...WMD proliferation, Instability in the MiddleEast, Oil supply uncertainty) Of all the political risks covered, the Iraq/Middle East threat has the greatest likelihood of triggering the other major threats. Thus, the worsening of the Iraq/Middle East situation poses the gravest threat to the growth and stability of the world economy. If the situation in Iraq further deteriorates, the threat of sectarian violence spreading in the region increases and instability results. By this threat alone, this is a serious risk. However, the chain of events it could trigger is more significant. *Increasing incentives to join terrorism The conflict in Iraq and the Middle East, where civilian lives were lost and impoverished makes it easier for terrorist groups to attract new recruits. Destruction of lives and property, as well as the resulting chaos could popularize anti-US/Western sentiment. Also, joining terrorist groups could also be an escape from the difficulty of surviving in the ongoing chaos. The threat of this new wave of terrorist activities could result in a more unsecure world, where asymmetric warfare could break out in different regions. *Worsening oil supply uncertainty As the Middle East region accounts for more than half of the world’s oil reserves, with Saudi Arabia alone accounting for 25%, the effect of an unstable Middle East directly leads to a more uncertain oil supply for the world. Over the recent years, the number of attacks on oil-producing infrastructure...
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...The Globalization of Democracy Building: A Polyarchic Dilemma When we look at the Middle East and democratization, we must realize that democracy in its current form is largely a Western concept. Democracy building on the part of the US outwards is a classic example of globalization. This paper will examine two theories of globalization: the interdependency theory of Waltz and Robinson?s view of globalization as one of power politics. It will then move on to examine globalization theory in regards to democracy building. Finally, this paper will seek to examine democracy building initiatives in two countries, Iraq and Lebanon. Theories of Globalization Waltz contends that we view globalization at interdependence, and that ?interdependence [is] again associated with peace and peace increasingly with democracy.? ? People, firms, markets matter more; states matter less,? because it is the economy that drives states to make decisions. As the world becomes more interdependent on one another, decisions are made as a collective whole in the economic field, not the independent political state. In many ways, Waltz suggests that Globalism is really Americanism spread around the globe. As the Cold War ended, it become clearer that the ideology that won out, a capitalist democracy, was the winner and dominant ideology. The theology behind it was that if a country is not transparent, with a flexible free market, then it will crumble. What if a country is looking to open its...
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...in the 1930s, further consolidated the authority of the ruling families (Cleveland and Bunton, 2009). This essay will focus on the impacts of oil-abundance on the Gulf states, which more precisely explain the resilience of incumbent regimes. The concept of ‘rentier state’ accounts for the continued survival of absolute monarchies such that democracy is forgone in favour of an authoritarian regime. The main argument of this essay is, however, that a combination of rentierism; and traditional Islamic culture, which are further reinforced by rentierism, elucidate the survival of absolute monarchies in the Gulf in a more accurate fashion. . The Islamic traditional cultures, such as consultation, consensual relationship, and value of stability have also led to the continuance of monarchical system alongside with rentierism. Case for rentierism will then be countered by modernization...
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...lobby being one of the organized groups that try to influence legislation. Other groups like B’nai B’rith and Hadassah do not engage in direct lobbying. However, they disseminate information while encouraging their members to become more involved in political processes. Most times they specifically attempt to lobby on specific issues though they have rarely influenced policy. The Israel lobby grew significantly in the 1980s, but controversy arose from opponents of the lobby and supporters. This was due to the proposed sale of the AWACS warning and command system in 1981 to Saudi Arabia, (Teitelbaum, 2010). This angered many Israeli supporters in the United States. The sale was intended to appease Arab nations in an attempt to promote stability...
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...An American Policy in Transitioning Middle Eastern Environments For many decades the Middle East region dealt with power struggles, badly drawn borders, and the Arab-Israeli conflict or Israeli-Palestinian conflict. These examples are just some of what plagues the region and attests to their continued unstableness. The Middle East will undoubtedly remain unstable now and through the near future as it tries to rewrite constitutions, call for reforms, and is engaged in ongoing protests. Regardless, building a stable economic power and government is not one simple solution and takes time. As some nations strive for liberal democracies or constitutional monarchies, there must be political pluralism and with that secularism or at least pseudo-secularism. All things equal, the U.S. foreign policy must see a change in its promotion— a different, new way to deal with the Middle East as a whole and the diverse specific countries. There is no question as to whether conflict will arise in other countries within the Middle East, we know it will, but how the U.S. chooses to position itself in the fight includes stability and democracy on the overall position and relationships and development in terms of specific countries. This paper explains steps that could be taken in forming a U.S. foreign policy in the emerging Middle East region. Some people educated or not about foreign affairs are pushing for the U.S. to take action and use the Middle East crises as an advantage. They want...
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...THE TURKISH REPUBLIC CAG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE NEW ERA IN TURKISH FOREIG POLICY: A MULTI- DIMENSIONAL TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY Erhan KAYA SEMINARY THESIS ADVISER PROF. DR. ALI ENGIN OBA YENICE-MERSIN/2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Economic and Administrative Sciences ________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Engin Oba Adviser I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ________________ Prof. Dr. Esat Arslan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Esat Arslan ________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Engin Oba ________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Erhan Kaya Signature: I would like to thank Professor...
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...For the past several decades the centerpiece of the United States (US) Middle Eastern policy has been its relationship with Israel. The combination of unwavering support for Israel and the related effort to spread ‘democracy’ throughout the region has inflamed Arab and Islamic opinion and jeopardized not only US security but that of much of the rest of the world. This situation is unparalleled in American political history. Throughout this paper we will explore some reasons why the United States has been willing to set aside its own security and that of many of its allies in order to advance the interests of another state. One might assume that the bond between the two countries was based on shared strategic and interests, or compelling moral imperatives, but neither explanation can account for the remarkable level of economic, military, and diplomatic support that the United States provides to the State of Israel. We’ll also explore how the United States’ strategic military operations in support of Israel, is in America’s national interest. The United States is now the world's only superpower; if it does not exert international leadership, what country will? No other state’s military has the will or the capability to take on such threats as those emanating from rogue states like Iraq, Iran, or North Korea; nor can any other deal with issues such as the spread of weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, radical Islam, or international narcotics trafficking....
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...issue in the world and so important for every country, every country values this issue as a primary one and pay special attention on it. As each country has different situation and government systems, there are different views towards military spending. Some people suggest increasing the military spending while some people suggest governments to cut the military spending. Some people think that government should keep increasing the military spending, the reasons are as following. The first reason is to better defend the country’s territorial integrity and non-violation by other countries, and to create a peaceful and stable environment for the state which is an indispensable condition for economic development. For example, in Middle East, the military spending is an important factor that affects the peace among those countries....
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...Conflict- The Middle East Prompt: What are several ways the Sunni/Shiite split along with the geography of the Middle East contributing to/perpetuating/or otherwise related to conflict in the region today? Cite significant evidence from the readings. The Sunni and Shiite split along with the geography of the Middle East contributed to to the conflict in the region today. In 1916, the British diplomat Colonel Sir Mark Sykes divided the Middle East. He didn’t take into account the different religion or tribes in the Middle East, resulting in many families and groups being separated. The reading stated, “arbitrarily creating ‘nation states’ out of people unused to living together in one region is not a recipe for justice, equality, and stability.” The splitting of the Middle East has resulted in conflict that can still be seen in the Middle East today, and has sparked many other conflicts, such as the oil conflict, government...
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...and the conclusion of the war resulted in the destruction of the empires, particularly the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary Empire. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire allowed many Middle East countries to be self-governed, while the West such as Great Britain and France had more interest in Europe than in the Middle East enabled the former to play a dominant role of colonization in the region. This seeded confrontation between two different civilizations, resulting in chaos later and to a large extent helping shape the Middle East in today's world. This paper attempts to examine this history arguing how the Ottoman Empire declined and eventually dissolved at the end of WWI. It shows that the internal problems of the Empire, such as its backward political and economic system, failed to compete with the increasing influence of the Western European countries, whose government was more efficient and more industrialized than the former, in the Middle East. The paper starts with a discussion of the contemporary situation in the Empire, and then deals with the problems that led to the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers over the Middle East during WWI. It finally analyzes how the defeat of the Ottomans and the increasing British and French dominance in the Middle East laid the ground for today's conflicts in the region between the Arabic states and the Jewish nation, which is supported by the West. Since 1600s the Ottoman Empire had controlled a large...
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...policy. The way in which we deal with foreign policy not only affects the American economy, but also American security. One ongoing foreign policy topic of significant importance is “promoting peace and security in Israel and the Middle East.” A problem exists with security and peace in Israel and the Middle East and the area has had a high degree of violence since the creation of the Israeli state in 1948. The initial United Nations partition plan in 1947 aimed at the creation of two separate states; this however never occurred with Israel gaining more territory from the surrounding areas in the decades following. American involvement in the area has changed over time from that of ardent supporter of Israel to that of broker of peaceful negotiations among Israel and neighboring countries, and Israel and the Palestinian community. For the United States and the global community at large, stability and peace in the Middle East is an important issue. The only viable solution is the creation of two separate states, allowing the Palestinian Authority to have autonomy over a Palestinian state in the occupied areas of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. These two areas were seized by Israel after the Six Day War of 1967, along with the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem, and the Sinai Peninsula. Immediately following, Jewish settlements began in these areas, which also complicate ceding it to the Palestinians. There have been many proposed policies and discussions about how to solve the...
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...economic or combination of both. The third aspect is it allows for emergence of super and sub national power centres. Finally, there is the increasing world migrations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) importance. The insecurity of the nation state has great impact on the US foreign and security policies. There are various ways in which this is affecting the US foreign and security policies; through the introduction of the globalisation system the US policies will be undermined and thus negatively impacting on its security. The United States will also lose its control in the international economy a factor which will lea to other countries undermining its policies. This gradual decline will also widen the scope of security and stability and hence nations will be able to argue out US security policy. Nation-states will no longer be able to control their security requirements, such as control their technology assets and information which will generally threaten US foreign and security policies. The US policies in security will be undermined once the nation-state declines as decisions will be made at global level and also policies implemented globally. There...
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...Bank Middle East Limited (HBME Ltd) which is the largest and most widely represented bank in the Middle East. It has been a principal member of HSBC Group since 1959 having originally been called The British Bank of the Middle East (BBME). Operating in 8 countries within the region it provides a range of banking services for both corporate and individual customers. Middle East banking sector forecast to 2013(Bharat Book Bureau 2010) indicates that the banking industry in the Middle East region is considered one of the world’s fastest growing industries. Banks play an essential role within an economy and can contribute to its health and stability. Most world economies, including the Middle Eastern economies, attempt to focus their efforts on growing and stabilising their banking sectors. Al Shaher, T.,Kasawneh, O.,Salem, R.(2011) This assignment will focus on the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) region of HBME Ltd. This region due to current U.A.E Central Bank restrictions has a cap of 8 branches which serve 5 of the emirates with a multitude of smaller Customer Service Units. All the usual banking services and products are available including offshore banking and Investments, personal and private banking, commercial and investment bank capabilities. The bank serves a truly multicultural society with over 200 nationalities co existing peacefully within the U.A.E (UAE Interact 2009). Banks play an essential role within an economy and can contribute to its health and stability. Most...
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...The transition from British to American hegemony in the Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf is a region of many conflicting interest. The name itself already offers a good example of this, since it is the center of a politicized debate between those preferring Persian Gulf and those preferring Arabian Gulf. Although this debate will not be further explored in this paper – it was decided to use the term “Persian Gulf” as it is most commonly used – this paper will delve deeper into the transition from British to American hegemony in the Persian Gulf and review how various aspects of this are described and interpreted in the literature. This paper will deal with this transition between the years of 1945, the end of the Second World War, and 1971, the year that the British completed their military withdrawal from the Persian Gulf. Even though the Americans were interested in the area before the WWII, the year 1945 was chosen as a starting point because the war had severely altered the power equilibrium between the great powers the United States of America and Britain were considered as at that time. During the Cold War, which started in 1946 the importance of the region was on the rise, both because of the oil and because of the containment policy against the Russians. The relevance of the region was on the rise for America in particular because the power of Britain was waning in the post-war era. Britain, faced with economic hardship, imperial fatigue, and events of humiliation such...
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...aided in the development of president Roosevelt’s New deal, once profoundly declared, “The American economic, political, and social organization has given to its citizens the benefit of material prosperity, political liberty, and a wholesome of natural equality, and this achievement is a gain, not only to Americans, but to the world and to civilization.” The political organization Croly speaks of is democracy, which influences both the economic and social structures of regions that utilize. Because of Herbert’s quote, it is evident that democracy is a worthwhile venture—one that must be spread. It is because I agree with the legendary Herbert that I affirm today’s resolution: Resolved: The United States ought to promote democracy in the Middle East. We value a democracy” in the resolution contextualizing it as a question with the ideals of democracy presupposed. The Oxford Dictionary defines democracy as “A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives” Prefer the Oxford dictionary because They come from the most reliable sources The most commonly used and most useful definition of a word comes first and we have used the first definitions of democracy in these dictionaries They match the definition of democracy that normal citizens would associate with the word Our value criterion will be fulfilling the obligations of the government Americans have an obligation to assist others due to the innate...
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