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Sulu

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Krisis pencerobohan Lahad Datu 2013 mengaitkan kepada insiden diplomatik yang berlaku di antara Malaysia dan Filipina sejurus selepas 235 orang Filipina yang sebahagiannya bersenjata mendarat di Kg. Tanduo, Daerah Lahad Datu, Sabah pada 11 Februari 2013.[12]Kumpulan tersebut yang menggelarkan diri mereka sebagai Angkatan Keselamatan Diraja Kesultanan Sulu dan Borneo Utara,[2] telah dihantar oleh Jamalul Kiram III yang merupakan salah seorang dari pihak-pihak yang menuntut takhta Kesultanan Sulu. Kiram menyatakan bahawa matlamat mereka adalah untuk menuntut kembali wilayah mereka di bahagian timur Sabah (bekas Borneo Utara) yang masih tidak dapat diselesaikan.[3]
Pasukan-pasukan keselamatan Malaysia sudah mengepung Kampung Tanduo di Lahad Datu yang menjadi tempat mereka berkumpul, manakala perundingan secara aman masih lagi dilakukan.[13]
Isi kandungan [sorokkan] * 1 Latar belakang * 1.1 Pertelingkahan tuntutan kawasan nasional * 1.2 Tuntutan di Mahkamah Antarabangsa * 1.3 Tuntutan terhadap takhta Kesultanan Sulu * 1.4 Penglibatan "Sultan-sultan Sulu" dalam politik * 1.5 Sekatan * 1.6 Motif kedatangan * 1.7 Pemberontak Sulu tidak akan berganjak * 2 Situasi semasa * 2.1 Pertempuran 1 Mac * 2.2 Serangan Semporna * 2.3 Kehadiran lelaki bersenjata di Kunak * 2.4 Peningkatan anggota keselamatan * 2.5 Penghantaran pesawat pejuang dan pengeboman * 2.6 Reaksi MNLF * 2.7 Tiada kaitan dengan MILF * 2.8 Tangkapan * 2.9 Kewujudan ESSCOM dan ESSZONE * 3 Insiden berkaitan * 3.1 Penggodaman * 3.2 Protes di kedutaan Malaysia * 4 Lain-lain * 4.1 Kekejaman penceroboh * 4.2 Nasib keluarga anggota PDRM yang terkorban dibela * 4.3 Pembangkang Filipina main peranan * 4.4 Bantuan kepada warga Lahad Datu * 4.5 Suruhanjaya Siasatan Diraja pendatang asing Sabah * 5 Reaksi * 5.1 Nasihat perjalanan * 6 Lihat juga * 7 Rujukan * 8 Pautan luar
Latar belakang[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pertelingkahan tuntutan kawasan nasional[sunting | sunting sumber]
Dalam konflik yang berlanjutan, Filipina telah menuntut mengenai pendudukan Malaysia ke atas negeri Sabah. Sebab tuntutan ini ialah kerana Wilayah Kesultanan Sulu juga merangkumi bahagian utara timur Borneo yang termasuk dalam Kepulauan Sulu. Kedua-dua perkara mengenai wilayah ini dan status semasa sultan masih tidak dapat diselesaikan. Pada 7 Oktober 2012, Presiden Filipina, iaituBenigno Aquino telah mengumumkan bahawa rangka kerja perjanjian damai yang melibatkan antara kerajaan Filipina dan Barisan Utama Pembebasan Islam Moro. Bagaimanapun, pewaris Kesultanan Sulu berasa diketepikan dalam perundingan tersebut. Sebagai tindak balas,Sultan Jamalul Kiram III mendakwa dirinya menjadi pewaris sah kepada takhta Sulu, beliau telah menetapkan pada 11 November 2012 bahawa kontinjen awam dan tentera harus menuntut hak-hak wilayah di Borneo Utara. Oleh itu, beliau telah melantik saudaranya dan Raja Mudah ("pewaris" atau "putera mahkota"), Agbimuddin Kiram, untuk memimpin kumpulan tersebut.[2][14] Beberapa bulan selepas 11 Februari 2013,[2] Agbimuddin Kiram dan seramai 100 pengikutnya tiba di Kampung Tanduo, Lahad Datu, Sabah dari pulau kejiranan iaitu Pulau Simunul, Tawi-Tawi di selatan Filipina.[15]
Tuntutan di Mahkamah Antarabangsa[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada tarikh 23 Oktober 2001, Mahkamah Antarabangsa telah memutuskan bahawa Sabah dan semua kawasan kepulauannya adalah dibawahPersekutuan Malaysia. Mahkamah Antarabangsa juga tidak menerima permohonan Kerajaan Filipina untuk masuk campur dalam urusan persengketaan status Pulau Sipadan dan Pulau Ligitan yang berlaku di antara Malaysia dan Indonesia.[16] Penghakiman ini diambil oleh Mahkamah Antarabangsa setelah meneliti kesemua perkara yang berkaitan dengan pendudukan di negeri Sabah. Ini termasuk faktor geografi dan sejarah kawasan tersebut. Ia juga mengambil kira aspek hak penduduk untuk bersama kerajaan yang mereka pilih. Dan ini telah diakui oleh semua rakyat Sabah bahawa mereka adalah sebahagian daripada Malaysia.[17]
Permasalah wilayah ini tidak lagi wujud kerana Sabah dengan secara mutlaknya menjadi sebahagian dari negara Malaysia dan segala pentadbiran negeri sudah termaktub di dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Filipina pernah membuat tuntutan tetapi tidak berbuat secara rasmi setelah beberapa tahun.[18]
Tuntutan terhadap takhta Kesultanan Sulu[sunting | sunting sumber]
Jamalul Kiram III bukanlah satu-satunya individu yang mengaku sebagai Sultan Sulu. Ini kerana ramai pihak yang membuat pengakuan sebagai pewaris takhta Sultan Sulu. Pada tahun 2011, Datuk Mohd Akjan Bin Datu Ali Muhammad telah dipilih oleh orang-orang Sulu untuk menjadi Sultan Sulu. Datuk Akjan diiktiraf oleh sebahagian dari orang-orang sebagai Sultan Sulu yang ke-33 dan juga sebagai waris keturunan Sultan Sulu yang pertama Paduka Mahasari Maulana Al-Marhum Shariful Hashim 1 (yang berasal dari Johor).[19]
Mengikut portal berita Philippines Daily Inquirer, terdapat banyak lagi pihak yang mengaku sebagai Sultan Sulu. Terdapat dua lagi individu yang mengaku sebagai keturunan Sulu yang ke-35. Fuad Kiram dan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram juga mengaku sebagai Sultan. Kedua-duanya adalah sepupu kepada Jamalul Kiram III yang sedang melancarkan serangan terhadap Malaysia. Fuad Kiram adalah anak kepada Sultan Esmail Kiram I (1950-1974) yang menyatakan bahawa beliau telah dilantik oleh pembesar-pembesar Sulu yang lain. Muedzul pula mengatakan bahawa beliau merupakan Sultan Sulu yang sebenar kerana bapanya Sultan Ampun Mohammad Mahakuttah Kiram (1974-1986) telah diiktiraf sebagai Sultan oleh bekas Presiden Filipina Ferdinand Marcos.[20]
Penglibatan "Sultan-sultan Sulu" dalam politik[sunting | sunting sumber]
Mengikut satu laporan yang dibuat oleh Manila Times, penglibatan terhadap politik akan menjadikan tuntutan kepada takhta oleh individu-individu tersebut terbatal. Ini mengikut sistem kerajaan Sulu yang dipegang oleh kesemua penuntut takhta. Jika mana-mana penuntut takhta Sulu terlibat dalam politik, maka tuntutan mereka terhadap takhta akan terbatal.
Walaubagaimanapun, boleh dikatakan kesemua penuntut takhta telah secara langsung melibatkan diri dalam politik Filipina dan Malaysia. Datuk Mohd Akjan Bin Datu Ali Muhammad adalah seorang ahli UMNO Sabah (telah keluar parti apabila kerakyatannya ditarik oleh kerajaan Malaysia), manakala Muedzul-lail pula pernah bertanding pada tahun 1997 di kawasan Barangay Kagawad dan kalah. Jamalul Kiram (yang menjadi pencetus krisis Lahad Datu) pula pernah bertanding pilihanraya atas tiket parti Presiden Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pada tahun 2007 namun kalah.[21]
Sekatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Polis Malaysia telah mengepung jalan utama di Lahad Datu yang melalui ladang kelapa sawit sehingga ke Kampung Tanduo, di mana lelaki bersenjata tersebut berada. Polis Marin juga meronda perairan berdekatan. Agensi-agensi keselamatan juga telah menyekat kemasukan warga dari Selatan Filipina.[22]
Motif kedatangan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Mengikut sumber dari Al Jazeera News, kehadiran tentera Sulu di Lahad Datu adalah disebabkan mereka ingin menuntut pengiktirafan dan hak untuk selama-lamanya tinggal di Sabah.[23]
The Manila Times menyebut bahawa pencerobohan tersebut berlaku sejurus selepas pemimpin pembangkang Anwar Ibrahim mencadangkan autonomi kepada Sabah.[24] Agensi perisikan Filipina juga telah menyatakan ada campur tangan beberapa pihak yang telah mencetuskan kejadian ini. Salah satu pihak yang dikenalpastinya adalah Anwar Ibrahim.[25][26] Namun begitu untuk menafikan pembabitan mereka, Tian Chua, Naib Presiden Parti Keadilan Rakyat menyatakan bahawa ini adalah sandiwara kerajaan Barisan Nasional untuk menakut-nakutkan rakyat.[27]Tian Chua telah dikecam hebat kerana mengeluarkan kenyataan tersebut.[28] Jacel Kiram, puteri Jamalul Kiram III juga menyangkal dakwaan mereka disokong Anwar atau orang lain.[29]
Pemberontak Sulu tidak akan berganjak[sunting | sunting sumber]
Agbimuddin Kiram, adik kepada Sultan Sulu mengatakan bahawa sekiranya Malaysia ingin berunding, mereka hendaklah berunding terus dengan Sultan Sulu, Sultan Jamalul Kiram III, secara terus. Ini adalah kerana arahan yang diterima oleh Agbimuddin Kiram adalah daripada abangnya. Beliau juga menyatakan bahawa akan terus berada di Lahad Datu dan hanya akan berundur sekiranya dipanggil semula oleh abangnya.[30]
Situasi semasa[sunting | sunting sumber]

Peta lokasi kawasan Pantai Timur Sabah yang telah terlibat dalam konflik ini.
██ Antaranya ialah:
* Lahad Datu
* Semporna
* Kunak
* Tawau
Pertempuran 1 Mac[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada pagi 1 Mac, satu pertempuran telah berlaku diantara PDRM dan pengikut Agbimuddin Kiram. Dua anggota PDRM dari kumpulan Komando 69 iaitu, Inspektor Zulkifli Mamat dan Sarjan Sabaruddin telah terkorban.[31][32][33] Manakala, 12 pengikut Agbimuddin Kiram telah terbunuh dalam situasi tersebut.[31]
Serangan Semporna[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada 3 Mac pada waktu 6.30 petang, seramai 6 anggota polis telah terkorban dalam serangan hendap oleh penceroboh bersenjata di Kampung Sri Jaya, Simunul, Semporna.[34] Enam penceroboh turut terbunuh dalam situasi tersebut.[34] Pihak polis masih menyiasat sama ada kumpulan ini mempunyai kaitan dengan pengikut Kesultanan Sulu.[35] Sebelum ini, pada jam 7 pagi di hari yang sama seorang penceroboh telah dibelasah sehingga mati oleh penduduk kampung tersebut.[36]
Abraham Idjirani, iaitu setiausaha-agung Sultan Kiram III, berkata keganasan bermula ketika polis Malaysia sedang memeriksa rumah seorang pendatang tanpa izin Filipina yang disyaki melindungi penceroboh. Ianya berakhir apabila Imam Maas dan 4 orang anak beliau terbunuh apabila diketahui bahawa mereka sedang melindungi saudara-mara sultan yakni penceroboh di kawasan itu.[37]
Kehadiran lelaki bersenjata di Kunak[sunting | sunting sumber]
Menurut Ketua Polis Negara, Ismail Omar, seramai 10 individu yang dipercayai mempunyai kaitan dengan tentera penceroboh telah dikesan memasuki kawasan Kampung Long Malong dan Kampung Dasar Lama di Kunak antara Lahad Datu dan Semporna.[38][39][40]
Peningkatan anggota keselamatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kerajaan Malaysia telah mula menggandakan bilangan polis dan tentera dengan menggerakkan pegawai Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja.[41][42] Selain itu, 7 batalion ATM dari Semenanjung dan 1 batalion PGA dari Sarawak juga telah dihantar bagi meningkatkan kawalan keselamatan.[7][8][9]
Penghantaran pesawat pejuang dan pengeboman[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pesawat pejuang TUDM dilihat terbang di sekitar Felda Sahabat kira-kira pukul 8.35 pagi.[43]
Pada 5 Mac, Malaysia telah menghantar 3 buah pesawat pejuang F/A-18 Hornet dan 5 Hawk bagi melancarkan serangan bom dari udara ke kawasan yang dikatakan merupakan tempat persembunyian pengikut Agbimuddin Kiram pada jam 7 pagi.[44][45] Akhbar Berita Harianmengatakan, kira-kira 30 mayat penceroboh telah ditemui.[46] Manakala, seorang telah ditembak mati.[47] Sehingga kini, 67 penceroboh telah disahkan terkorban.[1] Manakala, 149 lagi telah ditahan.[1]
Reaksi MNLF[sunting | sunting sumber]
Sebuah laporan ekslusif dari News5 menunjukkan sebahagian ahli Barisan Pembebasan Kebangsaan Moro (MNLF) sedang menjalani latihan diJolo, Sulu untuk misi menyelamat warga Filipina di Sabah.[6] Bekas pemimpin MNLF, Nur Misuari menyatakan bahawa ahli MNLF ini tidak mempunyai kaitan atau menyebelahi pihak Pasukan Keselamatan Diraja Sulu.[6][48] Bagaimanapun, Gabenor Wilayah Sulu, Abdusakur Tan telah menafikan apa-apa laporan yang mengatakan pejuang MNLF dibawah arahan Nur Misuari telah menuju ke Sabah, beliau juga menafikan bahawa 1,000 pejuang MNLF telah menyusup masuk ke negeri ini.[6] Juga, menurut pengerusi Barisan Pembebasan Kebangsaan Moro (MNLF), Muslimin Sema, mereka menghormati keputusan Sabah yang menyertai Malaysia pada tahun 1963.[49] Beliau juga mengatakan beliau pernah melawat Sabah pada tahun 1973 dan menyaksikan sendiri kegembiraan yang dinikmati oleh rakyat negeri itu dan menambah bahawa beliau juga mempunyai ramai saudara mara di negeri tersebut.[49]
Tiada kaitan dengan MILF[sunting | sunting sumber]
Murad Ibrahim selaku pengerusi Barisan Pembebasan Islam Moro (MILF) yang juga merupakan kumpulan pemisah terbesar di Filipina telah menyatakan bahawa MILF tidak terlibat langsung dengan konflik ini. Beliau juga menyebut bahawa isu ini adalah satu perkara yang perlu diselesaikan melalui Kuala Lumpur dan pentadbiran Manila.[50]
Tangkapan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Berikutan insiden pencerobohan di Lahad Datu, polis Malaysia telah menangkap 104 warga Filipina yang disyaki ada kaitan dengan Jamalul Kiram III di bawah Akta Kesalahan Keselamatan (Langkah-langkah Khas) 2012, salah satu daripada pengganti Akta Keselamatan Dalam Negeri. Mereka termasuklah beberapa ahli keluarga Kiram yang memasuki negeri Sabah menggunakan identiti palsu.[51] 111 pengganas Sulu juga berjaya ditangkap manakala lapan orang lagi didakwa di bawah Seksyen 121 Kanun Keseksaan kerana melancarkan peperangan terhadap Yang di-Pertuan Agong, yang mana jika sabit kesalahan boleh dikenakan hukuman mati di Malaysia.[1][52][53]

██ ESSZONE yang telah dilancarkan oleh Perdana Menteri pada 25 Mac bagi meningkatkan lagi kawalan keselamatan di bahagian timurSabah.
Kewujudan ESSCOM dan ESSZONE[sunting | sunting sumber]
Rencana utama: ESSCOM dan ESSZONE
Juga berikutan dengan krisis ini, kerajaan telah mewujudkan sebuah kawasan yang dikenali sebagai Kawasan Keselamatan Khas Pantai Timur Sabah (ESSCOM) pada 7 Mac 2013 bagi memperkuatkan lagi keselamatan maritim di bahagian timurSabah.[54][55][56] Beberapa minggu selepas itu, Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Najib bin Abdul Razak telah melancarkan sebuah zon yang dikenali sebagai Zon Keselamatan Pantai Timur Sabah (ESSZONE) pada 25 Mac 2013.[57]
Insiden berkaitan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Penggodaman[sunting | sunting sumber]
Perang siber turut tercetus dengan kumpulan penggodam dari Malaysia dan Filipina saling menggodam laman web beberapa pertubuhan antara satu sama lain bagi menyemarakkan rasa tidak puas hati berkenaan isu ini.[58]
Protes di kedutaan Malaysia[sunting | sunting sumber]
Seramai 100 rakyat Filipina menganjurkan bantahan di hadapan kedutaan Malaysia di Makati pada 5 Mac 2013. Mereka menggesa kerajaan Malaysia untuk menamatkan keganasan di Sabah, manakala sesetengah sokongan yang dinyatakan lagi adalah bagi menyokong perjuangan Kiram. Sekurang-kurangnya 50 anggota polis dan trak bomba dikerahkan ke kawasan tersebut. Kedutaan kemudiannya digantung operasi akibat bantahan.[59]
Lain-lain[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kekejaman penceroboh[sunting | sunting sumber]
Anggota polis yang terbunuh di kampung Sri Jaya, Semporna, Sabah pada 2 Mac lalu ditemui dalam keadaan yang sangat tragis.[60] Perbuatan yang sangat sadis dan tidak berperikemanusiaan itu telah menimbulkan tanda tanya pelbagai pihak sama ada mereka ini di bawah pengaruh dadah atau ilmu hitam. Justeru, perlakuan mereka ini juga bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam.[60]
Nasib keluarga anggota PDRM yang terkorban dibela[sunting | sunting sumber]
Datuk Seri Musa Aman selaku Ketua Menteri Sabah telah mengumumkan bahawa sumbangan sebanyak RM 100,000.00 akan diberikan kepada keluarga anggota PDRM yang terkorban di dalam pertempuran di Lahad Datu. Manakala bagi anggota yang cedera, sebanyak RM 50,000.00 akan disumbangkan oleh kerajaan negeri.[61]
Anggota yang terkorban juga dinaikkan pangkat agar keluarga mereka dapat menikmati kadar pencen yang lebih tinggi. Beberapa bantuan lain turut akan diterima oleh anggota dan keluarga anggota yang terlibat.[62]
Pembangkang Filipina main peranan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Banyak akhbar pro pembangkang di Filipina sedang mensasarkan kelemahan kepada Presiden Benigno kerana tidak menyokong pendudukan pengganas Sulu di Lahad Datu. Untuk menaikkan kemarahan rakyat Filipina, akhbar-akhbar pro Arroyo ini telah menceritakan kononnya pasukan keselamatan Malaysia telah memukul dan membunuh warga Filipina di Sabah. Namun begitu, tiada bukti sahih bahawa perkara ini sedang berlaku.[63] Bekas Presiden Arroyo nampaknya telah melaksanakan perancangan untuk memalukan pentadbiran Presiden Benigno agar kerajaan Filipina akan dilihat tidak boleh menyelesaikan masalah rakyat Filipina.[64]
Jamalul Kiram yang merupakan ketua pasukan penceroboh Sulu, merupakan salah seorang penyokong Arroyo dan pernah bertanding di dalam parti Arroyo pada tahun 1997. Dan kini tindakannya untuk menyerang Sabah adalah dikatakan diarahkan oleh Arroyo.[65]
Bantuan kepada warga Lahad Datu[sunting | sunting sumber]
Bantuan RM 1000.00 akan diberikan oleh kerajaan Malaysia kepada warga yang terlibat dalam krisis pencerobohan Lahad Datu. Bantuan juga akan diberikan dalam bentuk pembinaan semula kediaman dan premis perniagaan yang musnah disebabkan oleh kekacauan yang dilaksanakan oleh para pengganas di Lahad Datu. Pinjaman kerajaan juga akan diberikan kepada mereka yang mengalami kerugian dalam perniagaan disebabkan oleh krisis tersebut.[66]
Suruhanjaya Siasatan Diraja pendatang asing Sabah[sunting | sunting sumber]
Prosiding siasatan Suruhanjaya Diraja pendatang asing Sabah terhenti apabila berlakunya krisis ini.[67]

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...THE PHILIPPINES AND THE ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINE Archipelago is defined as a sea or part of a sea studded with islands, often synonymous with island groups, or as a large group of islands in an extensive body of water, such as sea. (De Leon, 1991) In various conferences of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea, the Philippines and other archipelago states proposed that an archipelagic state composed of groups of islands forming a state is a single unit, with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters.By this concept (archipelagic doctrine), an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit, so that the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the state, subject to its exclusive sovereignty. Despite the opposition of maritime powers, the Philippines and four other states (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Bahamas) got the approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea held in Jamaica last December 10, 1982. They were qualified as archipelagic states. The archipelagic doctrine is now incorporated in Chapter IV of the said convention. It legalizes the unity of land, water and people into a single entity photo courtesy of gmanews.tv The Philippines bolstered the archipelagic principle in defining its territory when it included in Article 1 of the 1987 Constitution the following: : "The national territory comprises the...

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...1 (This paper was presented during the SEACSN Conference 2004: “Issues and Challenges for Peace and Conflict Resolution in Southeast Asia”, at Shangri-La Hotel, Penang, Malaysia on 12-15 January 2004) Muslim Minority in the Philippines By Abhoud Syed M. Lingga Executive Director, Institute of Bangsamoro Studies How the Muslims as a minority situate themselves within the Philippine national community is the subject of discussion in this paper. A look into their views on their relations with the national community is helpful in understanding the conflict in Mindanao for this is the impetus in their assertion for their right to self-determination. Minority Communities We find minority communities within the borders of many countries today. These minority communities can be classified broadly into three major categories (Che Man 1990:1). The minority migrant populations are in the first category. During the colonial period, workers were recruited from other colonies to work in plantations, mining and other industries. In recent years, migration of peoples who are induced by pull factors like economic opportunities and liberal policies of countries of destination and the push factors in their own countries like violent conflicts, lack of economic opportunities and repressive government policies are observable. The migrant populations have no attachment to any portion of the territory of the host country. Their concerns are the acceptability by and equal rights with the dominant majority...

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Bangsamoro Framework

...Islamic Conference (OIC).1 Several rounds of on-and- off peace negotiations over three decades were concluded in 1996 under the auspices of the OIC. But the implementation of the 1996 final peace agreement has been contentious. While a significant number of MNLF combatants has been integrated into the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), there has been no disarmament or demobilization of the group. Since 2001, there have been occasional armed hostilities between the MNLF and the AFP in the MNLF heartland of Jolo island in the Sulu archipelagic province. Sulu hostilities in 2005 involved some apparent tactical cooperation between the MNLF and the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) against the AFP, but in 2006 the MNLF shifted policy by actively cooperating with the AFP against the ASG in Sulu. Fierce fighting between the MNLF and the AFP again erupted in April 2007, and several MNLF camps in Sulu were taken. The MNLF there- fore has one foot inside government but has not yet fully shed its rebel...

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Interculturation

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Music of Mindanao

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...When the United States bought the Philippines from the Spanish as a part of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American War, few Americans knew the difficulties they would face in the islands’ administration. A Nationalist group under rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo had already set up a Filipino government in Manila, capital of the Philippines. Many Filipinos viewed the Americans as liberators, and were shocked and dismayed to learn that the Americans did not intend to recognize their new government. No sooner had the Americans exerted their sovereignty over the islands than they faced a dogged guerrilla war. On December 21, 1898, President William McKinley set the course for American policy in the Philippines. It was largely an attempt to set American Imperialism apart from the abusive European Imperialism which had led to the Spanish-American War. He announced the military occupation of the islands but also outlined a plan for the benevolent assimilation of the natives. As he proclaimed, “we come, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends,” therefore, “it should be the…paramount aim of the military administration to win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines.” In practical terms, this meant building roads, schools, hospitals, introducing improved farming techniques, and preparing the Filipinos for the day when they are able to govern themselves. Using this policy of benevolent assimilation, the Americans were...

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Early Filipinos

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