...Native American Environmental Issues Traditionally Native Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively adapt, but responded in diverse ways to adjust environments to meet their cultural as well as material desires. The pace of change in Indian environments increased dramatically with Euroamerican contact. Old World pathogens and epidemic diseases, domesticated plants and livestock, the disappearance of native flora and fauna, and changing resource use patterns altered the physical and cultural landscape of the New World...
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...Essay on Native American Environmental Issues by David R. Lewis This essay is taken from Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, edited by Mary B. Davis and published in 1994 by Garland Publishers of New York. The encyclopedia includes additional essays on mining, natural resource management, hunting and fishing rights, and economic development. It's a highly recommended resource. Reprinted without permission for educational purposes. Traditionally Native Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively...
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...viewed as possessing nurturing and caring characteristics. Therefore, their main focus in life ought to be watching over the home and children. This designated occupation is associated with domesticity and as a result their work is economically undervalued. Men on the other hand hold the role as the breadwinner and are thus more valued (p. 85). This domestic view along with the Hunter-Gatherer model and women’s physical and psychological differences are among the least convincing theories and ideas that attempt to explain women’s lower status. * Man the Hunter Woman the Gatherer theory is based on the evolutionary perspective that men acquired nutritious meat for their group. Also, they learned the importance of cooperativeness while hunting which is tremendously important in modern day society. Women, on the other hand, took care of the children and because of that obligation they gathered vegetation. The theory...
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...the Amazon are population of people that are trying to maintain their identity, customs, and traditions. The identity of the Huaorani is characterized by their self-sufficient life in and out of the forest whose biodiversity is one of the abundant in the world. The Huaorani are practicing a sustainable economy, where the natural resources are not over-exerted. The modern world is closing in on the Huaorani people. They are faced with “modernization” and other outside forces that are affecting their way of life. The Huaorani are caught between the conflicting objectives of petroleum development and forest conservation. These programs are undermining what constitutes the core of Huaorani culture, the relationship to the forest and their hunting-gathering semi-nomadic way of life. The Huaorani are located in the Ecuadorian headwaters of the Amazon and is comprise of about 1,500 people who are living in up to 24 temporary settlements in an area of almost 20,000 square kilometers, completely covered by rain forest. They are surrounded by related and alien tribes and ethnic groups with a total population of an estimated 150,000. For centuries the Huaorani have had to defend themselves against these groups and against gold and rubber prospectors; which provided the missionaries the justification for "pacification" ("The huaorani of,"). Huaorani which means “human beings” or “the people”, and refer to everyone else as cohouri meaning “anyone not Huaorani by birth” or “non-humans...
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...Introverted Sensing Thinking Judging by Joe Butt Profile: ISTJ Revision: 3.0 Date of Revision: 27 Feb 2005 "It is in keeping with tradition throughout our history that I should express simply and directly the opinions which I hold concerning some of the matters of present importance." --Herbert Hoover, Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1929. ISTJs are often called inspectors. They have a keen sense of right and wrong, especially in their area of interest and/or responsibility. They are noted for devotion to duty. Punctuality is a watchword of the ISTJ. The secretary, clerk, or business(wo)man by whom others set their clocks is likely to be an ISTJ. As do other Introverted Thinkers, ISTJs often give the initial impression of being aloof and perhaps somewhat cold. Effusive expression of emotional warmth is not something that ISTJs do without considerable energy loss. ISTJs are most at home with "just the facts, Ma'am." They seem to perform at highest efficiency when employing a step-by-step approach. Once a new procedure has proven itself (i.e., has been shown "to work,") the ISTJ can be depended upon to carry it through, even at the expense of their own health. ISTJs are easily frustrated by the inconsistencies of others, especially when the second parties don't keep their commitments. But they usually keep their feelings to themselves unless they are asked. And when asked, they don't mince words. Truth wins out over tact. The grim determination of the ISTJ vindicates...
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...An Analysis of Gender Roles in Disney Princess Films Jasmit Singh 213749361 Traditional and Popular Culture – 1900 9.0 Susan Niazi – Tutorial 6 Whether it’s the colours they wear, the activities they engage in or how they behave, men and women are known to play different roles in society. These established gender roles “are not innate or natural but a product of society”. Children, adolescents and adults all learn gender roles through the environment they’re surrendered by. One of the many huge influencers that help shape gender roles is media. Although “there has been a lot of change over the years in terms of what is considered appropriate societal roles for men and women, this change is not reflected in contemporary film”. The ideology of mainstream media continues to focus on the males being the heads of society, which in result, shows an unequal representation of the females. From an early age, media puts an image into young minds, informing them how males and females should think, act, behave and appear. In many television shows and films, one can easily see the distinct difference between the role of a male and a female. Often films are enforcing stereotypical gender roles where the male is seen to holds more importance in society than the female. Amongst many film producing companies, Walt Disney Pictures for decades have been enforcing stereotypical gender roles in their princess films. Though it may not be outright obvious, Disney productions play a huge role...
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...well as the rest of the nation that needs to be brought to awareness. In every state, more than minimum wage is required to afford a one or two bedroom apartment. The National Low Income Housing Coalition says nationally a typical family needs wages or combined incomes of $17.84 per hour just to make ends meet. In Indiana, a typical family needs wages or combined incomes of $13.41 per hour to afford a two-bedroom apartment. Utilities only exacerbate the problem. With this being the very minimum cost of living, it is no surprise that many people across the country struggle and fail to provide an adequate home for their families. Depending on each family’s lifestyle, homelessness is not a farfetched possibility. Probably the most common stereotype of chronically homeless people is that they are drug and alcohol addicts -- with good reason. 68% of U.S. cities report that addiction is their single largest cause of homelessness. "Housing First" initiatives are well intentioned, but can be short-sighted. A formerly homeless addict is likely to return to homelessness unless they deal with the addiction. Treatments programs are needed that treat the root causes of addiction and help men and women find a way back home....
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...turn, enables “social reproduction” founded on the separate categories of male and female. They argue that language not only reflects gendered categories but “constructs and maintains these categories” (34). Being such strong categories, they claim it is “impossible” to escape gendered behavior and not influence others to give gendered responses (50). In a later chapter, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet discuss how “gender schemas and ideologies” are implied and interpreted (203). Using an example from a university setting, the authors illustrate their point that the assumption of gender may not result from “the particulars of our exchange but in familiar gender stereotypes” (204). If no specific clues or pronouns are given during the exchange of information, presuppositions relying on stereotypes often emerge. Not only do stereotypes and behavior fill the linguistic gaps, but the power in individual words alone is a cause for concern. Sally McConnell-Ginet explores this further in her article “Words in the World: How and Why Meanings Can Matter.” She argues that single words can carry multiple meanings in each use whether the speaker means them to or not (497) and that “certain aspects of meaning arise, are sustained, and are sometimes transformed in social practices” (506). To describe this process in more detail, McConnell-Ginet structures her argument by breaking down her idea of “lexical significance,” and it is her third component of this idea, called conceptual baggage, that concerns...
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...Valerie Hernandez 12/5/14 Prof. Scott Brown Research Paper The Hollywood entertainment industry has typically treated as well as portrayed homosexuals as subject of negative stereotypes. When Gay representation was introduced to popular culture, the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender community was oppressed from the start. Later, film and television attempted to create well-rounded homosexual characters but focused in depicting gay stereotypes and how they shaped the public's impression of the gay community. These stereotypes created a non-threatening sissy gay and a warrior lesbian. Throughout history, heterosexual men are seen to be strong and proud of their masculinity and homosexuals have been perceived as lacking masculinity and feminine. Gay characters started to emerge in the 1990’s in both television and movies. Ellen DeGeneres and her character Ellen Morgan coming out under much scrutiny on the TV show ‘Ellen,’ which eventually led to her own talk show. The movie The Birdcage, with Robin Williams was about a gay cabaret owner and his drag queen companion. Gays and lesbians have been around for a long time, especially in Hollywood, but more people started to come out in the 90’s. With the popularity of shows like Will and Grace, which feature leading gay characters, as well as the show Friends, Ross Gellar’s lesbian ex-wife Carol, marries her partner and happily co-parents her son with Ross. Over a period of time we are slowly seeing gay, lesbian, and bi-sexual...
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...publicly denounced homosexuals in a quote to reporters: “If you want to be against McCarthy, boys, you've got to be either a Communist or a cocksucker.” McCarthy’s vehement stance against homosexuality and belief that it and communism were “threats to the American way of life” made opposition to his policies weaken, as they feared association with supporters or members of communities that directly defied the American ideal. While McCarthy claimed to have the names of 103-205 communists working in government sectors, Undersecretary of State, John Peurifoy, claimed 91 homosexuals had been forced to resign. These claims fanned a wave of fear about ‘sex perverts’ in government positions manipulating America’s legislation to their own ends. Hunting for Scapegoats The overwhelming fear and insidious hate for the queer community that has built over the years has become an overt and pressing government concern. Congressman Arthur L. Miller of Nebraska, on the floor of the House of Representatives during a congressional hearing regarding homosexual employment in government, reflected: “I sometimes wonder how many of these homosexuals have had a part in shaping our foreign policy. How many have been in sensitive positions and subject to blackmail? It is a known fact that. the Russians are strong believers in homosexuality, and that those same people are able to get into the State Department. Perhaps if all the facts were known these same homosexuals have been used by the Communists.” Miller...
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...“Culture Paper: American Indian Pride” December 2. 2012 Survey of Exceptionalities 1. What is the name of this culture? The name of the culture of people I selected is the American Indians of North American. I did not want to select just one type or subgroup of this culture, but capture a few elements of the people altogether as one whole culture. The four largest tribes of American Indians are Navajo (308,013), Cherokee (285, 476), Sioux (131, 048), and Chippewa (115, 859). These tribes of American Indians are the most indentify by people of this culture - according to the website www.infoplease.com. Each tribe has a special tradition or custom that is passed down from generation to generation, but the three common core themes of American Indians were family, story telling, and ritual dance. (Wikipedia, 2012) 2. What language do the people of this culture speak? I will continue to discuss American Indians as one whole culture, but will use the Navajo tribe above and explain the native tongue of their people. The Navajo people speak the native language of Navajor. Each tribe had their own native tongue common to the people of that subgroup, but all American Indians shared a common core element of hieroglyphics that told stories of past experiences or explain the existence of mankind. For example, The Navajo had ancient text on the Sacred Mountains, which was described as the Four Sacred Mountain of the Dire. These ancient images could be found on the sides of rocks...
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...colony in part to Old World diseases to which the native people had no immunity due to a lack of exposure to the European diseases. A small number of Taínos, the natives to the island, were able to stay alive and set up villages elsewhere. Spanish attentiveness in Hispaniola began to diminish in the 1520s, as more profitable gold and silver deposits were found in Mexico and South America. It was the decreasing interest in Hispaniola that allowed the French to create a colony in the early 1600s. French buccaneers created a settlement on the island of Tortuga in 1625, and were soon united with like-minded English and Dutch privateers and pirates, who formed a anarchistic international community that survived by marauding Spanish ships and hunting wild cattle. Before the Seven Years' War (1756–63), the economy of Hispaniola slowly expanded, with sugar and coffee becoming important export crops. After the war the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported 72 million pounds of raw sugar and 51 million pounds of refined sugar, one million pounds of indigo, and two million pounds of cotton (Grolier, 1998). Haiti became known as the "Pearl of the Antilles" – one of the richest colonies in the 18th century French empire. By the 1780s, Haiti manufactured about 40 percent of all the sugar and 60 percent of all the coffee consumed in Europe. After the French...
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...D. B. Cooper is a media epithet popularly used to refer to an unidentified man who hijacked a Boeing 727 aircraft in the airspace between Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington, on November 24, 1971. He extorted $200,000[1] in ransom and parachuted to an uncertain fate. Despite an extensive manhunt and an ongoing FBI investigation, the perpetrator has never been located or positively identified. The case remains the only unsolved air piracy in American aviation history.[2][3][4] The suspect purchased his airline ticket under the alias Dan Cooper, but due to a news media miscommunication he became known in popular lore as "D. B. Cooper". Hundreds of leads have been pursued in the ensuing years, but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced regarding Cooper's true identity or whereabouts. The discovery of a small cache of ransom bills in 1980 triggered renewed interest but ultimately only deepened the mystery, and the great majority of the ransom remains unrecovered. Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility have been proposed by experts, reporters, and amateur enthusiasts.[2][5] While FBI investigators have insisted from the beginning that Cooper probably did not survive his risky jump,[6] the agency maintains an active case file—which has grown to more than 60 volumes[7]—and continues to solicit creative ideas and new leads from the public. "Maybe a hydrologist can use the latest technology to trace the $5,800 in ransom money found in 1980 to where Cooper landed upstream...
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...The Hunger Games: Action-film feminism is catching fire Lisa Schwarzbaum Burning up Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is both strong and vulnerable – a new kind of action heroine who has powered The Hunger Games: Catching fire to a $158m US debut. (Lionsgate) Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is a new type of female action film icon, and moviegoers should be very excited about that, writes Lisa Schwarzbaum. As Catching Fire ignites on movie screens around the world, this is what we know about the 21st Century heroine called Katniss Everdeen: she is strong but also soft. She is brave but she has doubts. She is a phenomenal fictional creation, yet is real enough that moviegoers can draw inspiration from her values, her resourcefulness, and her very human inner conflicts. And she is played by Jennifer Lawrence, who appears not only to be handling her current duties as Hollywood’s finest model of well-adjusted millennial female stardom but doing so with charm. Everdeen and Lawrence: golden girls both. Personified in Lawrence’s lithe movements and cool, focused gaze, Katniss is a brave, resourceful and independent-minded fighter; but she is also a troubled and vulnerably guilt-ridden human being. Nina Jacobson, the producer of the Hunger Games film franchise, puts it this way: “She is a singular heroine in that the burden of survival weighs on her. She has a ton of survivor’s guilt. And she keeps surviving.” Girl on fire It is strange that behaving like a well-adjusted...
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...Edited by Kristen Walker Painemilla, Anthony B. Rylands, Alisa Woofter and Cassie Hughes Edited by Kristen Walker Painemilla, Anthony B. Rylands, Alisa Woofter and Cassie Hughes Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22202 USA Tel: +1 703-341-2400 www.conservation.org Editors : Kristen Walker Painemilla, Anthony B. Rylands, Alisa Woofter and Cassie Hughes Cover design Paula K. Rylands, Conservation International : Layout: Kim Meek, Washington, DC Maps [except where noted otherwise] Kellee Koenig, Conservation International : Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501 c (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 978-1-934151-39-6 © 2010 by Conservation International All rights reserved. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Conservation International or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any opinions expressed in this publication are those of the writers, and do not necessarily reflect those of Conservation International (CI). Suggested citation: Walker Painemilla, K., Rylands, A. B., Woofter, A. and Hughes, C. (eds.). 2010. Indigenous Peoples and Conservation: From Rights to Resource Management. Conservation...
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