...Introduction Public Health Law is a tool for protecting and promoting the health of the public and it is guided by a set of three principles known as the Core Functions of Public Health, which includes assessment, policy development, and assurance (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Florida Department of Health, 2012). It plays a critical role in reducing illness and premature death. It also examines the authority of the government at various jurisdictional levels to improve the health of the general population within societal limits and norms, in addition to, improving the likelihood that citizens nationally and globally can lead healthy, long, and productive lives (Public Health Law Association, 2010; Wikipedia, 2012). The Core public health functions provided by public health law define the important role that the public health system plays, at the local, state, and national levels, in maintaining the health and safety of citizens (Minnesota Department of Health, 2012). These functions represent the spectrum of activities and responsibilities that are shared among public health system partners (Key Elements of Wisconsin’s Public Health System, 2012). Public Health Core Function Principally Addressed In the article, Public Health Law in a New Century, Lawrence Gostin mainly addressed the importance of policy development by the government in public health. The government is the single most important force shaping our healthcare system (The Role of State and Local...
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...Health Care Law, Regulations and Policy HCS/545 November 23, 2015 Health Care Law, Regulations and Policy Health Care law and legislation came about to define the scope of acceptable practice of clinicians, while protecting the public’s individual rights. Miller and Hutton states “Law can be defined as a system of principles and processes by which people who live in a society attempt to control human conduct to minimize the use of force in resolving conflicting interests.” When creating laws, conflicting interest often takes into consideration the basis ethical principles that includes autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice to name a few. Laws, particularly health care laws are often in the form of a statutes, such as the nurse practice act, that serves as a guidance for nurses to know what defines and limits our practice. As such, the law also regulates how statures must be enforced. Administrative agencies, such as the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services under the auspices of the Health and Human Services, have created rules and regulations to enforce statutory laws. When we look at laws in nursing and other industries, it is an extension to address ethical issues that universally affects our society. Health care agencies are mandated to adhere to the rules that are created by regulatory agencies that can come in the form of laws, regulations, or codes, and are enforced through controls that make sure that these rules are adhered...
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...that refers to the measuring of how well a public policy really works. Efficiency takes into consideration several factors such as cost, results, impact, feedback and puts it all together to measure the overall success of a public policy under an efficient point of view. While it is true that efficiency more often than not is represented by a ratio between results and costs, it could be argued that other factors play a role in it. Ultimately, high efficiency is very hard to achieve even when measuring some of the best policies, but what is even harder is determining a cost for a specific policy. Therefore, efficiency is often measured by analyzing procedural efficiency instead which compares what is produced to its cost. Implementation: Implementation is a term that refers to putting public policies into effect in order to achieve goals set for those policies. However, in reality implementation is hard to achieve as there are so many different ways to stop a public policy from being adopted or carried out. In fact, one thing is to have a public policy approved by law, but even then its implementation is not guaranteed which means administrators who have their public policies implemented should consider themselves lucky. An example of implementation would be the actual actions required to get a public policy started, whatever those may be. Coming up with public programs is one thing, but its implementation is what makes the program/policy work and have any impact on society. Iron...
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...What are the important issues with the At-Will Law? Law545x Fall 2015 Sullivan University Charles Wayne Wood Abstract Introduction In exploring the history of the At-Will law I hope avoid first person to review the positive and negative effects on the At-Will law dealing with employee and employers, does it help both new sentence?? I will explore contracts between employees and employers, how can they be terminated, and if so does the employee get paid till the end of the contract. I will discuss the possibilities of just causes on the employee or employer can they be used to terminate the contract. awkward Do the different states have laws that help the employees or the employer? At the end of this research I hope to show trends in the law as it has changed in the past 10 to 15 years. The History of the Law The At-Will law was first created? by Horace Wood (1877). As my research has let me to believe Mr. Wood only created the concept of At-Will employment, he stated that the courts have already accepted it as the doctrine of the time. Mr. Wood’s statements were the catalyst of what’s the beginning of a number of new laws creating the At-Will employment doctrine. In his writing Sandler (2000), also agrees that Mr. Wood helped the courts pull away from the rules and laws set by the English at the time and helped to establish the new law for the USA. The general rule in American employment has...
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...Public Policy: Beliefs and Influence To start off, how do you define public policy? This question is so simple, yet everyone seems to define it differently from one person to another. According to Thomas A Birkland, a political scientist specializing in the study of public policy, he writes “Considerable debate remains over whether there is one coherent set of principles that can govern the study and understanding of what we call public policy. Since, there are many ways to define public policy”. Laws and public policy should be influenced by cultural and religious beliefs to a certain extent. First off, this country was founded off of Catholicism and Christianity. The majority of our population still actively believes in them to this day. Not only does religion have the capability of keeping people in line, but it gives people an incentive to be good to one another. After all, sinning is bad and the way to go to heaven is through moral actions and projecting love to one another. People have deep rooted beliefs and it makes them scared to do bad things, since there is the possibility of going to hell. The 10 Commandments are a good thing to abide by since they encourage upholding moral action and truth. Because of this, there are some cases in which it is better to have laws and public policy influenced by religion. In these cases, religion would...
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...Definition of Public Policy: Since there is no such a detailed definition of Public Policy exist till date, therefore, it is a disposition in excess of a science, an insecurely prearranged form of principles and situations sooner than a firmly combined form of methodical information, more skill and ability than a unpretentious science. Usage of Public Policy for the betterment of the People: Public policy is the best equipment for the government through with it control and process its business for the betterment of the people. That is why, lawmakers of every civil government wants to make that kind of public policy which makes such a wonderful result in respect to the betterment of the people to make their span of government lasting for further...
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...The Role of Government in Policy-Making Holly Regan HSM/240 January 26, 2014 Terra Harris The Role of Government in Policy-Making There are three branches of government established by the U.S. Constitution which are: the legislative branch, executive branch, and the judicial branch. The purpose for these three branches of government is to establish the individual and combined powers of each branch, while reserving the rights of each individual state in the union, (Buzzle, 2014. The outline for The Constitution clearly and concisely defined the importance of jury trials, accountability of the government and the protection of every citizen’s rights and civil liberties of the United States of America. It is the business of the legislative branch, the Congress and Senate, to propose and enact laws. It is the business of the executive branch to see that the laws are put into effect through various governmental departments and it is the business of the judiciary (the court system) to preside and rule over who is right or wrong according to the criminal, civil law and often administrative law. Before a social policy or program can come before the judiciary branch of government, someone must believe that a law has been broken. One of the most important parts of policy making are legislative tasks and these tasks are necessary for paving the way for getting a bill passed into law. First task: for an interest group is to clearly define its issue, have complete unanimity...
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...The Role of Government in Policy-Making Holly Regan HSM/240 January 26, 2014 Terra Harris The Role of Government in Policy-Making There are three branches of government established by the U.S. Constitution which are: the legislative branch, executive branch, and the judicial branch. The purpose for these three branches of government is to establish the individual and combined powers of each branch, while reserving the rights of each individual state in the union, (Buzzle, 2014. The outline for The Constitution clearly and concisely defined the importance of jury trials, accountability of the government and the protection of every citizen’s rights and civil liberties of the United States of America. It is the business of the legislative branch, the Congress and Senate, to propose and enact laws. It is the business of the executive branch to see that the laws are put into effect through various governmental departments and it is the business of the judiciary (the court system) to preside and rule over who is right or wrong according to the criminal, civil law and often administrative law. Before a social policy or program can come before the judiciary branch of government, someone must believe that a law has been broken. One of the most important parts of policy making are legislative tasks and these tasks are necessary for paving the way for getting a bill passed into law. First task: for an interest group is to clearly define its issue, have complete unanimity...
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...Grace Abushalback Introduction to Law November 14, 2017 The Supreme Court can choose how politically active they are. Their decisions influence and impact public policy as well as the current laws in place. They can either choose to interpret a case and use judicial activism or judicial restraint. Judicial activism is the Court’s inclination to enact change in society. It is done in order to adjust to the needs of society in a way which the Justices deem acceptable. On the contrary, there is judicial restraint which is in direct opposition to judicial activism. It allows for the Justices to curtail their powers and they, in turn, avoid making significant changes in public policy. There are three notable processes...
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...The Laws and Citizens Rights are overlooked then there would start to be chaos and the citizens are going to be confused. The government would have a hard time to get everyone back into order. The EQ is about what this whole entire essay is going to be about. What would happen in a government if people didn’t know there rights as a citizen. We are going to describe different topics and about the government. The first general naturalization law, providing a simple administrative process for obtaining naturalization appeared when Parliament passed Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 The act required declarations of allegiance and supremacy from aliens and, similar to the private naturalization process, imposed sacramental tests...
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...America's War on Drugs: Policy and Problems In this paper I will evaluate America's War on Drugs. More specifically, I will outline our nation's general drug history and look critically at how Congress has influenced our current ineffective drug policy. Through this analysis I hope to show that drug prohibition policies in the United States, for the most part, have failed. Additionally, I will highlight and evaluate the influences acting on individual legislators' decisions to continue support for these ineffective policies as a more general demonstration of Congress' role in the formation of our nation's drug policy strategy. Finally, I will conclude this analysis by outlining the changes I feel necessary for future progress to be made. Primary among these changes are a general promotion of drug education and the elimination of our current system's many de-legitimating hypocrisies. However, before the specific outcomes of Congressional influence and policy impact can be evaluated it becomes important to first review the general history and current situation of drugs today. Our present drug laws were first enacted at the beginning of the century. At the time, recreational use of narcotics was not a major social issue. The first regulatory legislation was for the purpose of standardizing the manufacturing and purity of pharmaceutical products. Shortly after, the first criminal laws were enacted which addressed opium products and cocaine. Although some states had prohibited the...
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...corrections measured by the black to white per capita incarceration rates vary from state to state, This paper will analyze the current trends and the impact incarceration has on communities of color and how criminal justice policy and practice plays a role in this. According to the Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, out of a total population of 1,976,019 incarcerated in adult facilities, 1,239,946 or 63 percent are black or Latino, though these two groups constitute only 25 percent of the national population. Some of the greatest racial disparities in rates of incarceration happen in states in which minorities are massed in urban areas, which tend to have both higher rates of crime and greater law enforcement activity. This paper will also discuss how these incarcerations affect the offenders, public safety, criminal policies and procedures. Racial Disparities in Corrections There are many factors regarding the disproportional rates of incarceration in communities of color. Data generated by the U.S. Department of Justice predicts that if current trends continue, one out of every three black males born today will go to prison in his lifetime, as well as one of every six Latino males. The rates of incarceration for women overall are lower than for men, but similar racial/ethnic disparities still apply. Some law makers are looking at ways to develop policies and practices to reduce insupportable racial disparities in the criminal justice...
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...A Research Paper on The United States’ Health Care Policy Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA) I. Delineation and overview of policy under analysis a.) What is the policy to be analyzed? The policy to be analyzed is the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or colloquially referred to as Obamacare. The PPACA Bill was passed into law after Barack Obama signed it on March 23, 2010. However, it should be noted that specific provisions in the law is designed to be effective in staggered dates, that is, not all provisions in the law is effective the moment it was signed by Obama. Some provisions in the statute is designed to be effective beginning at the year 2020. b.) What is the nature of the problem being targeted by the policy? PPACA aims to improve the coverage of healthcare insurance. Thus, to achieve this, the policy targets people who do not have any health insurance. Unless exempted for the following reasons - religious beliefs, individuals who cannot afford the healthcare coverage, taxpayers whose income is below the income threshold, or any person deemed to belong from an Indian tribe- the statute requires individuals to avail a health care insurance plan or pay a penalty. II. Historical Analysis a.) What policies and programs were developed in the past to deal with the problem? Policies that were developed in the past to deal with the same problem of limited and reluctant healthcare coverage include the Medicare (1965)...
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...Holeman Table of Contents Employment at will Doctrine 2 Public-policy exception 2 Implied-contract exception 3 Covenant-of-good-faith and Tort based exceptions 3 Evaluation each of the eight (8) scenarios: 4 Recommend whistleblower policy 7 Fundamental Items to Whistleblower policy 8 References 10 Employment at will Doctrine According to Clarkson, Miller, Jentz & Cross (2004, p.235), employment at will is a common law doctrine under which either party may terminate an employment relationship at any time for any reason, unless a contract specifies otherwise. Today this common law doctrine is widely used and applies in every state except Montana. However, state and federal statutes that govern employment relationships prevent the doctrine from being applied under certain circumstances. As such, employees who are wrongfully discharged may bring legal action against their employer based on violations of employment contract or statutory law. These state and federal statutes collectively are known as the exceptions to the employment at will doctrine that the courts adopted because of the harsh effects on employees. Public-policy exception According to Sentell & Robbins (2008), under the public-policy exception to employment at will, an employee is wrongfully discharged when the termination is against an explicit, well-established public policy of the State. For example, in most States, an employer cannot terminate an employee for filing a workers’...
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...………... .pg 3 1.2 Chinese units……………………………………………………... pg 4 2. Public Financial Management Process……………………..……….. pg 4 Conventional Budget Accounting …………………………………………pg 5 1. Overall and Unit Budgets…………………….…………………….. pg 5 2. Characteristics of the Chinese Budget Accounting System ….….…..pg 6 2.1 Accounting as a Budget Tool…………………….…………….. pg 6 2.2 Characteristics…………….…………………….……………… pg 7 The 1994 Budget Law………………………………..…………………… pg 8 1. Scope…….……………………………………………………….....pg 8 2. Institutional structure…………………………………………….....pg 8 3. Budget policy……………………………………………………….pg 9 3.1 General Policy…………………………………………………. pg 9 3.2 Separate Revenue System……………………………………....pg 9 3.3 Dual Budgeting System………………………………………...pg 10 3.4 Functional Classification of the Budget………………………...pg 10 3.5 Increased Budgetary transparency………………………………pg 11 3.6 Increased Effectiveness in resource utilization………………….pg 11 Further development………………………………………………………..pg 12 With almost 1,331,349,519 million people, China has 22 percent of the world population. Among them are 1,800,000 accountants working in the almost 500,000 administrative agencies and public service institutions in the public sector, and many more are in state enterprises. The rapid and sustained growth of the Chinese economy produced...
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