...Even though different cultures disapprove of tattoos, there are significant meanings in tribal tattoos because many tribes require tattoos for different cultural reasons. Humans have tattooed their bodies with a variety of symbols showing their religious beliefs, status symbols, declarations of love, or even different forms of punishment. Scientists say that the marks on the skin of the Iceman dating from back to 3300 B.C., are tattoos. Tattoos also can be found on Egyptian and Nubian mummies dating all the way back to about 2000 B.C. The markings found on the ancient Egyptians were done for reasons scientists still debate about. One theory is that only the “dancing girls” were marked with tattoos showing their prostitute status. The other theory is pregnant Egyptian women were tattooed to protect them during birth and “keep everything in” while pregnant. One thing scientist know for sure is that only the woman in the Egyptian society were tattooed. The tattoos that have been found are all of designs across the abdomen, thighs, and breasts. The designs are dots in a net like pattern the flow across the woman’s abdomen, breasts, and thighs. The Greeks and Romans however, referred to tattoos as a “stigmata.” They used tattooing to mark a person showing they belong to a specific religious group or to show they are a criminal. Roman soldiers were required by law to have tattoos on their hands to make it difficult for them if they deserted their group. Tattoos spread...
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...For a long time now body art and decoration has been a custom in many cultural groups. Through research we have learned about the different types of body art and ornamentation such as permanent and nonpermanent tattooing, scarification, and piercings. These forms of body art and ornamentation are done for a variety of reasons, ranging from identification purposes to religious rituals. “Skin, as a visible way of defining individual identity and cultural difference, is not only a highly elaborated preoccupation in many cultures; it is also the subject of wide-ranging and evolving scholarly discourse in the humanities and social sciences” (Schildkrout, 2004). The process of ornamentation and body art is usually a painful experience, but it is a way to signify a person’s self-discovery and their place in society. In this paper, I will explore the different aspects of body art and ornamentation in two different cultures; the Maori people of New Zealand and the Yoruba’s of West Africa and explain the cultural importance of their art. Throughout West Africa it is not uncommon to come across people that have scar stripe patterns on their cheeks. The facial stripes that they wear are not produced by paint or tattoos, like many other cultures, but only by scarification. However, in his article, Orie explains that not all of the Yoruba people have the facial stripes. Okola is a term used for describing someone whose face is scarred, it means ‘the one with facial stripes’. People that...
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...English Language Proficiency Assessment in the Nation: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PRACTICE Edited by Jamal Abedi U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A L I F O R N I A , D AV I S • S C H O O L O F E D U C A T I O N Copyright © 2007 The Regents of the University of California The work reported herein was supported in part by the National Research and Development Centers, PR/Award Number R305A050004, as administered by the U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences (IES). The findings and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of the Institute of Education Sciences, or the U.S. Department of Education. T his study required the participation of all fifty states, their assessment directors, particularly those involved with the NCLB Title III assessments. Their cooperation and patience is much appreciated, and their dedication to educating young people is greatly admired. We cannot thank the states enough for their collaboration with this project. Many people generously contributed to the development of this report. We are especially indebted to the chapter authors for their invaluable contributions and for their patience throughout this process. Sue Rigney from the U.S. Department of Education contributed greatly to the quality of this work by providing excellent comments and suggestions. We are so grateful for her support, advice and contribution to this report. Kathleen Leos of the U.S...
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...IDX STATISTICS 2012 The IDX Statistics Book includes comparative statistics on all aspects of trading and listing for January - December 2012 For more information please contact the Corporate Secretary at: Gedung Bursa Efek Indonesia (Indonesia Stock Exchange Building) Tower 1 Jln. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52 - 53 Jakarta 12190 Indonesia Phone: (62-21) 515-0515 ext. 4302, 4320, 4322 Fax (62-21) 515-0330, 515-0118 Compiled by Research Division © 2012 Indonesia Stock Exchange. All rights reserved The facts and opinions stated or expressed in this publication are for information purposes only and are not necessarily and must not be relied upon as being those of the publisher or of the institutions for which the contributing authors work. Although every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within the publication, it should not be by any person relied upon as the basis for taking any action or making any decision. The Indonesia Stock Exchange cannot be held liable or otherwise responsible in anyway for any advice, action taken or decision made on the basis of the facts and opinions stated or expressed within this publication. Table of Contents IDX STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................................................................... 1 STOCK PRICE INDICES Composite Stock Price Index - Highlights ..........................................................
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