...Project Management Document Reference GN 1.1. V.1.0. 28 July 2009 © 2009 Department of Finance Published by: Department of Finance Government Buildings Upper Merrion Street Dublin 2. This document is not to be taken as a legal interpretation of the provisions governing public procurement. All parties must rely exclusively on their own skills and judgement or upon those of their advisors when making use of this document. The Government Construction Contracts Committee (GCCC), the National Public Procurement Policy Unit (NPPPU) and the Department of Finance and any other contributor to this guidance note do not assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. Contents 1: Introducing Project Management for Capital Works Projects 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Project Management Principles for Capital Works Management Framework 3 1.3 Influencing Factors 3 1.4 Managing the Project Programme 3 1.5 Administrative Procedures 3 ...
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...1.1 Corporate Structure 2 1.2 Formation of a proposed company 2 1.3 Registration 2-3 Section 2 Memorandum of Association 3 2.1 Article of Association 4 2.3 Directors of Company 4-5 2.4 Secretary 5 2.5 Share Capital 5 2.6 Charges 5-6 2.7 Auditors 6 2.8 AGM or EGM 6 Section 3 Any Protection under Irish Company Law 6-7 Section 4 Conclusion` 7 Reference 8 Appendix Appendix A Company limited by share 9 Appendix B Duties of Shareholders 9 Appendix C Directors/Secretary/ Companies 9-10 Appendix D Directors Responsibilities 10-11 Appendix E Secretary Responsibilities 11 Appendix F Ten points to contracts 11 Appendix G Standard form contract 12 Appendix H General Principles 13-20 Section 1 Memo to Joe Bloggs Relating to going in to business with the Corcorcan brothers in the manufacture of hurleys and protection of supply of Ash in Poland. 1.1 Corporate Structure. Recommend a private company limited by shares. Consisting of 4 members, 3 Corcorcan brothers and Joe Bloggs. Corcoran brothers well supply facilities, contacts, accountancy knowledge and marketing. You will supply web based sales knowledge. Each member must contribute a nominal sum of money and be issued with shares. The right of members to transfer their shares is restricted, under Article of Association. You must request 26% or more shares in...
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...home to meet his pets. Malcolm begins to talk to Georgia about the rates for her service and specifically mentions that he requires home pet car for both his award winning rabbit and his tropical fish. He explains that he is soon to show his award winning rabbit at a show in Melbourne where, if he wins, he will receive $10,000. During the conversation Georgia states ‘I am a professional, an animal lover and that this should not be a problem’. She informs Malcolm that her rate for caring for both his rabbit and fish will be $100 per day for a total of $700 for the week she is to care for them. The next day, Georgia emails Malcolm a copy of a standard form contract that she uses with all of her home pet care clients. This standard form contract contains (inter alia) the following clause: ‘Georgia maintains the highest standards in animal care. However Georgia will not be liable for death or illness of tropical fish due to their specific vulnerabilities.’ Malcolm is very busy preparing for his trip away. Consequently, he does not read the contract but signs it and returns it to Georgia in person along with a cheque for $700. While he is away Georgia attends frequently to the pets but incorrectly feeds the fish the rabbit food and the rabbit the fish food. Upon returning home the following week, Malcolm finds that his tropical fish worth thousands of dollars have died. In addition, due to...
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...Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook WORLD BANK GROUP Effective July 1998 Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the ambient air consist primarily of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These two forms of gaseous nitrogen oxides are significant pollutants of the lower atmosphere. Another form, nitrous oxide (N2O), is a greenhouse gas. At the point of discharge from man-made sources, nitric oxide, a colorless, tasteless gas, is the predominant form of nitrogen oxide. Nitric oxide is readily converted to the much more harmful nitrogen dioxide by chemical reaction with ozone present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide is a yellowish-orange to reddish-brown gas with a pungent, irritating odor, and it is a strong oxidant. A portion of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is converted to nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium salts. Nitrate aerosol (acid aerosol) is removed from the atmosphere through wet or dry deposition processes similar to those that remove sulfate aerosol. 1994). The United States generates about 20 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides per year, about 40% of which is emitted from mobile sources. Of the 11 million to 12 million metric tons of nitrogen oxides that originate from stationary sources, about 30% is the result of fuel combustion in large industrial furnaces and 70% is from electric utility furnaces (Cooper and Alley 1986). Occurrence in Air and Routes of Exposure Annual mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in urban areas throughout...
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...of warm, dry air at upper elevations. Southern California counties are where almost 15 million people reside. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) is a governmental organization established in 1977 to deal with the historically poor air quality in the area surrounding Los Angeles. Air pollution injures organisms, reduces visibility, and attacks and corrodes materials such as metals, plastics, rubber, and fabrics. The respiratory tracts of animals, including humans, are particularly harmed by air pollutants, which worsen existing medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, pneumonia, and cardiovascular problems. Discussed in our paper will be several key points that will highlight very important details in regards to the efforts to reduce ozone in Southern California. Topics to be discussed are; described the historical development of the issue, the stakeholder’s involvement in the issue, and the long term effects of the problem, the responsibilities that arise from the ethical position and try to find a solution to this major problem. Air pollution in California began just after World War II. Southern California has been known to have the worst air pollution in our nation. The worst ozone pollution in Southern California was in 2006’ in the Perris and Crestline areas, then the ozone levels exceeded the federal health standard for more than 50 days. Smoke pollution is one relevant pollutant in Southern California it is occasionally called industrial...
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...Act contains, NAAQS that stands for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, under which there are certain pollutants that are classified as criteria pollutants. Criteria pollutants are as follows: particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and lead (1). These pollutants are under this classification because of their ability to harm the health of a population along with the environment, and also can cause property damage (1). Under the NAAQS there are primary and secondary standards, in which states and governments have to abide by to in compliance with the Act. Primary Standards are defined to “provide public health protection, including protecting the health of sensitive populations...
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...must submit an individual assignment. Plagiarism or submitting the same answers is not permitted. * This worksheet is due at the end of the period on Thurs, October 30, 2014. * Late worksheets will not be accepted. 1. Explain the relationship (and differences) between emissions, ambient concentration, and exposure. Emissions refer to the quantity of a pollutant directly released into the environment, while ambient concentration refers to the concentration of those pollutants in the atmosphere. Exposure is the number of people exposed to these pollutants. 2. Explain the difference between primary and secondary pollutants Primary pollutants are pollutants released directly from a source, while secondary pollutants form in the atmosphere or environment through chemical reactions with primary pollutants. 3. Explain the difference between point source and non-point pollution. Give an example of each. What makes one more difficult to regulate than the other? Point source pollution is released from a single, identifiable source, while non-point pollution is released from various, not necessarily identifiable sources over a large area. Point source solution can refer to, for example, emissions from a smoke stack, while an example of non-point source pollution could be water pollution. Non-point source pollution is more...
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...1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT The purpose of this project is to identify the effect that surface modifications have on the urban heat island phenomenon and related ozone problem in the metropolitan area of Chicago, IL. The basic hypothesis is that urban, summertime temperatures can be significantly lowered by increasing the vegetative landscape cover and enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surfaces within an urban area. It is proposed that in addition to a decrease in temperature, the modification of an urban surface to include more vegetative cover and lighter, lower albedo surfaces will also reduce energy consumption, ozone exceedances, and detrimental environmental and human health effects associated with high levels of ozone. The analysis is divided into three main parts. The first section of this report introduces the causes of ground level ozone and its effects in urban areas. It explains both the chemistry and transport associated with ozone exceedances. The second section is a compilation of the most viable mitigation strategies of urban heat islands: increasing vegetative cover and increasing proportions of light to dark surfaces. The effects, implementation strategies, and specific strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach are described, including a comparison of asphalt and concrete pavements systems using a life cycle analysis approach. The final section provides a case study of the Chicago area. This study entailed an examination...
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...Vehicular Pollution and Sustainable Remedies: New Delhi New Delhi, the capital of India is considered to be most polluted cities in the world caused by spectacular vehicular growth in the past 2-3 decades. It has been observed that air quality in New Delhi is deteriorating each day due to vehicular emissions that bring about great levels of ambient air pollutants in the city. Main Factors identified as reason for increased pollution due to vehicle are: High volume of traffic and urban population dynamics; excessive increase in private and personal vehicles; growing traffic jams; improper maintenance of vehicles; less eco-friendly mode of transport and bad fuel quality.(download). Automobile vehicles emit several pollutants depending upon the type and quality of fuel consumed by them. Major pollutants are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, photochemical oxidants, lead, particulate matters, oxides of sulphur and hydrocarbons etc. Vehicular emission cannot be avoided as it is released or emitted at ground level where we breathe (Ashok Kumar, N.D). Main Pollutants and Health Effects (Ashok Kumar, N.D) Pollutant | Health Effect | SPM | Damage of lungs, bronchitis and asthma | SO2 | Acid rain, damage to lungs, eyes and skin | NOx | Form Smog damage to respiratory system and eye irritation | CO | Toxic causes blood poisoning | HC | Cancer | Pb | Nervous system slow down ad brain development is retarded; slow reaction time. | Source: Delhi Environmental Status Report:...
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...Ozone standards. Based on extensive scientific evidence about ozone's effects the EPA proposed to strengthen the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. This will improve public health protection especially for children and the elderly. The updates also will improve protection for trees, plants and ecosystems. The second regulation to examine is on (CCRC) Continuing Care Retirement Communities. A. CCAC as a Surrogate for Regulation, B. Benefits of Government Regulation, C. Drawbacks of Government Regulation. Continuing Care Retirement Communities are the best option for the elderly and long-term care. They are known for the strategy of having different levels of care in the community setting and the way they provide cost effective care. As they continue to grow and lose the bad reputation for being financially unstable more of our elderly are finding this option attractive. However not all of the elderly population can afford this option, because the cost is too high. The problem has drawn attention from in and outside the industry who want to make CCRC affordable to more of the elderly population. It is well-documented that America's older population is rapidly expanding. "Between 1990 and 2130 the elderly population is expected to double to 65 million people" (DHHS, 1992). As the baby-boomer generation gets closer to the age of retirement and as advances in health care increase the average person's life-span, concern over how to provide affordable, quality long-term...
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...uncontaminated. Human daily activity is the prime impact of both negative and positive effect to air quality. United States is suffering from major air pollution because of the mixture of immense population use of automobiles and manufacturing industries. Motorized vehicle emits substantial amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen in to the air every day. Manufacturing industries, such as power plants and other facilities, release ten times more of particulate matters and sulfur oxide than motorized vehicles. In contrast, the positive effects humans have to offer are taking a few initiatives to redeem their mistakes by inventing non conventional fuels such as biodiesel, batteries and fuel cells, and other biomass resource. This proposal is to establish a mitigation plan to discuss the benefits and challenges of air pollutions. Furthermore, this devise strategy will encompass government and societal support to enhance the air quality we breathe. “The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.” ("Air Pollution", 2012) This is a concern to our emergent crisis in the United States. “The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the...
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...A. Introduction Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. We as humans depend on the air around us to live, without it we would die. We rely on this as an essential source for living. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. It is another major problem that is yet to be solved. These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles. The air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and inert gases. Air pollution is a common term meaning the dirtying and gradual destruction of our natural resources, especially our air, water and land. This is referred to as environmental pollution. Once, years ago, the air was fresh and clear and the rivers were clean with fish swimming in the crystal clear waters and streams. This is no longer true today. Air pollution is the dirtying of the air. Where once we had blue skies and fresh air to breathe in, this is no longer the case. The air today is choked with toxic fumes from cars and factories. With more and more cars on the road, the carbon monoxide emitted from the car exhausts has polluted the Earth’s atmosphere. The clearing of land to make way for housing or farms has also lead to forests being destroyed and burnt. But did you know that air pollution also found both outdoors and indoors? It can, Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution...
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...composition and chemistry of the air, causing damage to the environment, human health and the quality of life. The air that we breathe is filled with substances and pollutants that are hazardous to our health and these pollutants in the air can take many forms such as gases, solid particles or liquid droplets. Pollution enters the Earth’s atmosphere in many different ways. Air pollution can be created naturally, for example smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, but most air pollution is created by humans, especially from the release of emissions from factories, cars, planes and etc. Air pollution that occurs naturally is considered as a natural source and air pollution caused by humans are called anthropogenic or man-made sources. Air pollution is the most common in large cities due the high volume of people and some of the most polluted cities in the world are Beijing, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cairo. Although air pollution is usually thought of as smoke from large factories or exhaust from vehicles, air pollution can come from indoors also. Burning kerosene, wood, or coal to heat a house can contaminate the air inside the house, resulting in air pollution indoors. The ash and smoke from the burning of the substances can make breathing difficult and can also stick to the walls, food or clothing, which means that the pollutants will reside in the home for long periods of time. Another form of indoor air pollution comes from radon, which is an odorless, colorless radioactive gas...
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...Pollution Control Laws in India Contents THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 2 THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981 7 HAZARDOUS WASTE (Management and Handling) RULES, July 1989 9 THE NOISE POLLUTION (Regulation and Control Amendment) Rules 2005 (2000, 2005, 2006, 2010) 11 References: 12 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the 7th December, 1977, and is hereby published for general information:-- An Act to provide for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying on certain industries and by local authorities, with a view to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Be it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-eighth Year of the Republic of India as follows :-- 1. SHORT TITLE, EXTENT, APPLICATION AND COMMENCEMENT (1) This Act may be called the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977. (2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. (3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), it applies to all the States to which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 applies and the Union territories. (4) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in...
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...Clean Air Act Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. -- Enforced by US EPA -- By the end of this lecture you should be able to describe: * The race to laxity * What NAAQS means. * The federal government’s role in cooperative federalism * 7 criteria pollutants * A hazardous pollutant under the CAA * Non-attainment area * Emissions trading programs * Noise pollution under the CAA * The four Class I areas designated by the State of Florida * The four emissions regulated by Title II of the Clean Air Act relating to motorized vehicles * How long a waiver is good for and to how much of an auto manufacturer’s production does it apply to. * What city is the Title II pollution numbers based on. * What is a clean fuel vehicle. LOOK for *** as pointers NOTE Most of the narrative on the lectures in this course has been modified from: - Plater et al. Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law and Society, 1992. - Findley and Farber. Environmental Law, 2008. Background Air and water are common resources and are sometimes referred to by lay-people as “pollution sinks,” implying that airsheds and water bodies are large vats into which pollutants can be thrown as a large disposal. As we saw with the Clean Water Act, this isn’t true. While both airsheds and water bodies can handle some amount of pollution without significant degradation, airsheds and water...
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