact of modern life and holds the key to solving many humanity’s most pressing current and future challenges. They expressed the feeling that the United States position in global economy is declining due to the lack of fundamental knowledge in these fields. With this been said, why wouldn’t we equip our children with all the knowledge that is available? It should be the responsibility of the state,...
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...poor intercultural communication between the United States of America and Mexico is how the communication significantly affected foreign policy and international commerce between the two countries. Mexico is a country of intercultural significance and neighbors the United States of America. The United States of America is traditional and within the country, many cultures exist. The work ethic and language, within intercultural communication in Mexico and the United States of America, are similar. The population of the United States exceeds 313 million people and this statistic results in America as the third largest country in the world. The diverse population of the United States is 64 percent Caucasian, 16 percent Hispanic, 13 percent Black, five percent Asian and Pacific Islander, and one percent Native American. One could state that the United States of America consists of a plethora of cultures. The population of Mexico is 113.7 million people and increasing 1.10 percent annually (Huntington, 2005). Mexico’s population is an estimated 60 percent mixture of with indigenous heritage and Spanish. The multiple indigenous groups are approximately 30 percent, and the European ancestry is approximately nine percent. The largest city in Mexico is Mexico City and New York is the largest city in the United States of America. The two cities are over 17 million, another similarity between the two countries (Rosenberg, 2013). The United States of America and Mexico differ in values, patterns...
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...2009 Final Essay Prof. Medlin English 1020 United States-Mexican Border Wall Immigrants founded the United States of America and ever since then there have been people from all over the world coming to America for a chance at a better life for themselves and their families. Immigrants from all over the world come, some legally and some illegally. A majority of these immigrants come from southern-border country Mexico. Everyday, the United States has hundreds of illegal immigrants come into the country. They cross over from the Rio Grande into Texas; they cross over into Arizona, New Mexico, and California. With all of the problems that the United States is facing from illegal immigration, maybe it is time that the American government should have a stronger form of border control. For years there has been talk of a stronger border and in some cases there has been action. However, with the opinions in favor of a stronger border security, such as a border wall, there are also strong opinions against the idea. A border wall would help the United States with security issues; it might also slow down the number of immigrants coming across the border every year. The fact is that something must be done to slow down illegal immigration before this country becomes over populated. Illegal immigrants are taking jobs away from American citizens, who at this moment during the recession need those jobs more than ever. The United States government must take action; a border wall...
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...leaders have left behind impressive legacies. The likes of Nelson Mandela of South Africa, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, to name but four. They proved to be African leaders who rose to the occasion and met the challenges of their time - even if the degree to which they were or were not successful in that regard may be debatable....
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...Potential Problems of an Entrepreneur [ April 1, 2012 ] When we scope in on potential problems of entrepreneurship, we notice that the main seven problems that they deal with is Political instability which in most cases does not encourage an investor to invest in the economy even if he has invested, he might decide to fold up due to the prevailing hostile economic climate. Presence of inflation: Inflation is an economic condition characterized by a general and continuous rise in the price level coupled with a fall in the value of money. Hence inflation is economically harmful to suppliers because of unstable quoted market prices. Inadequacy of information dealing with the collation and analysis of relatively dependable, reliable and authentic data that may facilitate and enhance forecasting and planning. It is pertinent to point out that the entrepreneur may not be conscious of the existing forces of law of demand and supply that directly or indirectly affects consumers’ behavior. Capital: Capital is relatively inadequate to finance entrepreneurial business transactions in Nigeria. The initial capital for the take-off of the business may not be adequate or it may be non-existent. Due to lack of funds acquisition of entrepreneurial is not yardstick or prerequisite for establishing a small-scale business. Inadequate of infrastructural facilities which may hamper or hinder the development of entrepreneurial activities. Inadequate of Government support or motivation...
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...UNIT-2 PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING #Planning: In simple words, planning is deciding in advance what is to be done, when, where, how and by whom it is to be done. Planning bridges the gap from where we are to where we want to go. It involves setting objectives and developing appropriate course of action to achieve this objectives. A plan is a predetermined course of action to achieve a specified goal. It is an intellectual process characterized by thinking before doing. It is an attempt on the part of manager to anticipate the future in order to achieve better performance. Planning is the primary function of management. According to Alford and Beatt, “Planning is the thinking process, the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience that is required for intelligent action.” According to Theo Haimann, “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action for further attempting to achieve a consistent co-ordinate structure of operations aimed at the desired results. #Importance of Planning: 1.Planning helps in efficient Use of Resources: All organizations, large and small, have limited resources. The planning process provides the information top management needs to make effective decisions about how to allocate the resources in a way that will enable the organization to reach its objectives. Productivity is maximized and resources are not wasted on projects with little chance of success. 2. Planning...
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...democracy from the ashes of communism, and the 2000s have now shown us the rise of autocracy, or “sovereign democracy” , wrapped in a Russian flag. The Russian state that enters into this new decade is an entirely different state than that of its communist, or even democratic, predecessors. Such quick, drastic changes and Western inexperience in dealing with Russia’s new form of democracy has left Western governments sometimes scrambling to find a proper response to the actions of a Russia which they do not understand. The foreign policy and resulting actions of 21st century Russia are often misinterpreted by Western powers as those of a belligerent and sometimes antagonistic state. Western media also often does not understand and does not accurately convey Russia’s foreign policy goals to the public, sometimes deciding to demonize Russia and capitalize on the fact that much of the Western populace sees little distinction between the actions of modern Russia and those of the Soviet Union. Miscalculated Western foreign policy leads to nearly the same situation inside of Russia, where an antagonistic West can only serve to help Russia’s autocratic leaders perpetuate their hold on power. This paper will attempt to show the motives behind Russia’s foreign policy decisions and create an understanding that Western states can use to better achieve their own goals while at the same time helping to promote true democracy in Russia. Modern Russia, in light of its historic position...
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...© 2012 Esri All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Esri. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by Esri. All requests should be sent to Attention: Contracts and Legal Services Manager, Esri, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100 USA. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Esri, the Esri globe logo, esri.com, and @esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. J10116 Esri Location Analytics for Business Intelligence An Esri White Paper Contents Page Executive Overview.............................................................................. 1 Proven Value of Business Intelligence ................................................. 1 GIS and BI: The Timing Is Right ......................................................... 2 Challenges...................................................
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...Creating Shared Value - Reinventing Capitalism By Michael Porter & Mark Kramer According to Michael Porter and Mark Kramer, "Creating Shared Value" can be defined as Policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates. The concept of shared value which focuses on the connections between societal and economic progress has the power to unleash the next wave of global growth. Shared value involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. The purpose of the corporation must be redefined as creating shared value, not just profit per se. This will drive the next wave of innovation and productivity growth in the global economy. Moving Beyond Trade‐Offs Solving social problems has been ceded to governments and to NGOs. Corporate responsibilities programs a reaction to external pressure have emerged largely to improve firms’ reputations and are treated as a necessary expense. Fair trade aims to increase the proportion of revenue that goes to poor farmers by paying them higher prices for the same crops. Though this may be a noble sentiment, fair trade is mostly about redistribution rather than expanding the overall amount of value created. The Roots of Shared Value A business needs a successful community, not only to create demand for its products but also to provide critical public...
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...Managing Diversity In Workplace Evans Winata Challenge Statement It all started with an email containing an offensive joke, as shown below. Morning Puzzle: Do you recognize these acronyms? UFO IBB NAACP Answer: UFO = Ugly ________ Orientals; IBB = Itty Bitty Breasts; NAACP = _______, Apes, Alligators, Coons and Possums Figure 1. Email with an offensive joke As a result, the email spread like a tidal wave throughout the company and hit the press, causing the media to ask for comments. Employee morale was down. While women and minority employees were emotionally hurt, it also caused fear and worry among white male employees since they might be accused of starting the email and strong action might even be taken against them for simply agreeing with the sentiments. John Henderson, the CEO, then ordered Jeff Rice, Vice President of Corporate Human Resources to deal with the issues, find out what the...
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...first WWF office was established in Switzerland in April 1961 and the second was established in the United States in December of that year. Fifty years later, WWF is one of the largest conservation organizations in the world, operating in more than 100 countries and employing more than 5,000 staff. WWF is a global network of 30 self-governed national offices, five WWF associates operating under different names, and dozens of program offices each working under the direction of a national office. Over the years, WWF’s work has expanded beyond species conservation to include habitat preservation and pollution reduction. Acknowledging this expanded scope, the global organization changed its name in 1986 to the World Wide Fund for Nature. However, WWF offices in the United States and Canada retained the original name and, in 2001, the WWF network decided to use the original acronym “WWF” as its one global name. Notwithstanding the different names, WWF’s logo—the iconic panda—is cherished by the entire WWF network. Inspired by a popular panda named Chi Chi at the London zoo, the image was chosen as a symbol of species that would become extinct if no action was taken. The panda remains a trusted standardbearer for WWF’s increasingly ambitious goals. In some ways, the panda image has come to symbolize conservation efforts more broadly. Leaders of WWF are confronted with an intriguing challenge: how to leverage the panda brand to tell a sophisticated story and inspire...
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...shareholders through partnerships with other companies, fraudulent accounting, and illegal loans. Enron was created by a merge between Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. Houston's Natural Gas's CEO Kenneth Lay headed the merger of the two companies. Kenneth Lay became the CEO of Enron. Enron was originally solely involved with the distribution and transmission of electricity and gas in the United States. In the merger, Enron incurred a large amount of debt, and as a result of deregulation, no longer had exclusive rights to its pipelines. The company had to find a way to generate profits and cash flow. Kenneth Lay hired Jeffrey Skilling to work for Enron as an accountant. Skilling suggested the practice of buying gas from a network of suppliers and selling it to consumers at a fixed price with a contract. Enron was interested in the expansion, building, and operation of pipelines, power plants, and other infrastructure worldwide. After just a year of operation Enron merged with a company called Spectrum Seven, a company whose chairman and CEO is the former president of the United States, George W. Bush. In 1999, Enron tried to expand their company by creating the Azurix Corporation, a water utility company. Overall the Azurix Corporation proved unsuccessful financially. The Azurix Corporation, due to their failure to make an entrance into the market, went under. By 2001, Enron announced plans to dissemble Azurix and liquidize the assets of the corporation. Enron...
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...Chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. These two bodies draft and pass laws that, if signed by the President of the United States, govern the United States and it's citizens. The bicameral (two-house) Congress emerged from a compromise between delegates from large and small states at the Constitutional Convention, which convened in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States. The Articles of Confederation, which had governed the country since 1783, left the national government powerless to resolve trade disputes with other countries and to prevent ruinous economic competition between the states. The delegates worried, however, that giving too much authority to the national government would result in the kinds of abuses of power that had led the colonies to break away from Great Britain. To prevent such problems, the framers of the Constitution gave most political power to the Congress, rather than to a single leader such as a king or president. The convention delegates disagreed over how to select members of Congress, however. The more populous states, such as Virginia and Pennsylvania, wanted power in the legislature that reflected their population and wealth. They favored a system that assigned congressional seats based on the number of residents in each state. Smaller states, such as New Jersey and Connecticut, feared that their interests would be ignored if they did not have equal representation in...
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...significantly downsizing for ten years, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) realized that the median age of its 13,000 remaining employees was 48. Because most of its workers retired well before age 60, this meant that over the next ten years the TVA, the largest electrical utility in the United States, was bound to lose many of those it depended on to run its nuclear, coal-fired, and hydroelectric power plants efficiently and safely. Those employees, and the knowledge they embodied, would be hard to replace. Changing workforce demographics, marked by an aging labor force, more competitive recruiting, and faster turnover among younger employees, are creating unprecedented knowledge-retention problems in many industries, threatening to reduce the capacity for innovation, growth, and operational efficiency. A recent study of 26 firms conducted by the Accenture Institute for Strategic Change documented the danger lost knowledge poses for organizational performance in the global chemical industry.1 But, of course, operational and institutional amnesia imperil more than just the chemical industry. This article outlines a set of “better practices” that organizations currently are implementing to address these concerns. The practices shared here are not claimed to be “best in class,” because the challenges of knowledge retention are so new that a rigorous comparison cannot be established. At this moment, no I one is ready to claim that they know what “best...
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