...Changing Contemporary World of States (Robert Jackson & George Sorensen) Muhammmad Alaydrus / 201310360311128 Many Important Questions in the study of IR are connected with the theory and practice of sovereign statehood.There are two perspectives about the proper scope of IR.At one extreme scholarly focus is exclusively on states and interstate relations; but another extreme IR includes almost everything that has to do with human relations across the world. So,it is very important to study about this two different prespectives if we hope to understand about the rounded and knowledge of IR. The state system is the main point of reference both for traditional and for new approaches.There are debates about how we should conceptualize the state and different IR theories take somewhat different approaches.but,however the fact is that state and the state system remain at the center of academic analysis and discussion in IR. We Must be Alert to the fact that the sovereign state is a contested theoritical concept.there are many different answers about the question “What is the state?” ; “What is the state system?”. There are different answers is because depending on the theoritical approach adopted.None of the answers are stricktly speaking either correct or incorrect because the truth is, the state is a multifaceted and somewhat confusing entity. The state is have two different dimensions.it is divided into two broad categories. The first dimensions is the state as a government...
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...To what extent do organizations like the IMF, WTO, and World Bank challenge the nation state’s ability to shape domestic economic and social policy? The World Trade Organization welcomed with open arms Russia in 2012. This would open up trade possibilities for many countries in Asia, Europe and even the US. Some US companies, like Caterpillar, are already exporting a substantial amount to Russia. However, many in Congress do not want to grant Russia permanent normal trade status because of the way Russia has handled many political situations. As Andrew Kramer brought out in his NY Times article, “Congress has balked at the Obama administration’s request to grant Russia permanent normal trade relation status”. This could lead to retaliation by Russia against US companies by applying higher tariffs on their imported goods. According to Mr. Kramer’s article, the US company Caterpillar has sold 2 billion dollars worth of equipment to Russia in the last 5 years. However, President Obama’s administration, as well as his predecessors, has pushed to open up more trade with Russia. The WTO requires that all member nations have applied the same trade rules. Therefore, since the US is the largest financial contributor to the WTO, it would seem to be expected that it would play by the rules. So the WTO certainly has an effect on how the US constructs it trade policy with Russia. The pressure from inside the country, especially from those who think that Congress’ inaction could cost US...
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...Society in the United States an Ever Changing World ETH/125 08/26/2012 Society in the United States an Ever Changing World In the United States we have the ability to come across many different people and be able to learn from one another. In earlier times, we have been able to see how different some people were treated than others, but we are now able to live among one another and try to live peacefully. This is a cycle that will continue to happen as people become more and more tolerable to the differences we all have to bring to the table. This will only become easier with time as we all learn to accept the differences that we bring to the table. The benefits to living in a diverse community and society are that people are able to learn about other cultures and possibly be able to pick up one or more things from one another. When people are not familiar with other cultures or even places around the world they may feel a bit out of place and afraid when they do come to meet them, but this can all be avoided by being a bit more open minded and learn from others. Learning from a Diverse Society I have been taught the idea that everyone is equal, but I have finally found the meaning behind the saying. There had been some confusion in my eyes on whether or not everyone was the same, but in the end I find that we are all the same with different upbringings and possibly different culture. I...
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...United States entry into World War II was spurred on December 7, 1941. When the Japanese Naval Forces bombed Pearl Harbor without any warning leaving it with mass destruction. As a result, there was two thousand four hundred and three killed and thousands wounded. The United States declared war on Japan December 8th. Seventy- two hours later, Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. A short two months later, President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order that ordered the internment of all Japanese Americans into camps for the rest of the war. Before the Second World War was ignited; there were still issues from the former war that led up to it. After the First World War, which the treaties that ended but left bad intentions. The Peace of Paris only satisfied few countries such as Germany and Austria, so the other losing side of the war was very un-happy...
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...World War 11 Insight in Mexico and United States Name Course Instructor Date of submission World War 11 Insight The Second World War occurred between the years 1939 to 1945. Second World War was a sharp reversal for the history of Chicano. It was a new dawn where there was desperation. The depression had left population decline, hopeless communities, broken dreams, the war brought high population, rejuvenated hopes and uprising society. There was a great labor shortage due to the war and great industrial expansion. The Chicanos could get entry into jobs due to the increased demand for the military officers. The move opened ways for the Chicanos; they left their traditional economic activities and were employed in the army and the industries that had been closed up to them previously. Due to labor shortage experienced, it caused the US to turn to Mexico; there was a great need for laborers who would work for the Americans. This was the cause for the formulation of the bracero program. On august 4 1942, the US and Mexicans instituted a bracero program. The bracero program is believed to have the development of rich American agricultural industry. More than four million Mexican laborers came to work in the field of this nation. The bracero converted the American agricultural fields into the most productive in America. These farmers were experienced and very hardworking despite two million of them dying during the Mexican revolution...
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...The United States was in a state of serious economic depression before the start of World War 2. Americans were suffering greatly; there was little or no food, and most were jobless especially the minority. America was struggling and no inroads were made in any field whatsoever. The United States had too many problems at home and had no real passion for exerting its influence overseas. It was only with the out break of war did America fully recover from its worst depression in history. The war kick started the economy. A country at war needed supplies; guns, tanks, ships, aircraft, food etc. People were able to find jobs and the economy rose and stabilized. John Maynard Keynes said that it was possible to prevent sharp swings in the business cycle thus preventing another depression through monetary and fiscal manipulation. This theory by Keynes was a lesson the American government learnt and the United States was able to maintain its economic power after the war. With economic power came military power. During the war America was able to advance technologically in nearly all fields. Planes were build that traveled longer distances and thus kick starting the aviation industry. Penicillin was invented, trucks carried heavier loads, new industries sprung up and peoples were richer and America became a powerhouse technologically and economically. This power enabled the US government to exert its influences over much of the western world. The Allies were not doing too well...
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...Assess the impact of cotemporary ideas of the present state of religion in the world. Clearly, the diversity of religions in the world has been a fact throughout the entire history of all the world's major living religious traditions. Nevertheless, this diversity has been made the basis for contention rather than community in many cases, and the monotheistic religions have often been among the worst offenders on this score. The strong tendency to display hostility toward different religious positions is connected with a strong tendency toward xenophobia and ethnocentrism. The study of religion in the modern world calls for theories, approaches and methods that engage with the issues and processes that have affected the world within the last two hundred years, such as the impact of colonialism and subsequent postcolonial developments, globalization and the rise of global religious movements. For a start, it is worth asking if secular states and their underlying ideology, political secularism, are really under siege everywhere. Secularism was severely jolted with the establishment of the first modern theocracy in 1979 in Iran. By the late 1980s, Islamic political movements had emerged in Egypt, Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Chad, Senegal, Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and even in Bangladesh. Movements challenging secular states were hardly restricted to Muslim societies. Protestant movements decrying secularism emerged in Kenya, Guatemala, and the Philippines...
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...World War I Hanse Bidon HIS/125 November 16, 2014 Tabitha Oteino World War I After announcing that the United States would remain neutrality at the beginning of WWI, however it would be the actions of Germany that would cause President Wilson to ask congress for a declaration of war and on April 2, 1917, asking congress to send in troops to battle Germany. President Wilson, while addressing congress, stated that” lamented it is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful person into war." Four days later congress would honor President Wilson’s request. In February and March of 1917, Germany was at war with Britain, France and Russia. Germany would increase submarine attacks on freight and merchant ships entering the Atlantic Ocean Killing innocent men and women, which included Americans. The German U-boats set upon around England preventing any supplies from entering in. Also, they would allow ships to disembark and then fire on them. Which was the case in the Lusitania the Germans fired on and sunk the ship, which contained over one hundred Americans on board. In addition, January 1917, Great Britain intercepted a telegram and decided it. The telegram was from Germany’s foreign Minster Arthur Zimmerman to the German Minster to Mexico Von Eckhardt and released it to the U.S. newspaper instead of giving it to the U.S. government. In this telegram, Germany is offering to help Mexico regain Texas and Arizona territory if they would become allies in WWI...
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...The Italian liberal state is believed by many, to have ended in the period following the First World War, in the year 1919. The first election after the First World War, under new electoral reforms, saw the Socialist PSI and the Catholic PPI receive over half of the national vote. As a result the liberals lost control of parliament, and from this point on any liberal government required Socialist or Catholic support to retain power. This undermined the traditional trasformismo system and led to mass politics in Italy, in which larger, permanent parties form and attempt to form a non-coalition government. The liberals were unable to adapt and unite to form a single party which would have allowed them to maintain power in the new system. This combined with the Socialist and Catholic refusal to join coalitions with the liberals resulted in discontent with the democratic parliamentary system in Italy, ‘paving the way’ for the rise of Fascism. However the problems with Italian politics were present long before the First World War, as the already mentioned trasformismo politics between different liberal factions made it very difficult for a government to last for an extended period of time. Furthermore a North-South divide existed in Italy and expanded as the North industrialised quicker than the more rural and agrarian south. This divide meant that many Italians felt as though Italy wasn’t truly united. The Vatican also created problems early on in Liberal Italy’s history, as the...
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...How far did World War One cause the collapse of the liberal state? The liberal state in Italy during the period in the build up to World War One was one of instability an speculation led by Giovanni Giolitti by the rules of trasformismo politics. While Giolitti is seen as successful in some senses, he failed to unite Italy in a way in which other continental countries were, and could not prevent resentment between different groups and classes causing chaotic riots and civil unrest in 1914, the same year that would see him come to pass on power to Antonio Salandra. Only a year later would Italy enter the First World War under Salandra against Giolitti’s will of neutrality. World War one itself perhaps exposed some of the weaknesses in the current political system of which liberal Italy was functioning on. The fact that there was division of opinion on whether Italy should enter the war highlights the unstable and indecisive nature of this system in Italy at this time. Italy’s influence and helpfulness to the allies in the fighting aspect of the war was very minimal, the army seemed relatively weak willed and lacked morale eventually leading to situations such as Caporetto in 1917 when an astonishing 300,000 Italian soldiers surrendered to become POW’s leaving Italy depleted in infantry, while also losing 150km of land. Overall in the war around 600,000 Italian troops were killed, a staggering amount considering Italy’s limited role in the war and perhaps pointed to a poor...
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...World History I – Final Question #1 #1 Bentley and Ziegler state that dar-al-Islam became probably “the most prosperous and cosmopolitan society in the postclassical world.” What does this statement mean? What evidence is there for this statement? Do you agree or disagree, and why? Prosperity of Dar-al-Islam Islam itself was transformed over time as the Islamic armies extended the boundaries of the empire beyond the borders of Arabia. Each territory conquered was influenced by the Islamic religion and politics. This enlarged sense of community and grand the scale of the Islamic Empire came to be known as Dar-al-Islam or the “house of Islam” referring to all lands under Islamic rule. Although the Muslims took over conquered territories they did not alter the social structures of the previous empires and many were allowed to continue to practicing their religions as well. The Local Muslim governors were appointed and continued rely on established governments and economic systems. This system of governing promoted the fusion between the conquered societies and the Islamic religion and its politics. Take the Sasanid Dynasty for example, Muslims left in charge adopted the Persian techniques of government and finance (p.260). These transformations were not only political and economic but cultural as well. The blending of policies and technologies throughout the empire increased all facets of the Islamic economies such as overland and maritime trade as well as banking (p.270)...
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...DISCUSS THE CURRENT STATE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND HOW WORLD LEADERS CAN BE MORE INVOLVED IN SOLVING RELATED CRISIS International humanitarian affairs have improved over the years. According to Jan Egeland there is 50 percent less war now than in 1989. There are less than one billion people in the world living under the $1 a day threshold when it used to be two billion people living under the same $1 threshold years ago. In his address, Mr. Egeland confirmed that the researchers of the Human Security Report found 10 genocides in 1989 compared to the only one found last year. Also, indicated that there has been an average of three to five military coups, compared to between 10 and 25 per year in the 1960’s, 70’s and 80’s. This is a clear indications that the world leaders are doing the best they can to curtail human right problems. The world leaders are also doing well in reducing humanitarian problems. During the tsunami crisis years ago about ninety nations such as United States happened to be donors of them fifty-five of them deployed military and civil defense assets to helped places like Indonesia and other areas that were affected by the tsunami. Mr. Jan Egeland has the belief that this generation of workers in the United Nations and workers in government services has a better chance at improving the life of much affected people than the older generation, because the world economy is going forward by which poor countries have now grown tremendously...
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...How far do you agree with the fact that the events of the Second World War were the most important factor in the creation of an independent state of Israel in 1948? Israel was created in 1948 after World War Two (WW2), because Britain had become bankrupt and couldn’t maintain its global colonies. The end of the British mandate formally provided a homeland for the Jewish citizens in Palestine, although the events that occurred in WW2, such as the Holocaust can be seen as the most important factors in providing a homeland for the Jewish. It can be seen that WW2 advanced the Jewish position in a claim for a homeland, more than the Palestinian position. This was boosted by the fact that an estimated 6 million Jews were persecuted by the Nazis in the Holocaust, which shocked the globe. This is one of the most important factors for a Jewish claim for a homeland, as the Jewish community felt worldwide sympathy as millions of Jews had died. Although the Holocaust was not only a Nazi persecution of the Jews, other leaders carried it out across Europe. During the war, thousands of Jews fled to Palestine to avoid the Nazi regime, and by the end of the war, Jewish population grew tenfold between 1919 and 1947, from 60 000 to over 600 000 Jews in Palestine. This showed the Jewish vulnerability as the wished for a place where they could avoid anti-Semitism a place they could feel safe in. During the war the Jewish community supported the British army, therefore they were able to gain...
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...played by the French state in securing the social and economic achievements of the period known as ‘les trente glorieues’ after the Second World War. Intro: Nostaligia for the period, success Nationalisation- state control Money goes back to government to redistribute in order to benefit the people Reduce the competition by being in control of Reunalt- get rid of influence of foreign powers Banque de France- take into state control after wall street crash, depression- exploitative free market compared to regulations- can control interest rates- manipulate for the well-being of the people- control tariff of imports/ exports- promote foreign businesses Edf and gdf- public utilities, prevent monopoly 1986- privatisation- don’t have the money- cut backs- austerity politics Modernisation- delay, need to rebuild Move of workers to towns- social problems TGV Nuclear power plants Independence from America- plan calcul 1966- general electric, American corporation own 50% shares and American wont export their products to France- they don’t want them to perfect their H-bomb Elf-acquitaine Economy Joining the euro- lose control, free floating- able to adapt to changing market- no longer able to revalue currency 1981 francois Mitterrand Had to give back 220 million euro subsidy from SNCM and couldn’t do anything about 7,000 redundancies Champions nationaux- direct money to particular aspects to build up Le commissariat general du plan- state employees in charge of...
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...“The World of Contradictions: Through the scope of formalist criticism, it is apparent that the setting in James Joyce’s Araby and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper affects the main character’s mental and physical state” “Araby” and “The Yellow Wallpaper” are both remarkable short stories, but the thoughts conceived after reading it are everything but short. Araby, written by, James Joyce is about a young character that lives in a neighborhood that appears to be dark and gloomy based solely on the author’s description of the houses and such. “An uninhabited house of two storeys at the blind end…” suggests that this neighborhood isn’t in paramount condition. On the other hand, the author makes several references to religious faith. For example, the Christian Brothers’ School, where the young character attends, or the Priest who has died prior to this story taking place, evokes this idea of purity. It is quite contrary that in a short story where the author paints a vivid image of gloom and despair, there are religious references that cause readers into a world of contradiction. In the same way Charlotte Gilman Perkins, author of The Yellow Wallpaper seeks to evoke a message of individual expression and successfully does so by recording the progression of the illness, through the state of the “yellow” wallpaper. Apparently, the bulk of the setting of “The Yellow Wallpaper” is in a room that the unnamed narrator has been forced to stay in by her husband...
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