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Summary Business Ethics Velasquez Chapter 1

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BAB 1
ETIKA DAN BISNIS 1.1 Hakikat Etika Bisnis
Menurut kamus, istilah etika memiliki beragam makna yang berbeda, salah satunya bermakna sebagai prinsip tingkah laku yang mengatur individu atau kelompok. Terdapat berbagai macam penggunaan istilah etika yang lain, misalnya: a. Etika personal, ketika mengacu pada aturan-aturan dalam lingkup dimana seseorang menjalani kehidupan pribadinya. b. Etika akuntansi, ketika mengacu pada seperangkat aturan yang mengatur tindakan professional akuntan. c. Pengkajian moralitas, para ahli etika menggunakan istilah ini semacam penelaahan baik aktivitas penelaahan maupun hasil-hasil penelaahan itu sendiri, sedangkan moralitas merupakan subjek.
Moralitas:
Pedoman yang dimiliki individu atau kelompok mengenai apa itu benar dan salah, atau baik dan jahat.

Moralitas:
Pedoman yang dimiliki individu atau kelompok mengenai apa itu benar dan salah, atau baik dan jahat.

Moralitas

Standards Nonmoral:
Standar dimana kita menyatakan apa cara seseorang yang baik atau buruk dan benar atau salah.
Standards Nonmoral:
Standar dimana kita menyatakan apa cara seseorang yang baik atau buruk dan benar atau salah.
Standar Moral:
Norma tentang tindakan-tindakan yang kita percaya secara moral benar dan salah, seperti nilai yang kita tempatkan pada apa yang kita percaya secara moral baik dan buruk.
Standar Moral:
Norma tentang tindakan-tindakan yang kita percaya secara moral benar dan salah, seperti nilai yang kita tempatkan pada apa yang kita percaya secara moral baik dan buruk.

Etika Etika:
Ilmu yang mendalami standar moral perorangan dan standar moral masyarakat untuk mengevaluasi kewajaran dan implikasi mereka dalam kehidupan mereka.
Etika:
Ilmu yang mendalami standar moral perorangan dan standar moral masyarakat untuk mengevaluasi kewajaran dan implikasi mereka dalam kehidupan mereka.

Studi Deskriptif:
Penelusuran yang mencoba mendeskripsikan atau menjelaskan tanpa harus mencapai kesimpulan tentang apakah hal-hal tersebut baik atau buruk atau tindakan tersebut benar atau salah.
Studi Deskriptif:
Penelusuran yang mencoba mendeskripsikan atau menjelaskan tanpa harus mencapai kesimpulan tentang apakah hal-hal tersebut baik atau buruk atau tindakan tersebut benar atau salah.
Studi Normatif:
Penelusuran yang mencoba mencapai kesimpulan-kesimpulan normatif yaitu, kesimpulan tentang hal-hal yang baik dan buruk atau tentang tindakan apa yang benar atau salah.
Studi Normatif:
Penelusuran yang mencoba mencapai kesimpulan-kesimpulan normatif yaitu, kesimpulan tentang hal-hal yang baik dan buruk atau tentang tindakan apa yang benar atau salah.

Etika Bisnis
Etika bisnis merupakan studi yang dikhususkan mengenai moral yang benar dan salah yang berkonsentrasi pada standar moral sebagaimana diterapkan dalam kebijakan, institusi, dan perilaku bisnis. Etika bisnis adalah sebuah studi yang mendalami: a. Standar moral kita sejauh ini diterapkan di bisnis. b. Bagaimana kewajaran dan ketidakwajaran moral standar yang kita punya diserap di masyarakat. c. Implikasi moral standar kita untuk aktivitas bisnis.

Penerapan Konsep Etika pada Perusahaan Hal ini berkaitan dengan apakah standar moral hanya diterapkan pada individu, ataukah juga pada perusahaan. Ada pandangan atas muncul masalah ini, yang extreme adalah padangan yang berpendapat bahwa, karena aturan yang mengikat, organisasi memperbolehkan kita untuk mengatakan bahwa korporasi bertindak sebagai individu dan memiliki “tujuan yang disengaja” atas apa yang mereka lakukan, kita juga dapat mengatakan mereka “bertanggung jawab secara moral” untuk tindakan mereka dan bahwa tindakan mereka adalah “bermoral” atau “tidak bermoral” dalam pengertian yang sama seperti apa yang dilakukan manusia.

Isu internasional dalam etika bisnis
Isu internasional dalam etika bisnis
1.2. Isu Etika dalam Bisnis
Teknologi dan etika bisnis
Teknologi dan etika bisnis

Isu etika dalam bisnis
Isu etika dalam bisnis

Bisnis dan relativism etis
Bisnis dan relativism etis
Perbedaan antar negara
Perbedaan antar negara
Globalisasi dan etika bisnis
Globalisasi dan etika bisnis

Keterangan:
Teknologi dan etika bisnis
Teknologi terdiri atas metode, proses, dan alat yang ditemukan manusia untuk memanipulasi dan mengendalikan lingkungan mereka. Bisnis kontemporer secara terus menerus dan radikal diubah oleh evolusi teknologi baru yang cepat yang memunculkan persoalan etis baru bagi bisnis, misalnya Revolusi Agrikultur, manusia mengembangkan teknologi pertanian yang memungkinkan mereka berhenti mengandalkan perburuan dan keuntungan berburu.
Isu internasional dalam etika bisnis
Isu penting yang dimaksud adalah isu yang muncul di dalam batas nasional satu negara. Terdapat beberapa isu etika bisnis yang muncul di area internasional.

Globalisasi dan etika bisnis
Banyak isu dalam etika bisnis saat ini yang berhunungan dengan fenomena globalisasi, salah satunya sebagian besar perusahaan saat ini merupakan perusahaan multinasional, yaitu perusahaan yang menjalankan pemanufakturan, pemasaran, jasa dan operasi administrative dibanyak negara. Karena beoperasi di negara yang berbeda, perusahaan semacam ini menghadapi sejumlah permasalahan etis yang layak mendapatkan penjelasan khusus.

Perbedaan antar negara
Globalisasi juga memaksa perusahaan untuk beroperasi di negara dengan hukum, pemerintah, praktik, tingkat pengembangan, dan pemahaman yang terkadang berbeda. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah manajer di luar negeri harus mengikuti standar lokal atau standar asalnya.

Bisnis dan relativism etis
Relativisme etis adalah teori yang menyatakan bahwa karena masyarakat yang berbeda memiliki keyakinan etis yang berbeda, tidak ada cara yang rasional untuk menentukan apakah orang dari masyarakat ini atau itu percaya bahwa tindakan itu secara moral benar atau salah. Dengan kata lain, relativesme moral adalah pandangan bahwa tidak ada standar etis yang secara absolute benar dan yang diterapkan atau harus diterapkan terhadap perusahaan atau orang dari semua masyarakat. Di samping itu, relativisme percaya bahwa sesuatu kadang-kadang benar bagi orang atau perusahaan di suatu masyarakat tertentu jika sesuai dengan standar moral mereka, dan salah bagi mereka jika melanggar standarmoral mereka.

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