...considered during the policy-making process. Theory of Change is a relatively new theoretical framework developed in the early 2000's by Organizational Research Services as a conceptual model for how policy change occurs. It is a tool used for developing solutions to complicated social problems and depicts how a complex change initiative can unfold over time. Theory of Change also explains how long and short-term outcomes can be used to achieve long-range goals. When used respectability in relation to social policies, Theory...
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...organized group that is determined to encourage or prevent changes in public policy without any interest or attempts to be elected. Such groups are formed among individuals who share common ideas, views, beliefs, and commands; where they work hard in trying to influence government officials' decision making by presenting their ideas and beliefs directly to them (Wilson, 2009). There are countless interest groups that exist in the United States today, and there are several reasons behind their rapid growth and existence. One is the diversity of our nation and large amounts of immigrants from all over the world; having different cultures and backgrounds which lead to different views and expectations of the government. Another factor playing a role in the ability for interest groups to form is the nature of our decentralized political system and the manner in which the Constitution was written; giving citizens the freedom and many rights that other countries do not have. Since the Constitution gives people the power to choose who and how the nation should be governed, it gives them access to politicians and those holding seats in office, to demand and have the freedom to speak up about their expectations of their leaders. And lastly, the weakness of our political parties help set the stage for more and more interest groups to arise; using both areas of strength and weakness of each political party to influence policy makers. An interest group works directly with a strong political...
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...Personal differences and preference can greatly impact organizational ethics especially in medical field. Many times, medical decision such as courses of treatment is based on the treating physician experience which sometimes includes physician’s preference of certain medication over another. Pharmaceutical companies often visit hospital and clinic in hope of encouraging physician to prescribe their line of medication over their competitor. The encouragement may include free sample of the medication, notepad, pen, or even an out of town seminar. The seminar is often paid for by the pharmaceutical company that may include a few hours of actual seminar and the rest of the weekend free to leisure activities, according to Carollo (2010), “pharmaceutical companies paid out more than $250 million to some 17,000 doctors and nursed across the country in 2009 and 2010”. Most if not all drugs have side-effect and drugs used to treat the same symptom may have different side effect depending on its ingredient. A physician preference of one type of drug over another, whether it’s due to pass experience of prescribing the drugs or other benefit provided by the pharmaceutical company that come along with prescribing the drugs. Two physicians treating the same symptoms may prescribe two different course of treatment or medication based on the different experience each physician have. Physician A may have prescribed Medication 1 to a patient in pass. That patient may have reacted badly to medication...
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...An overview and Descriptions : In very democracy, Interest groups are as old as political parties existence. Interest groups, equally known as advocacy or pressure groups, are associations or organizations of individuals who share a common interest and assert their collective strength in the political process to protect — and in some cases, expand — that interest. They are Non-profit and usually voluntary organization whose members have a common cause for which they seek to influence public policy, without seeking political control. Their primary activities are lobbying the members of legislative bodies through contribution to political parties, working to elect sympathetic or pliable politicians, and conducting covert or open propaganda campaigns. At this juncture, My emphasis is on The Anti-Abortion Right Group in My State of Maryland,which is of particular interest to me. Because my Delegate is a Republican. In the late 1960s, a number of organizations were formed to mobilize opinion against the legalization of abortion. In the United States, the National Right to Life Committee was formed in 1968, while in Australia, the National Right to Life formed in 1970. The United States pro-life movement (also known as the United States anti-abortion movement or the United States right-to-life movement) as a social and political movement in the united state opposing on moral or sectarian grounds elective Abortion and usually supporting its legal prohibition or restriction. Advocates...
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...Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract=860865 Paternalism and Psychology Edward L. Glaeser† Does bounded rationality make paternalism more attractive? This Essay argues that errors will be larger when suppliers have stronger incentives or lower costs of persuasion and when consumers have weaker incentives to learn the truth. These comparative statics suggest that bounded rationality will often increase the costs of government decisionmaking relative to private decisionmaking, because consumers have better incentives to overcome errors than government decisionmakers, consumers have stronger incentives to choose well when they are purchasing than when they are voting and it is more costly to change the beliefs of millions of consumers than a handful of bureaucrats. As such, recognizing the limits of human cognition may strengthen the case for limited government. INTRODUCTION An increasingly large body of evidence documenting bounded rationality and non-standard preferences has led many scholars to question eco1 nomics’ traditional hostility towards paternalism. After all, if individuals have so many cognitive difficulties then it is surely possible that government intervention can improve welfare. As Christine Jolls, Cass Sunstein, and Richard Thaler write: “bounded rationality pushes toward a sort of antiantipaternalism—a skepticism about antipaternalism, but not an affirmative 2 defense of paternalism.” Even if these authors stop short of...
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...Using the health belief model, how can nurses encourage patients to make immediate and permanent behavior changes; particularly as they relate to lifestyle choices? Perceived severity is the degree to which the person attributes negative medical, clinical, or social consequences to being diagnosed with an illness. Together, perceived susceptibility and perceived severity provide motivation for reducing or eliminating such threats. The type of action taken depends on perceived benefits (beliefs about the effectiveness of different actions) and perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of particular actions). People are thought to weigh an action's effectiveness in reducing a health threat against possible negative outcomes The health promotion, have achieved through internal mechanisms intrinsic or three people, some of these are: 1. Self-care, ie, decisions and actions that the person performs for the benefit of their own health. 2. Mutual aid or that people do to help each other according to the situation they are living. 3. The creation of healthy environments or environmental conditions that promote health, such as healthy schools that constitute enhancers scenarios the capacities of children, in which health education and health promotion They are educational options for human development and values education in childhood. The health promotion in addition to personal and behavioral considers as more comprehensive strategy for implementation and dissemination...
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...Assess the influence of a recent national policy initiative promoting anti-discriminatory practice (M2) In this assignment, I am going to assess the influences of a recent national policy which promotes anti-discriminatory practice. There are several national policies and legislations in place to make sure that individual’s are not discriminated against due to their circumstances. One of these is the Age Discrimination Act 2006. Age discrimination, or ‘ageism’, is defined by personnel today as “any prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of age”. When we talk of age discrimination in a work place, this is generally where someone has missed out on the opportunity to get a job on the grounds of their age, whether they are thought of as too old or too young. The Age Discrimination Act 2006 requires that all employment practices are based on skills and competences, rather than the age of the person. Not only does this policy have rules regarding getting employed, it has rules that must be followed when the employee is working. So, if an individual feels that they are being treated differently because of their age, they are able to make a complaint against that staff member/colleague and/or sue them. A strength of the Age Discrimination act is that when employers are looking for new staff members, they will employ staff based on how suited they are to the job. Sometimes, when employers don’t think that someone of an older age will be the best for the job, this can be a mistake...
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...Noxolo Nkosi 206513080 Policy analysis 701 21 April 2013 Decision making one Introduction Human action depends upon a setoff alternatives act from which to choose, belies and some representation of the values of the consequences of the act given the possible belief. In policy cycle decision making is a step that falls within policy formation and implementation (Etzion, 168, from Parsons, 1995). This is the stage in policy cycle where choices are made between alternatives. Decisions are made when it is believed that the decision to be made will produce or will lead to desired state of the world. Values and belief are put forward in decision making and the time frame to which that goal is to be achieved at is also set. Power plays a big role in decision making, techniques as well as strategies is required as to how to select an appropriate and a sound decision. There are people who are appointed as the role players in decision making those people poses power and they have authority for making decision. The issues o decision will be explored with regard to the policy context as well as the policy they impact on policy making , I will also look at how the policy analysis serve to explain or to describe how decision come to be made. Issue • The issue is about the decision analysis techniques which serves to explain how decisions are ought to be made. • The role of...
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...Personal Perception Paper Amanda Jones CJA/385 Nick Watt July 7, 2016 Personal Perception Paper When it comes to criminal justice policies, there is a moral and ethical obligation involved in the policy making process. When it comes to policy making, there are various levels this takes place on, and affects all walks of society in trying to prevent and reduce the amount of crime that takes place. It is the responsibility of policy makers to make smart and sound choices as well as ethical ones all the while, analyzing the issues that need the most addressing. In this paper we will discuss the different perceptions that take place in the policy making process. The policy making process consists of the proposal of specific criteria for the prevention and reduction of crime in today’s society. When beliefs, ideologies and interests meet, policy making can take places and a political power can be assigned. This process takes places in steps. Policy analysis is when there is an evaluation of the different implications of each policy and the individual policies alone. In the criminal justice field, policy making requires specific areas to be covered such as legislative drafting, legislative enactment, agenda setting, public hearings, legislative implementation and legislative reauthorization. While in our reading, the definitions are similar, they state that policy making is an unbiased process and while in theory this could be true, it is not in practice. There is often a lot of skepticism...
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...executed) than are whites, who are highly resistant to persuasion and, in the case of the racial argument, actually become more supportive of the death penalty upon learning that it discriminates against blacks. These interracial differences in response to the framing of arguments against the death penalty can be explained, in part, by the degree to which people attribute the causes of black criminality to either dispositional or systemic forces (i.e., the racial biases of the criminal justice system). he conventional wisdom on public opinion toward the death penalty in the United States, as summarized nicely by Ellsworth and Gross, is that people “feel strongly about the death penalty, know little about it, and feel no need to know more” (1994, 19). As a consequence of these feelings, the authors argue, attitudes tend to be relatively crystallized and, therefore, unresponsive to question phrasing or arguments that are contrary to an individual’s belief. We must wonder, then, why views of the death penalty vary so dramatically over time and across contexts. Gallup surveys document a...
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...Neighborhood Public Policy Assignment NUR/408 4/2/2012 University of Phoenix I believe that the scenario involved is a public safety issue. In this scenario Marcus Young was hit by a car that was speeding and driven by a teenage boy named by Charles. Marcus rode his bike out form between two cars and was hit by a car. With bicycles being associated with many childhood injuries it fits with being a public safety issue. After this incident the teenager that hit Marcus was let off with what Angie Young felt was a light punishment. It included a loss of his licenses until age 20. Angie felt something more needed to be done to increase the safety of the children in the neighborhood so she wrote a letter to her congress women complaining about the speed limit around her neighborhood. She asked what could be done to lower the speeding cars that come through the neighborhood and it was suggested that she campaign petition to have speed bumps installed on her street. This is a demonstration of how the legislative process can influence public health when a citizen complaints or voices their concern to law makers about an issue that means something to them. Mrs. Young rounded up 500 signatures for the petition which shows that the speeding in this neighborhood is a public safety concern to the Neighborhood citizens. Bicycle and pedestrian safety comes under public safety and many communities have laws that require children to wear personal safety equipment...
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...Congress, makes the laws. The executive branch, which is the president, actualizes the laws. The legal branch is the court framework that interprets the laws and decides lawful discussions. Checks and Balances Checks and balances provide restraints on the powers of the other two. The president has the power to sign the legislation, which makes it a law, or it can be vetoed. The president appoints judges but the Senate provides advice and consent. The courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and laws therefore it can uphold overturn the legislature or make decisions on the president’s actions. The courts check both the legislature and executive branch by judicial reviews. Since judges are selected, Congress and the president can influence the judiciary branch. The states have a three-part government, which are the state government, state legislature and the...
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...OTTAWA DECLARATION AND HEALTH PROMOTIN PRINCIPLE by Dr Ojeremi Taiwo Tosin OUTLINE. Introduction Health Promotion Elements and Components Guiding Principles Consumer Rights and Health Conclusion INTRODUCTION The concept of HEALTH PROMOTION is broader than health education. There was a growing realization that health education can influence knowledge, but on its own may not result in behaviour change. Hence the concept of Health Promotion was defined at the landmark Global Conference on Health promotion. HEALTH PROMOTION Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and it’s determinants, and thereby improve their health. A planned combination of educational, political, regulatory and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups or communities (Green and kreuter,1999.) It is a core function of public health and contributes to the work of tackling communicable and non communicable diseases and other threats to health. Health promotion therefore involves a multidisciplinary application of skills in psychology,anthropology,economic,political theory, consumer rights/law,communication,media design,epidemiology,management,community mobilization and the application of resaerch,planning and evaluation skills. Who does Health Promotion? Health Promotion is part of the role of a wide range of field staff within health and other services...
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...August 25, 2014 Amy Weaver FNP Community Conceptual Model Milio's framework for prevention was created as a complement to health belief model (HBM). HBM is based on individuals avoiding disease, but has limitations, such as placing the burden of action on the patient (Nies and McEwen, 2011). While Milio recognized these limitations, she continued the development of her framework for prevention. She focused on opportunities for nurses to make changes at the population level. Milio also noted that health care deficits resulted in an imbalance between health needs and health resources, and therefore believed that health promoting resources should be readily available and at a low cost. No matter what a person’s background is, they will choose options that are the simplest and less resistant. If the simplest means were choosing health-damaging options, individuals will present increased risk for poor health. It is up to the policies created by the government, federal or local, and organization to provide the education and resources for individuals. Based on Milios framework of prevention, these resources should be cost efficient and easily learned. According to Milio (1976) "The range of options available to them, and the ease with which they may choose certain ones over others is typically set by organizations public and private, formal and informal" (p. 435). Depending on the health concern and the health resources available, the data item sets may...
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...issues and has been long utilized in HIV prevention in the United States and in development internationally, in projects varying from sanitation to child survival, clean water, and health infrastructure. People do not live in a vacuum, independent of influences around them. Rather, social, cultural, and economic factors strongly influence young people's ability to access reproductive and sexual health information and services. However, the quality of participation varies from project to project. Moreover, in spite of the failure of many health programs designed without the participation of target communities, some professionals continue to question the value of community members' participating in program design, implementation, and evaluation. This article looks at the critical importance of community participation in addressing the reproductive and sexual health of adolescents. Oakley and Marsden (1987) defined community participation as the process by which individuals, families, or communities assume responsibility for their own welfare and develop a capacity to contribute to their own and the community’s development. In the context of development, community participation refers to an active process whereby beneficiaries influence the direction and execution of development projects rather than merely receive a share of project benefits (Paul, in Bamberger, 1986). Paul’s five objectives to which community participation might contribute are: 1. Sharing project costs: participants...
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