...ENERGY POLICY The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state and local entities in the United States, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage standards. Energy policy may include legislation, international treaties, subsidies and incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques. Several mandates have been proposed over the years, such as gasoline will never exceed $1.00/gallon (Nixon), and the United States will never again import as much oil as it did in 1977 (Carter), but no comprehensive long-term energy policy has been proposed, although there has been concern over this failure. Three Energy Policy Acts have been passed, in 1992, 2005, and 2007, which include many provisions for conservation, such as the Energy Star program, and energy development, with grants and tax incentives for both renewable energy and non-renewable energy. There is also criticism that federal energy policies since the 1973 oil crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for American entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidential administrations have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient...
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...Public policy reaches into all parts of society, and addresses social problems in a purposeful way, that has been decided to be for the good of the people. Any level of government, whether federal, state or local may be in involved in a particular policy effort because of social problems, public demand for action on these problems, and formulate or produce solutions that become formal plans of action (Kraft & Furlong, 2013). Resources are allocated, according to policy guidelines, to citizens within the US. Because we are a representative democracy, public opinion often mirrors public policy (Pawson & Wong, 2013). Public policy effects the public and is driven by social & economic conditions, among other things. Issues are brought forward and contemplated before they are deemed appropriate for being proposed for legislation. A policy often starts with a public problem that has been pressed by the public and/or groups for formal adoption. The issues are brought forward, solutions discussed and if found feasible, then may pushed forward to be adopted by legislatures (Pawson & Wong, 2013). For instance, states have speed limits to reduce the number of accidents on the road ways. In a given area, if there are higher than average deaths, there may be a push to reduce the speed limit on that stretch of road. I commute about an hour and a half each day to work and am often thankful to police officers who enforce the speed limit. Without these policies in effect...
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...United States Policy Student Name: Institution affiliated Professor’s Name Date The United States has significant nationwide interests towards the larger Middle East. These interests consist of the union and security of Iraq and also the continuous expansion of its self-governing institutions together with its reintegration in the region. Counterterrorism is one of The U.S. interests associated to Iraq among others. Today's U.S. policy on terrorism mainly focuses on the aspects of the terrorist threat. The First is that the main threat, which is that of the Islamic terrorism, is international in capacity that has now reached to an extent where it now concerns the support of the U.S. state-run security and also worldwide security. On September 1972, 11 athletes from Israeli were killed by Black September Organization at Munich Olympic. This Black September Organization yet again kidnapped and then killed the Ambassador of U.S. and his Deputy Chief and also a Belgian civil servant. The United States together with the United Kingdom has repeated been bombing Iraq territory in the earlier years. Now the States association wishes to put into effect the resolutions of the United Nations band also to end the rule of Saddam Hussein through overthrowing it in a major military process. The arrangement is strictly criticized by the global society and more mostly by countries like Germany...
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...Foreign policy is the nation’s structured plan on how to interact with other outside nations. Foreign policy has molded civilian culture and American History. When the United States developed, they arranged their own foreign policy that went towards Spain, Britain, and France. In Federalist Papers, John Jay argued that America should be under one main federal government instead of being divided into separate confederacies. Jay observed that the New World was a connected country rather than an isolated country. Jay wanted a bigger, united nation so it could defend itself from foreign invaders, such as the Spanish and the French. New England was surrounded by the French and the Spanish so having more power unit by a well-connected society was...
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...Unemployment Policies in the United States Amanda Bowman Russel Riggs American National Government February 8, 2015 In the United States, unemployment is a common occurrence. At this point you’d think that we would have pretty much everything figured out as far as being able to keep our people afloat financially. But slowly the middle class is disappearing, and there are a lot more Americans trying to survive on an unemployment income. The federal government has a lot of pull in whether people are eligible to receive unemployment benefits, and the amount that they’re entitled. The policies that go into making these benefits available to the unemployed have good points and bad points. The economy in the United States definitely isn’t where it should be in the past few years. A lot of people have been laid off because of either their company is downsizing or they aren’t making enough money to stay open and pay their employees. “More than four years into an economic recovery, the unemployment rate remains abnormally high and long-term joblessness a major problem. The employment crisis has exacerbated longer term U.S. labor market trends of rising inequality, tepid real wage growth for most workers, and a decline in middle-wage jobs” (Katz 2014). And in this sediment, there are thousands of Americans that are jobless and there doesn’t seem to be any relief any time soon. The specific policy that allows an individual to receive unemployment benefits actually gave...
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...United States Immigration Policies The concept of immigration has been in the realm of the United States for as long as it has existed. Legal immigration has been welcomed in the United States. Immigration is not a new issue, for it has been a topic to debate on for quite a while now, the only difference is, the arguments have become more intense. Whether it was a warm or cold welcoming, the idea of immigration has continued to occur. Although the essence of immigration started centuries ago with Mass Migration, the excessive overflow of immigration peaked at Ellis Island in 1907, with about 1 million immigrants being processed. Today, the 2000 U.S. Census Bureau accounted 12 million illegal immigrants currently residing in the country. By 1925, Ellis Island became known as the primary detention and deportation-processing center. According to the Congressional Budget Office there are a number of reason whys immigration has continued for so long. For example, immigration is known to reunite families by admitting immigrants with families that are currently in the United States. Further more, our country admits specific skilled workers for their own benefits and protects refugees that are already in danger in their own country. The most important reason why immigration is currently progressing in the U.S. is because the idea of diversity is important. Now, there are three different types of admissions, Permanent, Temporary, and Illegal Immigration. Permanent admissions contain...
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...The US foreign isolation policy consists on focusing the interest in the internal affairs of the country in search of prosperity, and to ensure safety. It was against of making alliance with other nations, or the participation in international conflicts outside the United States (United States History, n.d.). The US Isolation policy started during the presidency of G. Washington, who placed it in his Farewell Address. Later on, in 1823, Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine, which shared the same ideology as Washington (United States History, n.d.). However, when the Democratic party took the presidency of US failed in her aim of making the nation a protector of the world’s peace and democracy, which gave the power to the Republican party of reestablish the distrusted Isolation policy. When Woodrow Wilson entered to power, who was from the Democratic party, and this policy changed. He distrusted the Neutral policy, and took US into the First World War in order to “make the world safe for democracy”. He thought that it was a responsibility of the US to aimed it (The White House, n.d.). Nonetheless, because the great number of american soldiers dead casualties during the war, economic depression in an international level, and the need for increase attention to internal/domestic problems led the Republicans to argue against Wilson’s desire of enter into the the Covenant of the League of Nations (US Department of State: Office of the Historian, n.d.). Moreover, after the WWI...
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...Federal vs. State Policy Comparison Yadira Garcia Rodriguez Federal vs. States Policy Comparison In this assignment, I will be comparing and contrasting the differences and similarities of the federal and state government as it pertains to their role in the implementation of criminal justice policy, also I will address all aspects of policy development and implementation. A public policy is the body of principles that underpin the operation of legal systems in each state, also I will discuss each of the policies and how they are similar and how they are different. Federal and State policies are made to help keep our Country running smoothly. If there were no policies then keeping our Country safe would be a hard task. Policies are principles that are set to help make our Country operate on a daily bases. I like to think of it as rules that are set to keep our Country safe, because if there were no rules then everyone would be doing their own thing which could cause for a much disorganized situation and a chaos society. What is the definition of federal government? (A government with strong central powers According to "The Free Dictionary” (2012).When it comes to the federal government, their powers also control and pay the debt within this country. They also are the ones that created the rules and walls for immigration. They establish the punishment for those who create counterfeiting crimes. They also provide the fix in the...
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...08-11-2013 Formative essay 2. “With the increase in global interconnectedness, the scope of strategic policy choices available to individual governments and the effectiveness of many traditional policy instruments tend to decline”. Discuss. Throughout the last decades, the world has experienced a number of developments in for example the spatial, technological, economic, organizational and political areas (Scholte, 2005:91-101). These developments have given growth to an intense academic debate concerning whether or not contemporary society is being fundamentally restructured. The debate is dominated by different strands of scholars either believing in or rejecting this fundamental restructuring (Scholte, 2005:17-19). Central to the debate is states’ ability to decide for and implement policies independently. The object of this paper is to discuss if the scope and effectiveness of states’ strategic policy choices have declined due to the increase in global interconnectedness (Held and McGrew, 2003: 13). The discussion will focus on whether states different positions towards this issue. Also, the implications of economic interconnectedness on the welfare state will be considered. Bearing this in mind, the paper will begin by conceptualizing the term “state”. Also, an outline of the recent development leading to the so-called ‘globalization debate’ will be made in section II. This section will function as a preface to the discussion centered around the positions of sceptics and...
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...The Environmental Policy of the United States The environmental policy of the United States is federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. This policy grew mainly out of the environmental movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s during which several environmental laws were passed, regulating air and water pollution and forming the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations, there has been a backlash from business and politically conservative interests, limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment. Since the 1970s, despite frequent legislative gridlock, there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation, including increases in air and water quality and, to a lesser degree, control of hazardous waste. Due to increasing scientific consensus on global warming and political pressure from environmental groups, modifications to the United States energy policy and limits on greenhouse gas emission have been proposed, but such efforts have made limited progress. Power delegation and policy jurisdiction[edit] Executive branch[edit] ...
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...Federal versus State Policy Comparison Johnny Mc Loud-Hoover CJA 463 Federal versus State Policy Comparison The Federal government does not play as big of a role in decisions as the state government does, but they are just as important in the criminal of justice system. This is because the state courts tend to do the most sentencing while the Federal courts are used to deal with Federal cases. However, the Federal can oversee the State and even change or set rules in which the state must go by in future cases. The government’s role is to be as supportive such as in providing funding to the states to aid in activities pertaining to the criminal justice process and which warrant national attention (federalism, 2008). This has led to some noted differences in the criminal justice policy between the federal as well as the state governments. This paper therefore seeks to analyze the apparent similarities and differences in the development and implementation of the criminal justice policy within these governments. DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY Generally, the federal government has a significant role in the formulation of various policies within the states but such these policies are never a requirement for the individual states. The policies centering on criminal justice are considered to be a local matter and are largely determined by individual states. Thus the formulation of criminal and other policies at the state level will depend on...
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...Failure of Education Policy in the United States The United States has always struggled to find a way to provide an education system that provides a solid educational foundation for America’s youth. The government’s use of education policies to help better America’s education system many say has failed along with politicians attempts to solve this problem. In this paper we will be searching for an answer to a question that plagues many concerned parents and many politicians as well: Has the education policy failed in the United States? In order to answer this question we must look back on the historical background of the issue, we must review the past and present policies in place and we must identify the proposed solutions. It is our intention, with this research, to understand why or why not our education policies have failed America’s youth. There is a major problem in America and it is not one that is hard to spot if you are a concerned parent looking at your child’s test scores, a student enrolled in America’s public schools, a politician seeking to pass a new policy or even a concerned citizen, because when it comes to building a strong, intellectual country Americans’ know we need an education system that adequately prepares our youth. With so many statistics showing the decline of test scores it is not hard to identify the educational problem in America. However, there are many different beliefs as to why the education policy is failing in the United States; however, there...
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...PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY IN INDIA INTRODUCTION * The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the constitution, are directions given to the central and state governments to guide the establishment of a just society in the country. According to the constitution, the government should keep them in mind while framing laws, even though they are non-justiciable in nature. Directive Principles are classified under the following categories: Gandhian, social, economic, political, administrative, legal, environmental, protection of monuments, peace and security. * Article 36 to 51 of the Constition of India embodies the Directive Principles of State policy and for these we are indebted to the Constitution of Ireland. The objective is to establish a social and economic democracy in India * Article 37 reveals that : 1. The Directive Principles are not justiciable 2. They are Fundamental in the governance of the country 3. It shall be the duty of the State to apply these Directive Principles while formulating policies or making laws for the governance of the State CLASSIFICATION * Socialist Principles * Liberal Principles * Gandhian Principles * International principles SOCIALIST PRINCIPLES * Article 38 of the Constitution of India shall endeavour to formulate such social system which will secure social, economic and political justice to all in all the spheres of life. * Article 39(a) the state shall try to formulate...
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...Protectionist policy has been deep rooted in the history of the United States of America since 1789 when Alexander Hamilton leveled an “average taxation level of about 8.5 percent on imported goods.” (Merry 2016) The theory and practice of protecting domestic products, industries, and labor from foreign competition by taxing imports is not novel. However, as a capitalistic society there is great controversy about the effectiveness and externalities associated with this theory. With the political realm igniting a new flame behind implication of protectionist policy the hot button debate is now center stage again. On the first day of the presidency of Donald J. Trump, he removed the United States from the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). From...
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...Realism Theory focused Chinese – United States Foreign Policy There is no disputing that the United States (US) has been known around the world as the superior, single most dominating state for decades (Drew & Snow, 2006). There should be no surprise we are now seeing the rest of the world questioning how to deal with taming the American power (Walt, 2005). China along with other nations are facing this daunting question of how to balance the power, even the playing field by striving to become a great power (Forsyth, 2008). This essay will address the realism theory focusing on the three of the instruments of power (IOP) as it applies to the Chinese foreign policy towards the US. To begin with, this essay will touch on Chinas fluctuating military stance. China continues to display the traditional realist view of balancing power plus states gain their power through war and military intimidation (Forsyth, 2010). Chinas strategic culture and historical record shows they are willing to use force to maintain security and power against the US. They are positioning their assets and “threatening potential US conflict over Taiwan” (Gompert & Phillip, 2011, 42). They’ve increased their military budget, showed capabilities by shooting down a satellite, and “acquired military capabilities-including anti-ship cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and electronic countermeasure technologies—that could hinder US forces if they tried to operate in China’s neighborhood” (Walt...
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