...Subnetting Made Simple IP Subnetting without Tables, Tools, or Tribulations Larry Newcomer The Pennsylvania State University York Campus Abstract Every networking professional should have a thorough understanding of TCP/IP subnetting. Subnetting can improve network performance by splitting up collision and broadcast domains. Subnets can reflect organizational structure and help support security policies. WAN links typically join different subnets. Subnets can define administrative units and hence support the structuring and delegation of administrative tasks. Unfortunately, mastering subnetting can pose difficulties for both professionals and students because of the binary mathematics that underlies the technology. While it is imperative to present subnetting concepts in terms of the underlying binary representation, most texts also present subnetting procedures in binary terms. Such an approach can make it difficult for students to learn how to actually carry out subnetting without tables or other reference materials, even when they understand the basic concepts. This paper presents a simple, alternative method for understanding and implementing subnetting without software, calculators, tables, or other aids. The only knowledge of binary arithmetic required is familiarity with the powers of 2 from 0 to 8 (2x for x = 0, 1, …, 8). With a little decimal arithmetic thrown in, the whole process is simple enough to be carried out mentally. This paper assumes the reader...
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...Subnetting Made Simple IP Subnetting without Tables, Tools, or Tribulations Larry Newcomer The Pennsylvania State University York Campus Abstract Every networking professional should have a thorough understanding of TCP/IP subnetting. Subnetting can improve network performance by splitting up collision and broadcast domains. Subnets can reflect organizational structure and help support security policies. WAN links typically join different subnets. Subnets can define administrative units and hence support the structuring and delegation of administrative tasks. Unfortunately, mastering subnetting can pose difficulties for both professionals and students because of the binary mathematics that underlies the technology. While it is imperative to present subnetting concepts in terms of the underlying binary representation, most texts also present subnetting procedures in binary terms. Such an approach can make it difficult for students to learn how to actually carry out subnetting without tables or other reference materials, even when they understand the basic concepts. This paper presents a simple, alternative method for understanding and implementing subnetting without software, calculators, tables, or other aids. The only knowledge of binary arithmetic required is familiarity with the powers of 2 from 0 to 8 (2x for x = 0, 1, …, 8). With a little decimal arithmetic thrown in, the whole process is simple enough to be carried out mentally. This paper assumes the reader...
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...Prepared for: University of Maryland University College Prepared by: Student Name I. Physical Network Design Network Topology Business Needs UOE is an institution that it is growing globally and diversifies its spears of academic excellence and markets itself. For the institution to achieve its goals and mission, use of computer systems and internet facilities installation should be prioritized. Today the world has become a global village and thus the need to put the infrastructure in place is essential. The institution looked at the need and considered it to be the priority. The organizations’ network has different users each with different privileges. The users are the administration, the staff and the students. My aim is to come up with an efficient, modular, resilient, structured and manageable network upon implementation with good structural and engineering principles. To meet the requirements of the organization, I propose a hierarchical network design needs to be implemented. This is because this design allows the use of the other topologies at different levels, growth and robustness. Hierarchical network design A hierarchical network is also called network backbone. The hierarchical system is divided into three tiers, namely core, distribution and access level, with the privileges reducing downwards. This design is most appropriate for the organization since it allows for network administrators to optimize and specify the correct hardware and software for the entire...
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...Understanding IP Addressing: Everything You Ever Wanted To Know Introduction In the mid-1990's, the Internet is a dramatically different network than when it was first established in the early 1980's. Today, the Internet has entered the public consciousness as the world's largest public data network, doubling in size every nine months. This is reflected in the tremendous popularity of the World Wide Web (WWW), the opportunities that businesses see in reaching customers from virtual storefronts, and the emergence of new types and methods of doing business. It is clear that expanding business and social awareness will continue to increase public demand for access to resources on the Internet. There is a direct relationship between the value of the Internet and the number of sites connected to the Internet. As the Internet grows, the value of each site's connection to the Internet increases because it provides the organization with access to an ever expanding user/customer population. Internet Scaling Problems Over the past few years, the Internet has experienced two major scaling issues as it has struggled to provide continuous and uninterrupted growth: - The eventual exhaustion of the IPv4 address space - The ability to route traffic between the ever increasing number of networks that comprise the Internet The first problem is concerned with the...
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...raft Manuscript Draft Ma VLSM and CIDR cript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript Draft Manuscri raft Manuscript Draft Ma uscript Draft Manuscript raft Manuscript Draft Ma script Draft Manuscript D ft Manuscript Draft Manu ript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript Draft Manuscri t Draft Manuscript Draft M nuscript Draft Manuscript CHAPTER 6 Objectives ■ Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are the differences between classful and classless IP addressing? What is VLSM, and what are the benefits of classless IP addressing? ■ ■ What is the role of the classless interdomain routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4 addresses? Key Terms This chapter uses the following key terms. You can find the definitions in the Glossary at the end of the book. classful IP addressing page 280 prefix aggregation page 285 network prefix page 286 contiguous page 294 discontiguous address assignment page 280 supernet page 280 private addressing page 281 high-order bits page 282 supernetting page 294 This is a prepublication draft of the manuscript. The final book will publish in December and will be available for purchase at http://www.ciscopress.com/title/9781587132063. raft Manuscript Draft Ma cript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript Draft Manuscri raft Manuscript Draft Ma uscript Draft Manuscript raft Manuscript Draft Ma script Draft Manuscript D ft Manuscript Draft Manu ript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript...
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...EIGRP and OSPF Comparison For Client Sponsor Prepared By Scott Hogg Project Number 02 Date March 14, 2002 |Distribution List | |Name |Title/Duties |Company | |John Vogt-Nilsen |Manager – Network Operations | | |Sammy Hutton |Principal Systems Analyst | | |Scott Hogg |Principal Consultant |Lucent | |Phil Colon |Managing Consultant |Lucent | |Revision History | |Version |Date |Author |Comments | |1.0 |03/14/2002 |Scott Hogg |Initial Draft | | | | | | |...
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...EIGRP and OSPF Comparison For Client Sponsor Prepared By Scott Hogg Project Number 02 Date March 14, 2002 |Distribution List | |Name |Title/Duties |Company | |John Vogt-Nilsen |Manager – Network Operations | | |Sammy Hutton |Principal Systems Analyst | | |Scott Hogg |Principal Consultant |Lucent | |Phil Colon |Managing Consultant |Lucent | |Revision History | |Version |Date |Author |Comments | |1.0 |03/14/2002 |Scott Hogg |Initial Draft | | | | | | |...
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...| Contents OSPF 4 BASIC COMMANDS 4 Backup link Configuration 4 QOS 8 Testing 10 Trouble Shooting 11 Implications/How it works 11 SNMP & NetFlow 12 In Global Configuration Mode on each Cisco Router: 12 In Interface Configuration Mode on each Cisco Router: 12 Install Cacti on the HQ Server 12 Installing NfSen on the HQ Server: 13 Troubleshooting: 14 Verification/Testing: 14 Explanation: 15 What was not accomplished: 15 Formatting Cisco IOS on 2600 series routers 15 Testing 16 Trouble Shooting 16 General IPv6 commands: 17 Rip6 commands: 17 Implications/How it works 18 Testing 19 Troubleshooting 20 IP 21 Delegation: 21 VLAN information: 22 VLAN IP Addresses: 23 HQ Subnetting: 23 Store Subnetting: 24 Procedures: 25 Troubleshooting: 27 Traffic generation/Services 29 Installing Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS 29 Installing and Configuring NTP on Ubuntu 31 Installing BackTrack 4 R2 32 Installing and Configuring Nping 35 Verification and Troubleshooting for Nping 35 Reflection 36 Troubleshooting 36 Adtran 37 Commands for set-up 37 How does Adtran differ from Cisco? 38 How do you verify/what were the results 38 Bibliography 39 Appendix A 40 OSPF BASIC COMMANDS The following commands are entered into global configuration mode. router ospf 10 network <the ip network of the network you wish to add> <the inverse mask of the area> area <region number> Some routers required entering...
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...SECTION 1 - WIDE AREA NETWORK The Washington School District Wide Area Network (WAN) will connect all school and administrative offices with the district office for the purpose of delivering data. The WAN will be based on a two-layer hierarchical model. Three (3) regional Hubs will be established at the District Office/Data Center, Service Center and Shaw Butte Elementary School for the purpose of forming a fast WAN core network. School locations will be connected into the WAN core Hub locations based on proximity to the Hub. TCP/IP and Novell IPX will be the only networking protocols that will be acceptable to traverse the district WAN. All other protocols will be filtered at the individual school sites using access routers. High-end, powerful routers will also be installed at each WAN core location. Access to the Internet or any other outside network connections will be provided through the District Office/Data Center through a Frame Relay WAN link. For security purposes, no other connections will be permitted. SECTION 2 - LOCAL AREA NETWORK & WIRING SCHEME Two Local Area Network (LAN) segments will be implemented in each school and the District Office. The transport speeds will be Ethernet 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 100BASE-FX. Horizontal cabling shall be Category 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair (CAT5 UTP) and will have the capacity (be tested) to accommodate 100 Mbps. Vertical (Backbone) cabling shall be CAT5 UTP or fiber optic multi-mode cable. The cabling infrastructure...
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...* CCNA Routing & Switching 200-120 * Chapter 1 – Understanding Networks and their Building Blocks * 1-1 Introduction to Networks * 1-2 Networking Types * 1-3 OSI Reference Model * 1-4 TCP/IP Model * 1-5 Ethernet Technologies and Cabling * 1-6 Cisco 3 Layer Model * 1-7 Summary * Chapter 2 – IP Addressing and Subnets * 2-1 IP Addresses – Composition, Types and Classes * 2-2 Private and Public IP addresses * 2-3 Subnetting * 2-4 Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) * 2-5 Route Summarization * 2-6 Troubleshooting IP Addressing * Chapter 3 Introduction to Cisco Routers, Switches and IOS * 3-1 Introduction to Cisco Routers, Switches, IOS & the Boot Process * 3-2 Using the Command-Line Interface (CLI) * 3-3 Basic Configuration of Router and Switches * 3-4 Configuring Router Interfaces * 3-5 Gathering Information and Verifying Configuration * 3-6 Configuring DNS & DHCP * 3-7 Saving, Erasing, Restoring and Backing up Configuration & IOS File * 3-8 Password Recovery on a Cisco Router * 3-9 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) * 3-10 Using Telnet on IOS * 3-11 CCNA Lab #1 * Chapter 4 Introduction to IP Routing * 4-1 Understanding IP Routing * 4-2 Static, Default and Dynamic Routing * 4-3 Administrative Distance and Routing...
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...of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America First Printing July 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Empson, Scott. Portable command reference / Scott Empson. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-58720-193-6 (pbk.) 1. Computer networks--Examinations--Study guides. 2. Internetworking (Telecommunication)--Examinations--Study guides. 3. Electronic data processing personnel--Certification. I. Title. TK5105.5.E4352 2007 004.6--dc22 2007023863 ISBN-13: 978-1-5872-0193-6 ISBN-10: 1-58720-193-3 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Certified Cisco Networking Associate (CCNA) exam and the commands needed at this level of network administration. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The author, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc. Trademark...
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...quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America First Printing July 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Empson, Scott. Portable command reference / Scott Empson. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-58720-193-6 (pbk.) 1. Computer networks--Examinations--Study guides. 2. Internetworking (Telecommunication)--Examinations--Study guides. 3. Electronic data processing personnel--Certification. I. Title. TK5105.5.E4352 2007 004.6--dc22 2007023863 ISBN-13: 978-1-5872-0193-6 ISBN-10: 1-58720-193-3 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Certified Cisco Networking Associate (CCNA) exam and the commands needed at this level of network administration. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The author, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco...
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...John Weatherwax Week 7 En 1320 Research paper New technology break troughs, Research question, less than 30 years ago we had no cell phones If we can talk on a cell phone that is a watch today and where will we be in 30 more years? Just by what I have seen and heard from various producers of cell phones I do believe that the cell phone tech is going to be in the field of a wearable devices the new (in the last few years ) watches are just the start. In the 50’s Dick Tracy had a watch that the new watches mimic so what is next will it implants or projectable it is hard to tell but in my thoughts it will be in the realm of a wearable and possibly a wearable projection device. Articale #1 Cast your mind back to late 2008, when the first Android-powered handset saw the light of day. Obama won his first Presidential election, Apple launched its App Store (the iPhone had appeared the year before), Google announced its own Chrome browser and we got our first look at the company's new mobile OS on the T-Mobile G1. The Android of 2013 is a world away from that 2008 version, where the Android Market was in its infancy, there were no native video playback capabilities and the G1 had no multi-touch support. But Google is going to have to keep innovating and improving its mobile OS to keep the lion's share of the smartphone market. We've taken a peek into the future to consider what Android might look like in the year 2020. With new Android monikers now appearing about once...
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...This document is exclusive property of Cisco Systems, Inc. Permission is granted to print and copy this document for non-commercial distribution and exclusive use by instructors in the CCNA Exploration: Network Fundamentals course as part of an official Cisco Networking Academy Program. Activity 1.1.1: Using Google Earth™ to View the World Learning Objectives Upon completion of this activity, you will be able to: • • • • • Explain the purpose of Google Earth. Explain the different versions of Google Earth. Explain the hardware and software requirements needed to use Google Earth (free edition). Experiment with Google Earth features such as Help | Tutorial. Experiment with Google Earth to explore continents, countries, and places of interest. Background Google Earth is a popular application that executes on the desktop of most operating systems. It requires a broadband connection to the Internet and displays Earth as a manipulated 2D, or 3D image. The popular world news channel, CNN, regularly uses Google Earth to emphasize where a news story has occurred. At the time of writing this activity, there are three versions of Google Earth. The version that fits most needs is Google's free version, Google Earth. A Google Earth Plus version includes GPS support, a spreadsheet importer, and other support features. The Google Earth Pro version is for professional and commercial use. The URL http://earth.google.com/product_comparison.html contains a description of the versions...
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...CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Networking Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: ■ What are the requirements for an Internet connection? What are the major components of a personal computer (PC)? What procedures are used to install and troubleshoot network interface cards (NICs) and modems? What basic testing procedures are used to test the Internet connection? What are the features of web browsers and plug-ins? ■ What are the Base 2, Base 10, and Base 16 number systems? How do you perform 8-bit-binary-to-decimal and decimal-to-8-bit-binary conversions? How do you perform simple conversions between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers? How are IP addresses and network masks represented in binary form? How are IP addresses and network masks represented in decimal form? ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Key Terms This chapter uses the following key terms. You can find the definitions in the Glossary: Internet page 4 page 4 parallel port serial port page 10 page 10 enterprise network Internet service provider (ISP) page 6 personal computers (PCs) page 7 page 8 mouse port page 10 keyboard port page 10 Universal Serial Bus (USB) port expansion slots page 10 page 11 page 10 central processing unit (CPU) random-access memory (RAM) page 9 disk drive page 9 hard disk page 9 network interface card (NIC) video card page 11 input/output devices (I/O) page 9 motherboard memory chip page...
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