...Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: The effect of group based expectations on moral functioning Jennifer Steele, Y. Susan Choi, and Nalini Ambady Harvard University In press in T.A. Thorkildsen, J. Manning, & H.J. Walberg (Eds.), Children and Youth Series: Nurturing Morality. New York: Kluwer Academic. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: The effect of group based expectations on moral functioning As citizens of the United States, we are extremely fortunate to live in a democracy, and more specifically, a society that upholds egalitarian and meritocratic ideals. As a nation, we have fought wars and faced internal struggles in order to establish this system and champion these values. Within the last two centuries we have abolished slavery, given women the right to vote, and desegregated schools. In more recent years the movement towards equal opportunity has been advanced even further; public and private schools have increased financial support for economically disadvantaged scholars, and affirmative action programs have been developed as yet another means of combating inequities. It would seem that as a society, we are moving towards our moral ideal of equality for one and all. And yet, disparities remain. Race continues to be inextricably linked to socio-economic status and education level, with certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Caucasian- and Asian-Americans reaping more societal advantages on average than others, including...
Words: 8611 - Pages: 35
...Social influences affects people’s views of one another. Children’s peers, media and family all play a huge role in social influence and prejudice. Prejudice can be easily developed by an arise of social influence and conformity to people within their in-group. Intergroup prejudice is unwarranted feelings of dislike or hatred towards the members of other social groups. In The psychology of prejudice: Interdisciplinary perspectives on contemporary issues by Dale Russell, He focuses on the development of children’s intergroup prejudice with an emphasis of the involvement the children have in social peer groups. And what he found was peer group membership is exceedingly important to young children, at least from as young as three years. If there is a possibility of being accepted and included in a group, most children will seek to be included (Russell & Russell, 2012). Consistent with social identity development theory which is a...
Words: 683 - Pages: 3
...Prejudice Presented By: Nor Anisa Bt. Musa What is Prejudice? * Everyone comes face to face with prejudice at some time or another. * Prejudice is when we recognizethat we feel and act less positively towards others. * The roots of prejudice can be found in the cognitive and emotional processes. * Prejudice may be perceived as acceptable and justified * All inequality and differential treatment is not perceived and responded to in the same way. The nature and origins of streotyping, prejudice and discrimination * Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination often overlap. * Prejudice is the feelings we have about particular groups. * Prejudice is a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. * Prejudice biases us against others based on the person’s group. * Prejudice is a combination of feelings, inclinations to act and beliefs. * Prejudice is complex and include a component of patronizing affection. * Stereotypes are the cognitive component attitudes towards a social group. * To stereotypes is to generalize. * It is a belief about what a particular group is like * It is a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. * It is sometimes over generalized, inaccurate and resistant to new information but can be more or less true. Stereotypes Discrimination * Discrimination is the behavioural component or differential actions taken towards others * Prejudice is a negative attitude...
Words: 1215 - Pages: 5
...Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: * Race * Ethnicity * Religion * Gender * Sexual orientation * Age * Disability Category | Stereotype 1 | Stereotype 2 | Stereotype 3 | race | African-American are good at dancing while Caucasians have no rhythm. | Hispanics are not very fluent with the English language. | Jews are greedy misers who refuse to part with the money they earn. | Sexual-orientation | Gays and Lesbians are not fit to raise a child. | Men who are feminine are gay. | Woman who are masculine are lesbians. | Gender | Woman can’t do as good of a job as a man. | Men are the “backbone.” | Guys are messy and unclean. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? The positive aspects of stereotyping can sometimes keep an individual in safety. Stereotyping in the positive aspect could be understood as the way in which people reduce the complexity of the world to a more manageable level. It helps protect our minds from the information overload. For this reason, we resort to simplified assumptions...
Words: 671 - Pages: 3
...racialized society that does not allow equality to exist. Racism, a term that first garnered attention in the mid-twentieth century, is regarded as a coordinated form of prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination but is more all-compassing that any of these. Historically, racism was more prevalent and obvious but less disparaging to the victim that it is today. How then do we obliterate the centuries old racially stratified system that society is operating on today? Claudia Medrano, a second generation Mexican-American psychology major, helps...
Words: 1679 - Pages: 7
...Term Definition Stereotypes Unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. Prejudice A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. Labeling theory A social theory that holds that society's reaction to certain behaviors is a major factor in defining the self as deviant. People become `deviant' because certain labels (thief, prostitute, homosexual) are attached to their behavior by criminal justice authorities and others. The resulting treatment of the individual pushes them into performing the deviant role. Also called "societal reaction" theory. Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race- The Chinese Chinese people are quiet Chinese people are the most polite Chinese women are submissive Disability- Mentally ill They are helpless and to be pitied They are thought to be sociopaths and murderers They are thought to be “freaks of nature” Sexual Orientation- Bi-sexuals They are thought to be highly sexual, enjoying more tan one partner at a time They are considered indecisive They are thought to spread sexual diseases Part III Answer each question in 100 to 150 words related to those stereotypes: What are the positive...
Words: 1210 - Pages: 5
...Prejudice is defined as a prejudgment, a feeling or an opinion established under no basis. It is when one decides to criticize another without any direct or contact with them or factual substance about them. In today’s world, social stereotypes and prejudices are based on various aspects of human orientation: skin color, racial background, financial background, religious preferences, physical appearance, gender and sexual orientation. There are many reasons behind social prejudices, some include: the ego-defensive reason, and the value-expressive reason. These pre-judgments have managed to create barriers between human beings and in a sense limited the knowledge children might chose to seek. Although some may argue that prejudice is highly due to human nature and human desire to feel superior, most of these prejudices are established by ones surroundings and environment. People sometimes chose to be prejudice against others for various reasons as mentioned above, but all these reasons are in fact a way to create excuses for personal insecurities. People sometimes might hold some prejudices simply because they do not wish to admit certain failures and problems. These problems may include: failure in a war, a corrupt society or even a dysfunctional household. Others might hold prejudices because they wish to portray an aspect in life they value, such as a certain religion. Prejudice is highly due to peoples need to make first impressions; therefore they follow stereotypes when...
Words: 893 - Pages: 4
...other every day. Attending such a diverse school gave me an opportunity to learn about different individuals and where they came from. Learning to love rather than hate because of appearance or culture is a lesson that was drilled into the minds of the children that walked the halls of the school and produce more accepting people. Exposing young adults or children to the diversity is crucial for the progress of this vast nation. The face of America is changing into a culturally diverse nation, which comes with issues of prejudice and discrimination that the people can overcome by learning and understanding the new cultures around them. The face of this country is changing and has been for some time. Education has been a link between understanding and accepting each other for who a person is, without the pretense of race, ethnicity, and religion. Most prejudice and discrimination is born from misunderstanding one another. Different religions or even food may seem odd and strange but they do not make a person good or bad. The beliefs of others give others a chance to examine their own life and determine who they are and what they want to believe in. Learning about each other promotes a life without the stereotypes and prejudice that so many individuals have to face every day. The struggles that some of our citizens have had to endure is outstanding. Having the knowledge about what those individuals have faced and what they are still facing has given some a different perspective...
Words: 1642 - Pages: 7
...only about different races or ethnicities but it also includes the disabled and people with different sexual orientations. With so many different races and cultural backgrounds it is important to learn and understand cultural diversity. By learning and understanding diversity it will result in a more well-rounded individuals and a nation that can eliminate prejudice and discrimination. What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past? Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? I have learned a lot about diversity that will help me to better understand and relate to others. I was very surprised at how little I knew about the cultures of the other people around me. Many of the minority groups in the Unites States have had to overcome prejudice and discrimination. I have always thought that African Americans were the only minority group that suffered and experienced discrimination. In American History classes in the past slavery is something that has been discussed because of the role it played in The Civil War. To hear that almost every minority group has experienced some kind of discrimination made me feel like I could relate to them more because they could also relate to me. In addition to learning new information about other minority groups I also learned more about minority group. I learned that there is still a significant gap in the...
Words: 1319 - Pages: 6
...challenges to having such a diverse population. Fostering a culture of acceptance in society is key to reaping more benefits and reducing challenges. Mass media has an influential impact in society, perpetuating stereotypes or building appreciation for diversity. If individuals and the U.S can come together, they can reduce prejudice and increase acceptance and tolerance. Final Paper The plethora of information about diversity in the United States can give someone a better understanding than they may have previously had. Through understanding, a person may be able to better relate to someone that is different. Many websites are available on the Internet with information on the various diversity groups in America. The diversity of the U.S. is ever changing with immigration and inter-racial couples having children. As the country becomes more diverse, we will face challenges as well as receive benefits. The key to reaping more benefits, while reducing the challenges, is to foster a culture of acceptance in society. The media plays a large influential role in society and can work to perpetuate stereotypes and prejudice or build appreciation for diversity. Working together, the government and the people can work to reduce prejudice through education and intervention. What I Have Learned Better understanding of those who may be different can come through reading up on information about diversity within the U.S. Various forms of...
Words: 1543 - Pages: 7
...Racism is learned Racism is what happens when you mix prejudice with power and use the two to discriminate against a group of people. The majority of Americans will say there is a problem with racism in the United States but where does racism start. No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin or his background. Someone had to teach them. Teaching is the act of imparting knowledge. Leaning is acquiring knowledge. Based on these two definitions one must conclude that racism is learned. Parents model attitudes of fear or ridicule of others to their child. As a child grows, they learn how to behave by observing their parents behavior, speech, and attitudes. A parent states one thing but does another. It is like...
Words: 519 - Pages: 3
...|Definition | |Stereotypes |Stereotypes are unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not | | |take individual differences into account | | |(Schaefer, 2012). | |Prejudice |Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as racial or ethnic | | |minority (Schaefer, 2012). | |Labeling theory |The labeling theory means to place a label on a person who is deviant; this person comes to accept | | |the label and starts acting as the label expresses. | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: • Race • Ethnicity • Religion • Gender • Sexual orientation • Age • Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Race |Hispanics do not speak English |Middle Easterners...
Words: 1199 - Pages: 5
...society, for example in around 750BC when the Celts invaded and set up to live here, bringing over iron and new farming techniques. However ‘with multiculturalism comes prejudice’ once said by Through out my coursework I will be investigating the question ‘Education or Legislation?’ Which will be the most effective strategy in overcoming prejudice and multiculturalism in society? This is the question I will be asking the public to determine whether enforcing more laws or educating children from a younger age about immigration, human rights and equality. My prediction is that the most popular opinion will be to educate as it could have a more effective impact. Prejudice is a perceived opinion on someone/ something based on reason or experience. In order to gather these options I have devised a questionnaire to hand out and analyse the results in order to come to a conclusion. Some of the questions I asked are; ‘Do you think where you’re brought up has an effect on your attitudes to a multicultural society?’ ‘Do you think there are enough laws in place to reduce decimation?’ ‘Do you think there is enough being done in schools to decrease discrimination amongst a younger generation?’ ‘Who do you think is to blame for increase in prejudice’ ‘Would you be happy with your child being taught about prejudice and living in a multicultural society?’ To complete this investigation effectively I will be looking at studies from professors, results from questionnaires, personal...
Words: 3891 - Pages: 16
...Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one’s culture or way of life is superior to all others. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of individuals. Discrimination is behaviour that excludes all members of a group from certain rights, opportunities or privileges. A range of international events have recently focused attention on the issue of prejudice; increasing ethno-nationalistic tensions in former Eastern block countries, racial conflict in the Middle East, Africa and intergroup conflict related to “ race debates “ in Europe, The U.S.A and Australia. Psychology is the only discipline, which over the past century has consistently and systematically investigated the issue of prejudice and race. Social psychology has a long tradition of empirical and theoretical research in this field and currently there are many social psychologists in Australia engaged in significant and timely research. This is no accident given the regions long and chequered history regarding race relations with the treatment of the Australian Aborigines has been likened to genocide. Currently there are a number of theoretical and conceptual psychological approaches, which both define and explain prejudice. Personality theories primarily locate race and prejudice within the intro-psychic domain of the individual. From this perspective, authoritarian-rearing practices, intolerance and intro psychic defence mechanisms are isolated as casual agents to a significant problem. There are...
Words: 1384 - Pages: 6
...ethnic groups. While other groups came to seek their fortune in the “land of opportunity”, one group came to the America under duress. Each group found prejudice and discrimination. As the years passed and the country continued to grow, the barriers of prejudice and discrimination were beginning to crumble. The different groups began to accept the differences that accompanied the diversity of the nation. These changes bring up a question. Has the United States finally overcome our fear of diversity? If we examine the cultural background of Americans, we will discover many are of European descent. Many of our ancestors came looking for religious freedom. Others came to settle debts they had in their homeland. Some citizens are descendants of slaves who were sold to affluent citizens and plantation owners. The circumstances around people in these groups arrival resulted in prejudice and ethnocentrism. Prejudice was not just directed toward African Americans during the 19th century. German, Irish, Polish, Chinese and Italian immigrants found themselves the victims of prejudice and discrimination (Schaeffer, 2013). They came to the United States to find a better life. Many worked for wages which were less than Caucasian workers. Employers during this time would hire more immigrants because of this fact. Prejudice grew stronger toward these groups because they were taking the jobs away from white workers. This trend is still evident in...
Words: 1181 - Pages: 5