...information is safeguarded against those who seek to do personal harm and profit from gaining access to the data. The key behind keeping information safe is the method in which it’s protected and encrypted. In order to appreciate how information is secured, users must understand the encryption concepts behind it. To do this, one must comprehend the current encryption standards, the trends and developments in encryption technology, the importance of securing data, the government’s regulations pertaining to encryption, the companies involved in research and implementation, the implications of leaked or stolen data, and a brief look into the recent Heartbleed vulnerability. Encryption is at the heart of security in today’s networked world. When using the Internet, users are not always clicking around and taking in information passively, such as reading through their Facebook feed, a blog, or a news article. Often times, they are transmitting their own information while shopping online or registering for a website such as Twitter (Tyson 2014). Users take for granted the “behind the scenes” process of safeguarding the information they share while performing these day to day tasks. Simply put, encryption refers to any process used to make data more secure and less likely to be viewed or read by unauthorized or unintended parties (Tom’s Guide 2014). Encryption relies on the science of cryptography, which humans have used for thousands of years. Before the dawn of the information...
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...penetration testers can also use cryptography Tools, Techniques and Attacks Academics discusses history of encryption. Academics simply encrypt or hash, why aren't people using hashing more? Professional is just, encrypt or not, hash or just verify Section 1-2 Topic: Key Concepts of Cryptography: PKIS & Encryption Learning Objectives: Cryptography is one of the most underrated courses of study in the industry. Of those who do study it, issues with comprehension tend to hinder individual mastery. By taking this course, learners will finally be able to grasp all the critical concepts, theories and practices associated with Cryptography. This Cryptography presentation discusses and demonstrates the key concepts of Cryptography from attacks, PKIs and Encryption in detail. You’ll learn about the difference between public and private keys and about the similarities and differences between symmetry & asymmetry. We’ll also discuss the concept of integrity and confidentiality and their relationships to/with protocols. This Cryptography course will help you master the basics of Cryptography as you begin to develop the discipline needed to become an accomplished pen tester. Keys and Principles 1. Keys 1a. Symmetric - also referred to as same keys, private key, symmetric key - same (confidentially) Different Version/Ways/Procedures to get PlainText to CipherText Symmetric Cipher Examples: AES, DES, 3DES, IDEA, CAST, twofish, Blowfish, RC2, Serpent, Rijndael - (there are others...
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...What is asymmetric encryption and why do we need it? Asymmetric encryption is also known as public key encryption where there are two keys, a public key and a private key (Ezeobika, 2010). One key is used to encrypt and the other to decrypt (Hitachi ID Systems, Inc., 2013). Asymmetric encryption allows users to send secret messages by encrypting with the public key that belongs to the recipient (Hitachi ID Systems, Inc., 2013). Only the recipient will be able to decrypt the message because only that person will have access to the required key (Hitachi ID Systems, Inc., 2013). A somewhat similar way to view this is the locking and unlocking of a safety deposit box at the bank. The bank has the “public” key that is used as one of the necessary keys to open and close the box. In this situation “public” refers to the same key used for other safety deposit boxes within the bank. While the renter has the private key that is also necessary to open and close the box. Asymmetric encryption is useful because it allows for digital signatures which allow the person who is receiving a message to verify that a message is truly from a particular sender and to detect if the message has been altered (Ezeobika, 2010). Lastly, asymmetric encryption allows for accountability because once a message has been digitally signed the sender cannot deny having sent it (Ezeobika, 2010). Agrawal, M., & Mishra, P. (2012, May). A comparitive survey on symmetric key encryption techniques. International...
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...Network Assignment #2 1. Compare Peer-to-Peer against Client server Networks. Discuss (briefly) the differences using the following factors: a. Security: Peer-to-Peer does not provide the security available on a client/server network but a client/server has its resources centralized which mean resources and data security are controlled through the server. b. Complexity: Peer-to-Peer only required two computers connected together however client/server required special software to communicate between server and client. c. Operating Systems requirements: Peer-to-Peer required an operating system such as Windows XP or Appleshare to establish a network communication, however for client/server special software such as Novell Netware or Windows 2000 server must be installed on the client and server devices. d. Scalability: Peer-to-Peer e. Redundancy / backup: 2. Define the following: a. Router: is a device that connects two networks - frequently over large distances. b. Hub: is a network device that connects multiple computers on a LAN so they can communicate with one another, the rest of the network. c. Switch: is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one LAN. Technically, network switches operate at layer two Data Link Layer of the OSI Model. d. Gateway: A device that acts as a go-between two or more networks that use the same...
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...considered for the encryption of all sensitive data being transmitted over the Internet. There is symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. It is the intention of this paper to describe both methods and give an opinion on which method to use to secure the sensitive date. When a symmetric encrypted key is used, both parties share the same key to both encrypt and decrypt data. Since symmetric encryption's use-case is to share information between users, each has to posses a shared key. Although a symmetric key requires less computer resources, is simplistic and easy to understand, the utmost security measures should be set in place to ensure the safety and secrecy of the shared key by all collaborators. Should the key become compromised in some way, all sensitive data will be compromised. Also, exchanging the secret key over the Internet or over a large network is extremely risky because it can become intercepted by an attacker who could then use that key to decrypt the shared data. There is an alternative to this type of encryption, however, that could be more secure, though it poses its own disadvantages: asymmetric encryption. An asymmetric encrypted method relies on a public and private key. The public key is available to anyone who might wish to share encrypted data. The public key is used to encrypt the data being sent, while the private key (kept secret) is used to decrypt said data. The public key is not at as much risk because only the private key can unlock it...
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...Differentiate between symmetric and asymmetric encryption. SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION This is also referred to as Secret Key Encryption. In this type of encryption a secret word which could either be a number, word or string of characters is applied to the text of a message to change the content in a particular way such as shifting each letter by a number of places in the alphabet but both the sender and the receiver should know the secret key in order to encrypt and decrypt all messages that use this key. Symmetric Encryption is more efficient and is more efficiently used for bulk data encryption. Symmetric key encryption can use either stream ciphers which encrypt the digits of the message one at a time and block ciphers that take a number of bits and encrypt them as a single unit padding the plain text so that it is a multiple of the block used. Widely used symmetric key algorithms include Blowfish, Serpent, Advanced Encryption Standards (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES). Disadvantages -During exchange of secret keys over the internet while preventing them from falling into the wrong hands since anyone who knows the secret keys can decrypt. ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION There are two related keys. A public key used for encrypting and a private key used for decrypting .A public key is made freely available to anyone who might want to send a message and a second private key is kept secret so that only you know it. Any message that is encrypted by using the public key can only be decrypted...
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...Seminar Presentation On Application of encrypting techniques In Database Security By Uweh SKelvin ABSTRACT Security in today’s world is one of the important challenges that people are facing all over the world in every aspect of their lives. Similarly security in electronic world has a great significance. In this seminar work, we discuss the applications of encryption techniques in database security. This is an area of substantial interest in database because we know that, the use of database is becoming very important in today’s enterprise and databases contains information that is major enterprise asset. This research work discuses the application of various encryption techniques in database security, and how encryption is used at different levels to provide the security. 1. INTRODUCTION Information or data is a valuable asset in any organization. Almost all organization, whether social, governmental, educational etc., have now automated their information systems and other operational functions. They have maintained the databases that contain the crucial information. So database security is a serious concern. To go further, we shall first discuss what actually the database security is? Protecting the confidential/sensitive data stored in a repository is actually the database security. It deals with making database secure from any form of illegal access or threat at any level. Database security demands permitting or prohibiting user actions...
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...below i) (OSA) Open System Authentication – provides no authentication and allows for a wireless station to associate with an access point using a random generated shared key. ii) (SKA) Shared Key Authentication – Follows a sequence of actions to authenticate a station attempting to establish an association. iii) (EAP) Extensible Authentication Protocol – Developed to add security to point-to-point (PTP) communications. 1) Encryption and data privacy – Encryption is a method that provides data integrity and privacy. There are two basic types of encryption that are commonly used to encode data on computer systems. These two are: iv) Symmetric Encryption System – Applies the same exact secret key to encrypt and decrypt data. Symmetric encryption is a secret key system. The Symmetric key encryption uses four different encryption modes: (1) (ECB) Electronic codebook (2) (CBC) Cipher-block chaining (3) (CFB) Cipher feedback (4) (OFB) Output feedback v) Asymmetric Encryption System – Uses a public key to encode data and a private key to decrypt data. Asymmetric encryption is a public key system. (5) Asymmetric encryption uses two keys, a public key that is not secret, and a private key that is known only by the recipient of an...
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...INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE DIGITAL WORLD NAME Abstract Information security is the process of detecting and preventing unauthorized users access to your network, computer, and ultimately your personal information. Information security is huge and many casual users do not even think about it, or if they do, only as an afterthought. This is one of the worst things that you can do in this day and age especially with the abundance of technology in our everyday lives. Everyone should care and be concerned about all levels of information security as a breach in security could mean financial ruin, personal embarrassment, stolen trade secrets, and much more. Intruders come from a wide variety of places and could be someone as simple as your next door neighbor stealing wireless internet from you to Chinese agents stealing classified weapon system designs from the US government. With the complexities of software these days there will always be vulnerabilities to expose and utilize which is why every user needs to stay on top of their own security. This typically means applying the latest operating system and software patches, maintaining a firewall and up to date virus scanning software, being intelligent about where you web surf and what you click on, and just being as smart in the digital world as you are in the physical world. This paper will cover some of the types of network attacks that are out there...
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...1 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction The idea of a single smart card to be used for multiple services has been around for years. Instead of using separate access devices for different services, a user can access multiple services from different service providers by a single smart card. For example, a user can use the same smart card to log on to a remote server system, enter a secure building, and perform a financial transaction. This kind of design frees people from carrying many cards, bringing users the great convenience and at the same time saving resources and costs by manufacturing and managing less volume of cards. Therefore, multi-service smart card systems exhibit a high potential for economic and social benefits. Such a system is even more convenient if only one pass- word is used for each card so that users do not need to remember and cope with many passwords. 1.1 MULTISERVICE SMARTCARDS A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. With a single card, and a single administration tool, organizations from government, to industry to academic institutions can deliver an array of personalized credit and loyalty-based services to their users, while generating comprehensive reports, and maintaining strict controls on usage. These cards can offer multiple applications such as: * Credit cards : These are the best known payment cards (classic plastic card): * Financial...
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...symmetric and asymmetric symmetric and asymmetric...
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...of address is assigned by whoever network that the device is on. * R1. What are the differences between message confidentiality and message integrity? Can you have confidentiality without integrity? Can you have integrity without confidentiality? Justify your answer. Message confidentiality us when two or more host communicate under secure circumstances using an encryption. Message integrity is the state of the data that is being transported whether it has been compromised. Yes you can have integrity without confidentiality using hash or sums in your message. You can but what is the point the purpose of the message confidentiality is so it cannot be sniffed out which relates to the integrity of the data . * R3. From a service perspective, what is an important difference between a symmetric-key system and a public-key system? From a service perspective the difference between a symmetric-key system and a public-key system the thing that stands out to me the most is in a symmetric key system both the person sending and the person receiving know the key while in a public key system the decryption key is only know by the receiver. * R29. Stateful packet filters maintain two data structures. Name them and briefly describe what they do. The two structures that the stateful packet filer maintains is stateful and stateless IP. The static IP is used as sort of a traffic management and the stateful is like router configuration...
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...to display goods on a Web site? A) product database B) digital catalog C) shopping cart system D) customer database system 3. Which of the following systems is required to understand the marketing effectiveness of your e-commerce site? A) shopping cart B) product database C) site tracking and reporting system D) inventory management system 4. Which of the following might include a data flow diagram to describe the flow of information for a Web site? A) physical design B) logical design C) testing plan D) co-location plan 5. The leading Web server software is: A) Apache. B) Microsoft Internet Information Server. C) Sun. D) Zeus. 6. Which of the following is used to process certificates and private/public key information? A) HTTP B) SSL C) FTP D) data capture tools 7. Which of the following cannot be used to retrieve objects from a database? A) CGI B) ASP C) JSP D) HTML 8. Which of the following types of servers monitors and controls access to a main Web server and implements firewall protection? A) proxy server B) list server C) groupware server D) mail server 9. Which of the following types of servers creates an environment for online real-time text and audio interactions with customers? A) list server B) groupware server C) proxy server D) chat server 10. Which of the following is not a type of...
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...1. Introduction Initially, the encryption of message was based on symmetric key cryptography where sender and receiver of message use the same key for encryption and decryption.But, to use the same key, sender and receiver must share the key in advance. And if their locations are different than there is risk in transmission of the key. Later in 1976,a cryprosystem,which is known as Diffie-hellman key-exchange, was published by Whitefield Diffie and Martin Hellman and concept behind the cryptosystem is known as public key encryption. In public key cryptosystem, each one gets a pair of keys, public key and private key. The pubic key is freely available to everyone while the private key remains secret. The sender, who wants to send a message securely to someone, use public key of receiver to encrypt the message and receiver use his private key to decrypt the message.This system doesn’t require secure key transmission.So, it resolves the one of the problem faced by symmetric key cryptosystem. If someone is able to compute respective private key from a given public key, then this system is no more secure. So, Public key cryptosystem requires that calculation of respective private key is computationally impossible from given public key. In most of the Public key cryptosystem, private key is related to public key via Discrete Logarithm. Examples are Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), Elgamal which are based on DLP in finite multiplicative group. 1 2. Discrete...
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...106 Client 1 Client Hello 108 Server 1 Server Hello 111 Server 2 Certificate Server Hello Done 112 Client 3 Client Key Exchange Change Cipher Spec Encrypted Handshake Message 113 Server 2 Change Cipher Spec Encrypted Handshake Message 114 Client 1 Application Data 122 Server 1 Application Data 127 Server 1 Application Data 2. Each of the SSL records begins with the same three fields (with possibly different values). One of these fields is “content type” and has length of one byte. List all three fields and their lengths. Content Type: 1 byte Version : 2 bytes Length : 2 bytes 3. Expand the Client Hello record. (If your trace contains multiple Client Hello records, expand the frame that contains the first one.) What is the value of the content type? The content type is 22, for Handshake Message, with handshake type of 01, Client Hello. 4. Does the Client Hello record contain a nonce (also known as a “challenge”)? If so, what is the value of the challenge in hexadecimal notation? The client challenge is 66df784c048cd60435dc448989469909 5. Does the Client Hello record advertise the cyber suites it supports? If so, in the first listed suite, what are the public-key algorithm, the symmetric-key algorithm, and the hash algorithm? The first listed suite uses RSA for public key crypto, RC4 for symmetric key cipher and uses the MD5 hash algorithm. 6. Locate the ServerHello SSL record. Does this record specify a chosen cipher ...
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