...The entire business activities are directly related with making profit. (According to the economics concept of factors of production, rent given to landlord, wage given to labour, interest given to capital and profit given to shareholders or proprietors), a business concern needs finance to meet all the requirements. Hence finance may be called as capital, investment, fund etc., but each term is having different meanings and unique characters. Increasing the profit is the main aim of any kind of economic activity. MEANING OF FINANCE: Finance may be defined as the art and science of managing money. It includes financial service and financial instruments. Finance also is referred as the provision of money at the time when it is needed. Finance function is the procurement of funds and their effective utilization in business concerns. DEFINITION OF FINANCE: According to Khan and Jain, “Finance is the art and science of managing money”. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary defines finance as “the Science on study of the management of funds’ and the management of fund as the system that includes the circulation of money, the granting of credit, the making of investments, and the provision of banking facilities. TYPES OF FINANCE: Finance is one of the important and integral part of business concerns, hence, it plays a...
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...out too much credit to customers, plus too much inventory, Butler Lumber has bad liquidity and turnover. Cash’s SAF shows a negative number brought by decrease in liquidity that avoids its use against contingencies and debt repayment. BLC desires to keep a good relationship with its suppliers. However, right now they have given the company a considerable credit for delayed payment. In order to maintain a solid relationship with its partners, BLC is in great urgency to find other financing sources to pay the credit. This is one of the reasons for Mr. Butler’s desire to borrow money, both to expand his business and to pay the liabilities that are maturing very soon. The forecast infers a very optimistic result that BLC would have cash surplus in the coming few years and it is feasible for NNB to provide a loan, but the financing institution will most likely consider the whole amount of the requested loan as very risky. Then financing institution will most likely lend an amount lower than 465,000. However, if we look into the...
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...'Strategic Financial Management ' Managing an organization's financial resources so as to achieve its business objectives and maximize its value. Strategic financial management involves a defined sequence of steps that encompasses the full range of a company's finances, from setting out objectives and identifying resources, analyzing data and making financial decisions, to tracking the variance between actual and budgeted results and identifying the reasons for this variance. The term "strategic" means that this approach to financial management has a long-term horizon At the most fundamental level, financial management is concerned with managing an organization's assets, liabilities, revenues, profitability and cash flow. Strategic financial management goes a step further in ensuring that the organization remains on track to attain its short-term and long-term goals, while maximizing value for its shareholders. Strategic financial management also means that short-term goals may occasionally need to be sacrificed to meet longer-term objectives. A typical example is when a loss-making company trims its asset base through factory closures or headcount reduction in order to reduce operating expenses. While such actions have a detrimental effect on near-term results because of restructuring costs and other one-time items, it positions the company to achieve profitability in the longer term. (c ) Short Term Financial Management and Strategy Chapter 15: Short Term Financial...
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...liquidity management: ● Definition of Liquidity ● Dimensions and Role of Liquidity Risk Management ● Measuring and Managing Liquidity ● Measurement of Liquidity through Ratio Analysis 2.1 INTRODUCTION: The objectives of ALM are two fold: ensuring profitability and ensuring liquidity. Liquidity which is represented by the quality and marketability of assets and liability exposes the organization to liquidity risk. Unlike other risks like interest rate risk, market risk, operational risk etc. that can threaten the very solvency of the bank, liquidity risk is a normal aspect of every day management of a financial institution. In extreme cases, liquidity problems translate into solvency risk problems. As such, bankers should be more aware of the need for bank liquidity. 2.2 DEFINITION: Banks need liquidity to meet deposit withdrawals and to fund loan demands. The variability of loan demand and variability of deposit determine a bank’s liquidity needs. Liquidity represents the bank’s ability to accommodate decreases in liability and to fund increases in assets. A bank is said to have sufficient liquidity when it can obtain sufficient funds either by increasing liabilities or by converting assets, promptly at a reasonable cost. 2.3 DIMENSIONS & ROLE OF LIQUID & RISK MANAGEMENT: Bank’s liquidity management is the process of generating funds to meet contractual or relationship obligations at reasonable prices at all times in all currencies. New loan demand...
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...in which all participants are members and contribute to a pool of funds that provide assistance in the event of loss on the part of any of the participants. It is an Islamic insurance arrangement avoids the prohibitions against gambling and interest in Islamic Law. Takaful, it originates from the Arabic word Kafalah, which means "guaranteeing each other" or "joint guarantee". It is based on the principles of ta’awan (mutual cooperation) and Tabarru’ (donation), where a group of takaful participants (policy-holders) agree between themselves to share the risk of a potential loss to any of them, by making a donation of all or a part of their takaful contribution (premium) to compensate for a loss. Takaful-branded insurance is based on Shariah, Islamic religious law and refer the principle of cooperation, not sale or exchange, and mitigates the objectionable aspects of gharar (uncertainty), maisir (gambling) and riba (interest). In conventional insurance the risk is transferred from the policyholder to the insurance company which brings the elements of uncertainty and chance in contract as one of the two a party makes a loss. Takaful is a structure in which the risk is shared between all participants, removing the elements of uncertainty and gambling from the contract. Moreover, a takaful fund invests the contributions in a shariah compliant manner, avoiding any interest-based instruments. In addition, any surplus will be redistributed to the participants. The takaful company therefore...
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...ASSET MANGEMENT: A FRAME WORK FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR Objective of presentation This Framework has been designed to assist people who manage agencies and other authorities to adopt best practices for asset management. These processes may vary to accommodate individual circumstances, but in each instance the objective is to achieve the best use of our assets for the benefit of all the stakeholders. What are Assets? The assets may be natural resources, building structures, land, plant and equipment, heritage and cultural assets, or any other form of infrastructure. It includes physical resources, like roads, telecommunication networks, schools, hospitals and road networks. Financial information and human resources, including intellectual property, are not included in this essay. What is Asset management? “Asset Management is a process of guiding the initiation, acquisition, use and maintenance, and disposal of assets, to make the most of their service delivery potential and manage the related risks and costs over the full life of the assets.” KC Leong, 2004, The Essence of Asset Management. A second definition reads thus: Asset management is the process of creating value within the owner’s objectives through acquisition, use and disposal of assets. Gordon MacNair, 2010. In the second definition the owners objectives is an essential ingredient of the Asset management hence getting it right involves the activation of the organisations strategic objectives. Asset Management...
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...EdgeStone Capital Equity Fund – Early Phase Analysis The timing for creating a $180 million private equity fund is very opportunistic. With the strong Canadian economy positioned for continued growth, a federal budget surplus, and a low Canadian dollar, there will be numerous Canadian companies looking to PE firms for financing. This economic outlook coupled with $180 million of initial capital, EdgeStone will be able to be extremely selective in terms of potential targets, further increasing potential returns while limiting risk. Structure of Fund Type and Size of Investments It is imperative to identify the proper size and type of investments that EdgeStone will be engaging in. In terms of size, exhibit 1 identifies the average Canadian deal size was $1.8 million in 1996. However, as a first time fund with a substantial capital base, it is my recommendation that the average deal size for the first years of operating be around 3% of AUM. This will allow the fund to focus on generating strong returns on a smaller number of investments rather than being spread too thin. In regards to the type of investment, it is my recommendation that EdgeStone become a passive investor, and focus on sourcing deals with companies that are growing rather than struggling. Industry Focus With an underdeveloped supply of capital in Canada, limiting the fund to a specific industry focus could harm potential returns. Geographic Focus With less than 25 PE firms that could qualify...
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...involving both the assets and liabilities, together with increasing volatility in the domestic interest rates as well as foreign exchange rates, has brought pressure on the management of banks to maintain a good balance among spreads, profitability and long-term viability. These pressures call for structured and comprehensive measures and not just ad hoc action. The Management of banks has to base their business decisions on a dynamic and integrated risk management system and process, driven by corporate strategy. Banks are exposed to several major risks in the course of their business - credit risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, equity / commodity price risk, liquidity risk and operational risks. 2. This note lays down broad guidelines in respect of interest rate and liquidity risks management systems in banks which form part of the Asset-Liability Management (ALM) function. The initial focus of the ALM function would be to enforce the risk management discipline viz. managing business after assessing the risks involved. The objective of good risk management programmes should be that these programmes will evolve into a strategic tool for bank management. 3. The ALM process rests on three pillars: • ALM information systems => Management Information System => Information availability, accuracy, adequacy and expediency • ALM organisation => Structure and responsibilities => Level of top management involvement • ALM process => Risk parameters => Risk identification => Risk measurement...
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...involving both the assets and liabilities, together with increasing volatility in the domestic interest rates as well as foreign exchange rates, has brought pressure on the management of banks to maintain a good balance among spreads, profitability and long-term viability. These pressures call for structured and comprehensive measures and not just ad hoc action. The Management of banks has to base their business decisions on a dynamic and integrated risk management system and process, driven by corporate strategy. Banks are exposed to several major risks in the course of their business - credit risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, equity / commodity price risk, liquidity risk and operational risks. 2. This note lays down broad guidelines in respect of interest rate and liquidity risks management systems in banks which form part of the Asset-Liability Management (ALM) function. The initial focus of the ALM function would be to enforce the risk management discipline viz. managing business after assessing the risks involved. The objective of good risk management programmes should be that these programmes will evolve into a strategic tool for bank management. 3. The ALM process rests on three pillars: • ALM information systems => Management Information System => Information availability, accuracy, adequacy and expediency • ALM organisation => Structure and responsibilities => Level of top management involvement • ALM process => Risk parameters => Risk identification => Risk measurement...
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...Cash Management: Cash management is a set of strategies or techniques a company uses to collect, track and invest money. Cash management is a broad term that covers a number of functions that help individuals and businesses process receipts and payments in an organized and efficient manner. It is process of collecting, managing and (short-term) investing cash. A key component of ensuring a company's financial stability and solvency Comparison of cash flows NTPC Tata Power PBT 16,579 1,703 Net Cash Flow from Ops 15,495 432 Cash Flow from Investing -14,017 -1,494 Cash Flow from Financing -752 803 Net Increase / Decrease in cash or cash equivalent 726 -259 Opening Cash Balance 16,142 661 Closing Cash Balance 16,868 402 NTPC: • NTPC has a huge cash pile of Rs 17,000 crore and a debt to equity ratio of 0.9 only. The cash in the company represents cash on hand, a remittance in transit, deposits and current accounts with scheduled banks. • NTPC has a good liquidity position and cash position is sufficient to meet all short term liabilities. The company has a good internal cash management system. • Cash flow from operating activities has increased in the 2013 [From 10K Cr to 15K Cr.], apart from PBT, deferred currency fluctuation is the main reason for that. • There is a drastic change in trade receivables from last year, which infers that cash is collected faster than the services are being rendered. • Investing activity has gone...
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...Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Mark Anthony R. Casanova Kiyoung Jung (Justin) Section A 2.2 Explain the importance of financial planning The importance of financial planning for the business is best seen when a company is faced with a situation concerning outstanding debts and rising cost. So to be able to be prepared for the situation in advance, the company should have prepared a proper financial plan beforehand. The success of a business is greatly determined by the financial plans they have laid out and how well it is followed to support their business plan. Wealth maximization is the main goal of a financial plan. Wealth maximization is simply explained as maximization of the shareholder. The strategy of wealth maximization usually includes creating financial investment decisions that bring into any risk which is bigger than expected benefits. The objective of wealth maximization is commonly accepted goal of a corporation. As stated by this objective, the manager should be the one who makes decisions that maximize the wealth of shareholders. In other words, this is also to make the shareholder’s investment profitable. Shareholders’ wealth will be maximized when a decision made by manager raises the NPV (net present value). The NPV means the difference between present value of the benefits and present value of the costs. A decision which has a positive net present value will create wealth for shareholders and a decision that has a negative net present...
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...Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting Insurance vs Takaful: identical sides of a coin? Hairul Suhaimi Nahar Downloaded by ZHONGNAN UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND LAW At 10:31 08 December 2015 (PT) Article information: To cite this document: Hairul Suhaimi Nahar , (2015),"Insurance vs Takaful: identical sides of a coin?", Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, Vol. 13 Iss 2 pp. 247 - 266 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-02-2015-0029 Downloaded on: 08 December 2015, At: 10:31 (PT) References: this document contains references to 66 other documents. To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 248 times since 2015* Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: Mohamed Sherif, Nor Azlina Shaairi, (2013),"Determinants of demand on family Takaful in Malaysia", Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 4 Iss 1 pp. 26-50 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/17590811311314276 Khalid Al-Amri, (2015),"Takaful insurance efficiency in the GCC countries", Humanomics, Vol. 31 Iss 3 pp. 344-353 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/H-05-2014-0039 Nor Aziah Abu Kasim, (2012),"Disclosure of Shariah compliance by Malaysian takaful companies", Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 3 Iss 1 pp. 20-38 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/17590811211216041 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emeraldsrm:509129 [] For...
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...Course Name: Commercial Bank Management Course Code: FIN 425 Submission page - Submitted To – Fahim Muntaha Course instructor, school of business ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB) - Submitted By – KAMRUL HASAN CHOWDHURY ID No: 081-12-0414 S.M.IBRAHIM ID No: 081-12-0396 ISHRAT NAHAR ESHA ID No: 081-12-0408 MD.MAHAMUD SULTAN ID No: 081-12-418 ROKSANAQ HUQ TABARI ID No: 081-12-424 Section: FIN-3C 3rd Batch, (Summer Semester, 2011) Date of Submission: 14th August, 2011 - Letter of Transmittal- Date: 14th August, 20011 To Fahim Muntaha Course instructor School of Business ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB) Dear Sir, Here is a report that we have prepared for our, FIN-425: Commercial Bank Management. The topic of the report is the “Reserve and Liquidity Management of Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd.”. It was an interesting & outstanding research for us & we learned a lot about the reserve and liquidity policy provided by IBBL. We would like to thank you for allowing us to work on this topic and for your constant guidance and support. We want to declare that, we took help from Internet website of the particular bank & advices from Cash Manager of IBBL. There might be fault in this report, please kindly consider us if there is any kind of mistake. I therefore, hope that you would kindly grant our report. Thanking you, Name | Signature | Kamrul hasan joy | | S .m. Ibrahim | | Mahamud sultan | | Eshrat nahar Esha | | ...
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...M. Shahjahan Mina Professor, Department of Finance University of Dhaka GROUP LIST SL NO NAME ID NO REMARKS 01 Md. Akramuzzaman 18-113 02 Mizanur Rahman Masud 18-143 03 Ummey Sumaiya 18-073 04 Suma Saha 18-043 BBA 18th Batch Section-A Department of Finance University of Dhaka. Date of Submission: 23th August, 2015 August 23, 2015 M. Shahjahan Mina Professor, Department of Finance University Of Dhaka Subject: Letter regarding Submission of report on Working Capital Management Of M.I. Cement Factory Ltd Dear sir, With due respect, we, a study group of six members of B.B.A. Program (18th Batch) under Department of Finance, University of Dhaka, submit the report entitled “Working Capital Management of M.I. Cement Factory Ltd.” that you have assigned us as the partial course requirement of the respective semester. We thank you, sir, for this assignment which has enriched our knowledge of this topic. Also, our involvement with little field study has nurtured our understanding, which will undoubtedly help us in the coming semesters and further. Respectfully ………………………………… Md. Akramuzzaman On behalf of the group, Roll: 18-113, Section: A Department of Finance University of Dhaka Working capital management is the management of current assets and liabilities of an organization. It is extremely important for any manufacturing company. WC represents...
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...The Federal funds or the general funds is mainly about the taxing power as well as the general borrowing that is attached to any agency or even a program. Appropriation acts determine the use of Federal funds. The Trust Funds are usually set for specific purposes or programs for example the social security fund that is used for Social welfare and other purposes that affect the unified budget. The balances in the budgetary allocation usually offset a budget deficit that is in the federal debt and this raises the budgetary surplus in the monies that are paid for the operation of different government agencies (Lynch,...
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