...UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 0418/03 Paper 3: Practical Test Specimen Paper 2007 2 hours and 30 minutes Additional Materials: Candidate Source Files READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Make sure that your name, Centre number and candidate number are printed on each page that you are asked to produce. Carry out every instruction in each task. Tasks are numbered on the left hand side of the page, so that you can see what to do, step by step. On the right hand side of the page for each task, you will find a box which you can tick (√) when you have completed the task; this checklist will help you to track your progress through the assignment. Before each printout you should proof-read the document to make sure that you have followed all instructions carefully. At the end of the assignment put all your printouts into the Assessment Record Folder. This document consists of 8 printed pages. © UCLES 2005 [Turn over 2 You work for a company called Rootrainer Trees. You are going to perform some clerical tasks for this company. All currency values should be in UK pounds (sterling) with the £ sign visible. 1 Using a suitable software package, load the file TREES.CSV 2 In the Species column use a lookup function to show the full species name, use the Code column for the lookup value and the file CODE.CSV for the array. Replicate this formula...
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...SPECIES DESCRIPTION SIZE €PRICE(PER TREE) Bare Rooted Our trees are quoted for bare rooted unless otherwise stated. Alders Common Alder Quick growing up to 20m, for shelter. Grows well in heavy or wet soils. Wind resistant. Suitable for costal locations. 1-2ft 5ft 10ft 10ft €1-2 €8 €30 €50 (potted) (Alnus glutinosa) Italian Alder Quick growing up to 20m. More decorative than other alders; tolerating drier and limey soil, wind resistant; For shelter and avenue planting. (Alnus cordata). 1-2ft 5ft 10-14ft 10-14ft 15-20ft - €1-2 €10 €25 €40-50 (potted) €75-125 Red Alder Initially very quick growing up to 20m; withstands wind and coastal conditions; for shelter belts, copses etc. (Alnus rubra) 9ft 9ft 15-20ft 15-20ft - €18 €30 (potted) €75 €130-140 (potted) Ashes Common Ash Grows up to 30m, on most soils even limey; vigorous root system, withstands wind and coastal conditions. 2-3ft 3-5ft 9ft 10-14ft 10-14ft €2-3 €6 €18 €30 €40-50 (potted) (Fraxinus excelsior) Fine Leaved Ash Grows quickly up to 25m. Decorative foliage, wind resistant, grows anywhere. 12ft+ 12ft+ €30 €40-50 (potted) (Fraxinus angustifolia) Manna Ash Grows up to 15m in most soils; decorative, snowy white flowers in May. 8-9ft €30 (Fraxinus ornus) Beeches Copper Beech Up to 30m. Very decorative, needs some shelter; good growing, used as specimen and hedging. . 3ft €3 3ft €8-9 (potted) 5ft €15 5ft €20 (potted) 8ft €20-25 8ft €30-35 (potted) 9ft €25-30 9ft €35-40...
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...The authors Ingram and Malamud-Roam give credit to Kim Cobb a Geochemist studying the Palmyra Atoll, “one of the most spectacular and diverse coral reefs in the world… Cobb and her team have faithfully recorded the El Nino events of the twentieth century as reflected in the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen 16 in the coral skeletons” (157). In collecting fossilized corral (Figure 3), the density of the specimens’ attribute to the growth rate during different fluctuations of ocean temperatures; these densities are attributed to El Nino and La Nina patterns (157). A timeline was extended back to the ‘Medieval drought’ during the tenth and fourteenth century and the ‘Little Ice Age’ during the seventeenth century. Cobbs research (178) suggested in a La Nina condition, the coral was less dense, showing slow growth during cooler ocean temperatures. This coincides with the collapse of the Pueblo and other cultures across the Southwest and California. While the specimens of the corral with greater density suggested and increase in Pacific Ocean temperatures, corresponding with El Nino events during the Little Ice age with wetter and flooding in California and the American West (158). It is because of these tiny coral polyps building atop of each other, fossilizing over time, that paleoclimatologists have a better understanding of the past 200 million years of Earth’s changing climate...
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...combination of a genus and a species name. Author citations are included for completeness. Example: Ocotea bullata (Burch.) E. Mey. Botanical names are standardized according to Index Kewensis – an enumeration of the genera and species of flowering plants. Supplement 1 - 16, published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. After 1985 the name of this publication changed to Kew Index, of which yearly publications are available for 1986 – 1989. Other publications that were consulted, are: Bailey H.B. & Bailey E.Z. 1978. Hortus Third – a concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan Publising Co., New York. Von Breitenbach F. 1990. National List of Indigenous Trees. Dendrological Foundation, Pretoria. Von Breitenbach F. 1989. National List of Introduced Trees. Dendrological Foundtation, Pretoria. 1.2 Synonyms Families, to which the species belong, are included. Plants developing woody tissues are classified in about 250 families, of which eight belong to the Gymnospermae (softwoods/conifers) and the rest to the Angiospermae (hardwood/broad-leaved species). 1.4 Hardwood/Softwood The classification in this field will indicate whether the species is a hardwood (broadleaved) species) or a softwood (conifer). 1.5 Trade name(s) These are the names most commonly used in the local and international timber trade. Trade names are standardized in the literature. No single publication can be referred to her. The single most commonly used trade name is captured...
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...Milk Mushroom, 2. Bitter Oyster, 3. Golden Jelly Fungus, 4. The Wrinkled Peach, 5. Violet Coral Scientific Name: 1.Lactarius Indigo, 2. Panellus Stipticus, 3. Tremella Mesenterica, 4. Rhodotus Palmatus, 5. Clavaria Zollingeri Interesting Fact: 1.Blue Milk Mushroom: A widely distributed species, which grows in eastern North America, East Asia, and Central America. It has also been seen in Southern France. The indigo grows on the ground in both deciduous and coniferous forests, where it forms mycorrhizal associations with a broad range of trees. The fruit body color ranges from dark blue in fresh specimens to pale blue gray in older ones. The milk, or latex, oozes when the mushroom tissue is cut or broken. 2. Bitter Oyster: Commonly and widely distributed species, which is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America, where it grows in groups or dense overlapping clusters on the logs, stumps, and trunks of deciduous trees, especially beech, oak, and birch. 3. Golden Jelly Fungus: This is a common jelly fungus found in the Tremellaceae family of the Agaricomycotina. It is most frequently found on dead but attached on recently fallen branches, especially of angiosperms, as a parasite of wood and decay fungi in the genus Peniophora. The gelatinous, orange/ yellow fruit body of the fungus can grow up to 7.5 cm in diameter, has a lobed surface that is greasy or slimy when it gets wet. 4. The Wrinkled Peach: This is an uncommon species which has a circumboreal distribution...
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...PHILIPPINE FOREST Under our constitution, a forest is legally defined as “that portion of the public domain characterized by a predominant growth of trees or wood species, including nipa, mangrove, and all lands of the public domain not classified as agricultural, industrial, commercial, residential, resettlement, minerals or grazing lands”. It is often said that life comes from the forest. It is an area of land where flora and fauna are present. Types of Philippine Forests: * Dipterocarp Forest Generally, dipterocarp forests are the major source of timber and other forest products. The dominant trees in this type are internationally known as “ Philippine Mahogany” the trade name of commercial woods which are light red to reddish brown in color. The apitong, guijo, lawan, mayapis, tangile and yakal. * Pine Forests Pine forests provide long fibers which are good in making strong material for cement bags, and also provide turpentine for paint manufacture. Pine forests are usually found in mountain region of high altitude, such as in Northern Luzon. * Molave (also called mulawin) They are highly valued for natural beauty and durability. Molave stands frequently in regions of distinct dry limestone ridges. Species that belong to this type are narra, ipil, tindalo, akle,and banuyo. * Mangroves (bakawan) These types of forests occur on tidal flats. They are found along the seacost extending along the streams where the water is brackish (mixed with...
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...The State of Man after Death: The state of man after death is not a new state; only his condition in this life is made manifest more clearly in the next life. Whatever is the true condition of a person with respect to his beliefs and actions, righteous or otherwise, in this life, remains hidden inside him and its poison or its antidote affects his being covertly. In the life after death it will not be so; everything will manifest itself openly. One experiences a specimen of it in a dream. The prevailing condition of the body of the sleeper makes itself manifest in his dream. When he is heading towards high fever he is apt to see fire and flames in his dream, and if he is sickening due to influenza or a severe cold he is apt to find himself floating about in water. Thus, whatever the body is heading for becomes visible in a dream. So, one can understand that the same is the way of God with regard to the afterlife. As a dream transmutes our spiritual condition into a physical form, the same will happen in the next life. Our actions and their consequences will be manifested physically in the next life, and whatever we carry hidden within us from this life will all be displayed openly on our countenances in the next life. As a person observes diverse types of manifestations in his dreams but is not conscious that they are only manifestations, and deems them as realities, the same will happen in the next life. Through such manifestations, God will display a new power, a power which...
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...advancements in our knowledge of the time of dinosaurs since 1983 when the story was published. In the story, the T-Rex hunters go back in time to 60 million 2 thousand years ago. This conflicts with our current knowledge of T-Rex, because current fossil records only show specimens from around 67-65 million years ago. It is believed that T-Rex, along with most dinosaurs, was probably extinct around 65 million years ago. While it is possible that there was a T-Rex around 60 million years ago, the story would have been more scientifically accurate if the characters in the story traveled back between 67 and 65 million years ago. Next, the story describes the environment as a jungle smelling of tar and salt of an inland sea, and covered with red flowers. There were huge pterodactyls soaring through the air above. We know that roughly 60 million years ago was actually during a regression of the seas, between the Zuni and Tejas transgressions, therefore an inland sea was unlikely. Bradbury portrays the T-Rex as being much bigger and faster than it was. He probably did this for dramatic effect, and Tyrannosaurus was indeed large, but it probably was not large enough to tower 30 feet above the trees. The largest specimen of T-Rex that has been discovered was about 13 feet at the hips, and about 20 feet tall. The pictures in the story depict the head as being around the size...
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...degradation in soil or by composting process and do not emit any toxic or noxious components. For the past several years, public attention has gone to natural fibers as a resource due to their fast growth. Bamboo is an abundant natural resource in Asia and South America, because it takes only several months to grow up. It has been traditionally used to construct various living facilities and tools. The high strength with respect to its weight is derived from fibers longitudinally aligned in its body. Therefore, bamboo fibers are often called ‘natural glass fiber’. To practically apply the benefit of bamboo fibers, it is necessary to develop a process to fabricate bamboo composites as well as to extract qualitatively controlled fibers from bamboo trees. However, it is difficult to extract bamboo fibers having its superior mechanical properties. The bamboo fiber is often brittle compared with other natural fibers, because the fibers are covered with lignin. Objectives 1. The biodegradable and environmental friendly made using by micro/nano-sized bamboo fibrils (MBF) and a modified soy protein resin. 2. This research has been done on the applications of bamboo fibers in fiber reinforced polymer materials. It could improve the mechanical properties of polymer materials. 3.. The development of composites for ecological purposes (Eco-composites) using bamboo fibers and their basic mechanical properties. 4....
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...Health benefits of Mangoes * Mango fruit is rich in pre-biotic dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and poly-phenolic flavonoid antioxidant compounds. * According to new research study, mango fruit has been found to protect against colon, breast, leukemia and prostate cancers. Several trial studies suggest that polyphenolic anti-oxidant compounds in mango are known to offer protection against breast and colon cancers. * Mango fruit is an excellent source of Vitamin-A and flavonoids like beta-carotene, alpha-carotene,and beta-cryptoxanthin. 100 g of fresh fruit provides 765 mg or 25% of recommended daily levels of vitamin A. Together; these compounds are known to have antioxidant properties and are essential for vision. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining healthy mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural fruits rich in carotenes is known to protect the body from lung and oral cavity cancers. * Fresh mango is a good source of potassium. 100 g fruit provides 156 mg of potassium while just 2 mg of sodium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. * It is also a very good source of vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin-C and vitamin-E. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals. Vitamin B-6 or pyridoxine is required for GABA hormone production within the brain. It also controls homocystiene...
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...BODHI TREE GEO The Bodhi Tree, also known as Bo (from the Sinhalese Bo), was a large and very old Sacred Fig tree (Ficus religiosa) located in Bodh Gaya (about 100 km (62 mi) from Patna in the Indian state of Bihar), under which Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher later known as Gautama Buddha, is said to have achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi. In religious iconography, the Bodhi tree is recognizable by its heart-shaped leaves, which are usually prominently displayed. The term "Bodhi Tree" is also widely applied to currently existing trees, particularly the Sacred Fig growing at the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, which is a direct descendant planted in 288 BC from the original specimen. This tree is a frequent destination for pilgrims, being the most important of the four main Buddhist pilgrimage sites. Other holy Bodhi trees which have a great significance in the history of Buddhism are the Anandabodhi tree inSravasti and the Bodhi tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Both are believed to have been propagated from the original Bodhi tree. The Bodhi tree at the Mahabodhi Temple is called the Sri Maha Bodhi. According to Buddhist texts the Buddha, after his Enlightenment, spent a whole week in front of the tree, standing with unblinking eyes, gazing at it with gratitude. A shrine, called Animisalocana cetiya, was later erected on the spot where he stood.The spot was used as a shrine even in the lifetime of the Buddha. King Asoka was most diligent in paying homage to the Bodhi...
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...as a sugar glider, they however are not related. The leadbeater’s possum is the only one of its genus, which makes it so unique. Its fur coat is off-white on the belly and chest area and has a grey back with a dark strip running down the centre of its back to its tail. They are mainly found in the South eastern parts of Australia (Central Highlands of Victoria) in Temperate forests and woodlands. The Leadbeater’s possum was first discovered in 1867, along the Bass river in south Gippsland, and was originally given the name of the Bass River possum. The possum was then later on named by Professor McCoy, after John Leadbeater, who was a taxidermist for the Nation Museum of Victoria, and was the first to preserve leadbeater’s possum specimens. In 1909 it was believed that the Leadbeater’s possum had become extinct after no longer being able to be spot in the environment. However, in 1961, Eric Wilkinson rediscovered the Leadbeater’s possum near Marysville, after 52 years of being thought to be extinct. In 1971, 10 years after it was rediscovered, the Leadbeater’s possum was declared as a Victorian State Faunal Emblem, alongside the helmeted Honeyeater. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Diprotodota Family: Petauridae Genus: Gymnobelideus Species: G. Leadbeateri The leadbeater’s will, sleep during the day in their nest, and will hunt for food during the night. The leadbeater’s...
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...tone of the wind passing through the trees. Question #2 What did Evelyn mean by “two worlds, divided 一.” Answer : She meant that the party was separated from the group of Indians helping them with all the carriages. Question #3 Rupert is going to make a bunch of money out of what? Answer : He is going to make his fortune in diamonds. Question #4 What is the worse poison to men’s souls, according to James? Answer : Gold. Question #5 Why are Evelyn’s cheeks burning? Answer : Because James called her father “ a corrupt scoundrel”. Question #6 To what does the narrator compare the clouds? Answer : Lamb’s wool amongst...
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...Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid species and is probably one of the better known species from the australopithecus genera, named by D. Johanson and T. White in 1978 ( Johanson et al. 1978). A. afarensis fossils have only been found in northern African regions like Ethiopia with the most extensive remains such as “Lucy” found in Hadar, making Hadar one of the most significant fossil-rich sites in Africa (Johanson 2004) A. afarensis were also found at sites such as Omo, Laetoli and Maka. The specimen remains of A. afarensis date between 3.9 to 3 million years ago, with “Lucy” being one of the youngest A. afarensis specimen from within the Hadar Formation ( Johanson 2004) A. afarensis had an apelike face with a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, an approximated cranial capacity of 380-500 cc, and a hint of visible sagittal crest. ( Kimbel W.H., D. Johanson and Y. Rak. 1994) They have a very prognathic face and receding chin with molars and pointed canines relatively small compared to other extinct great apes but still larger and pointier than those of modern human today. (Kimbel W.H., T.D. White and D. Johanson 1984) A.afarinsis eat many tubular foods such as roots, a big part of their diet contain nuts, berries and seeds. When a carcass of a dead animal is available, the hominids will scavenge, or eat it. They also eat the marrow of the bones to help the development of their cranial capacity. It is also “proposed that a key change in...
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...In an ideal world, plants would not be cut down; in an ideal world, animals would be allowed to survive; in an ideal world, humans would value the life that grew around them. Sadly, this is not our world. Every year, nearly 900,000,000 trees are cut down. In this decade alone, our percentage of deforestation has increased by 8.5 percent. How can humans allow this to go on? Why do they not see the true value of plants? Why can they not appreciate the beautiful mechanics of these fine specimen? Plant lives matter. Like humans, they have cells that make up their foundation. Like humans, they are made up of several organelles. Like humans, they are alive. In chapter 7, section 3 of Biology, the Dynamics of Life, they teach students about the organelles...
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