...Research objectives The purpose of this thesis is to test whether Mauritius is truly a platform for tax evasion and to what extent the measures that are being taken by the Government to combat this bad publicity are effective. The specific objectives of this study are: To understand the purpose and functioning of treaty arrangements Mauritius has with other countries throughout the world. To test the effectiveness of the measures to combat tax evasion. To test the knowledge of employees in the global business sector. Research questions To what extent employees understand the tax regime for global companies? Based on their experience, how complicated do they perceive the tax regime to be? Do they believe that Mauritius is a tax...
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...FOLLOWING SOURCE): Type report Title Tax evasion and the source of income : an experimental study in Albania and the Netherlands Author(s) K. Gërxhani, A. Schram Faculty UvA: Universiteitsbibliotheek Year 2003 FULL BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS: http://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.427430 Copyright It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content licence (like Creative Commons). UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) (pagedate: 2014-11-27)TAX EVASION AND THE SOURCE OF INCOME: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN ALBANIA AND THE NETHERLANDS AIAS Working Paper 03/11 May 2003 Dr. Klarita Gërxhani AMSTERDAM INSTITUTE FOR Prof. Dr. Arthur Schram ADVANCED LABOUR STUDIES Universiteit van Amsterdam © Klarita Gërxhani Amsterdam, May 2003 This paper can be downloaded at www.uva-aias.net/files/aias/WP11.pdf Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies Tax Evasion and the Source of Income: An Experimental Study in Albania and the Netherlands 5 Tax Evasion and the Source of Income: An Experimental Study in Albania and the Netherlands∗ Abstract A series of experiments among different social groups in both Albania and the Netherlands give the opportunity to compare behavioral patterns related to tax evasion. Aside from the decision whether or...
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... No. 2 Causes of Tax Evasion in Pakistan: A case study on southern Punjab Waseem Ahmad Khan (Corresponding author) Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan E-mail: waseemkhan_hcbf@yahoo.com, Tel: +92-333-3133540 Prince Fawad Ahmad Student, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Accepted: October 15, 2014 DOI:10.5296/ ijafr.v4i2.6484 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ ijafr.v4i2.6484 Abstract Introduction: Tax evasion is main problem in Pakistan due to which Pakistan remains under a lot of stress. Tax evasion results in less revenue. Many causes have been discussed which play major role in tax evasion in Pakistan. It is a primary research. Literature review: Many authors have discussed impacts of tax evasion in different sectors of economy. Previously tax evasion cause major trouble in Tanzania & Greece. Methodology: A questioner has been filled by targeted population of 100 Professionals & Business students of Department of Management Sciences Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Questioner was consisted of 5 major parts i.e. Tax System, High rate, Go with the flow, Corrupt Govt. & Progressive taxation. Findings: Most of the population agrees that these causes play a vital role in the tax evasion in the Pakistan. Conclusion: Tax evasion is main problem of Pakistan which needs to be eliminating by following the recommendations that tax system must base on...
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...Towards Tax Evasion: A Demographic Study of the Netherlands" will show if the article and the study followed, or failed to follow, the criteria for good research, as described in Chapter 1. I will describe if the writer’s conclusions were warranted and which were not based on the information in the article and its supporting documents. Article Critique In the article "Attitudes Towards Tax Evasion: A Demographic Study of the Netherlands" Ross and McGee attempt to say that the new studies about the attitudes of tax evasion have better support and research about those attitudes. The authors use a variety of historic studies and a recent study to support their theory. Depending on the reason people feel it is ok to avoid paying taxes. Attitudes Towards Tax Evasion: A Demographic Study of the Netherlands A number of studies have examined the relationship between tax collection and various demographic variables. However, until recently most of those studies have involved a United States sample population (Ross, McGee 2012, P2). This article review the data from typical IRS data as well as additional supportive criteria for the sturdy. Ethical issues were introduced through a series of questions to members of differing demographics. This data was then compared in a trend analysis to determine if there has been a change in the views of people regarding tax evasion. The study concluded that people's attitudes varied based on the demographic. Tax evasion was found...
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...Introduction Chapter 1 – Introduction “At a time when the Government is tackling the deficit, against a backdrop of global financial uncertainty, it is vital that we focus relentlessly on cracking down on those that break the law and making sure that everyone pays the tax they owe” (HM Revenue & Customs, 2012, p. 4) Every year the UK Government spends billions of pounds to provide a better life for its citizens. Most of the money the Government is spending comes from tax revenue. Tax revenue allows the Government to budget expenditure such as education, health and welfare, housing, protection, re-paying national debts and improving the infrastructure. Without tax revenue, the government would not be able to fund the projects and services that people require. Following the recent recession and the global financial crisis it is important to increase tax revenue for economic growth and keeping the economy moving. The majority of the UK’s individuals and businesses pay their share of tax honestly. However, a minority deliberately seek to evade or avoid paying what they owe while benefiting from the public services (HM Revenue & Customs, 2013). As a result the Government does not receive enough tax as budgeted but spends more than what is collected. This is called budget deficit. It leads to either cuts in the budget of projects or borrowing money from other nations to fill up the deficit. Borrowing is an expensive option and currently the UK government is trying...
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...Ghanaian citizen. Tax payment is the demonstration of such a desire, although most income earners see it as a means of exploitation by the government. Tax payment is a voluntarily contribution imposed by the Government on personal income earners, companies, investors, exporters, importers etc. revenue realised from taxation is a major source of revenue to the Government of Ghana, and as such is an important tool used in the development of Ghana and her economy. However, tax evasion which is the wilful and deliberate violation of the law in order to escape payment of tax, posses a big threat to income taxation in Ghana as it reduces tax revenue to the Government, thereby hampering economic growth and development. However, this research was undertaken to help increase revenue generated from income tax to the government, by pointing out the challenges faced by tax officials in discharging their lawful duties. Various challenges such as tax evasion on the part of the income taxpayers drastically reduce income tax revenue to the government. This has been a big problem for decades and needs to be properly addressed. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION After a thorough research on the revenue structure of Ghana, it became evident that revenue from tax was a big source of income to the government of Ghana, and needed much attention because; taxation in Ghana like most West African Countries faced numerous challenges such as Tax Evasion (which is the biggest...
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...May 2005 PERCEPTION OF A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: TAX EVASION 1 By Hughlene Burton University of North Carolina at Charlotte Stewart Karlinsky San Jose State University Visiting Fellow, 2005 School of Business Law Curtin University of Technology Cindy Blanthorne University of North Carolina at Charlotte ISSN: 1321-7828 ISBN: 174067 410 3 1 This paper was previously published in the American Taxation Association Journal of Legal Tax Research. 1 PERCEPTION OF A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME: TAX EVASION Hughlene Burton, Stewart Karlinsky and Cindy Blanthorne ABSTRACT The current study was designed to investigate U.S. taxpayers’ perception of the severity of tax evasion relative to other offences in general and white-collar crimes in particular. We compared the perception of tax evasion to twenty other offences, including violent crimes such as rape and murder and relatively minor offences such as jaywalking. Due to the recent focus by lawmakers and the media on white-collar scandals and the lack of comparisons in prior literature, we also included six white-collar crimes. Overall, the results indicate that tax evasion was viewed as only somewhat serious. When comparing tax evasion to other white-collar offences, we found that tax evasion was perceived as equal in severity to minimum wage law violations and rated less serious than the other four white-collar crimes investigated. Most demographic factors (age, gender, education or income level,...
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...“TAX EVASION & AVOIDANCE - A REAL PROBLEM FOR BANGLADESH” INTRODUCTION: Tax evasion and avoidance are both phenomena that are probably as old as taxation itself. Wherever and whenever authorities decide to levy taxes, individuals and firms try to avoid paying them. Though this problem has always been present, it becomes more pressing in the course of globalization as this process extends the range of opportunities to dodge taxation while simultaneously reducing the risk of being detected. Developing and emerging countries like Bangladesh are particularly vulnerable to tax evasion and avoidance activities of individual taxpayers and corporations. While tax revenues in OECD-countries are almost 35 per cent of GDP ,in case of Bangladesh it is only around 10%.This can be considered one of the primary reasons for large differences in the ability to mobilize own resources between developed and developing countries. Tax evasion and tax avoidance is a great problem in our country. In Bangladesh there are many individual taxpayers and corporations who are evading or avoiding tax. As a result government’s developments activities are hampered. So, we should know about the tax evasion and tax avoidance and thereby its preventives measures. For development of a country government needs to create infrastructure and invest in various sectors. For this activities government needs founds and tax revenue is the main source for the purpose. But due to tax evasion and tax avoidance government’s...
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...“TAX EVASION & AVOIDANCE - A REAL PROBLEM FOR BANGLADESH” INTRODUCTION: Tax evasion and avoidance are both phenomena that are probably as old as taxation itself. Wherever and whenever authorities decide to levy taxes, individuals and firms try to avoid paying them. Though this problem has always been present, it becomes more pressing in the course of globalization as this process extends the range of opportunities to dodge taxation while simultaneously reducing the risk of being detected. Developing and emerging countries like Bangladesh are particularly vulnerable to tax evasion and avoidance activities of individual taxpayers and corporations. While tax revenues in OECD-countries are almost 35 per cent of GDP ,in case of Bangladesh it is only around 10%.This can be considered one of the primary reasons for large differences in the ability to mobilize own resources between developed and developing countries. Tax evasion and tax avoidance is a great problem in our country. In Bangladesh there are many individual taxpayers and corporations who are evading or avoiding tax. As a result government’s developments activities are hampered. So, we should know about the tax evasion and tax avoidance and thereby its preventives measures. For development of a country government needs to create infrastructure and invest in various sectors. For this activities government needs founds and tax revenue is the main source for the purpose. But due to tax evasion and tax avoidance government’s...
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...“TAX EVASION & AVOIDANCE - A REAL PROBLEM FOR BANGLADESH” INTRODUCTION: Tax evasion and avoidance are both phenomena that are probably as old as taxation itself. Wherever and whenever authorities decide to levy taxes, individuals and firms try to avoid paying them. Though this problem has always been present, it becomes more pressing in the course of globalization as this process extends the range of opportunities to dodge taxation while simultaneously reducing the risk of being detected. Developing and emerging countries like Bangladesh are particularly vulnerable to tax evasion and avoidance activities of individual taxpayers and corporations. While tax revenues in OECD-countries are almost 35 per cent of GDP ,in case of Bangladesh it is only around 10%.This can be considered one of the primary reasons for large differences in the ability to mobilize own resources between developed and developing countries. Tax evasion and tax avoidance is a great problem in our country. In Bangladesh there are many individual taxpayers and corporations who are evading or avoiding tax. As a result government’s developments activities are hampered. So, we should know about the tax evasion and tax avoidance and thereby its preventives measures. For development of a country government needs to create infrastructure and invest in various sectors. For this activities government needs founds and tax revenue is the main source for the purpose. But due to tax evasion and tax avoidance government’s...
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...KPMG's Tax Shelters Tax shelter is a legal way to reduce taxable income, which in turn reduces taxes. By utilizing legal tax shelters, it is possible to avoid taxes without evading them illegally and suffering consequences. However, in the case presented by Tanina Rostain. KPMG has used tax shelters as a form of tax evasion rather than tax avoidance. My goal in this paper is to discuss how the concept of Groupthink and Rationalization played a role in the partners decisions, point out when tax avoidance becomes tax evasion, Describe how CPA firms can provide high quality tax consulting for their clients without crossing the line into tax evasion, and Finally analyze why KPMG (as an organization) failed to prevent this scandal from occurring at their firm. First of all, when discussing concepts like "Groupthink" and "Rationalization" I prefer to start with a brief definition. "Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”(Irving). While " Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior"(Cherry). As we can see from these definitions, the tax partners in KPMG showed popular symptoms' of groupthink which are: * "Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks. * Collective rationalization...
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... INTRODUCTION Background to the Study The subject of taxation has received considerable intellectual and theoretical attention in the literature. Taxation is one of the most volatile subjects in governance both in the developing and developed nations. Tax refers to a “compulsory levy by a public authority for which nothing is received directly in return” (James and Nobes, 1992). According to Nightingale (2001), “a tax is compulsory contribution, imposed by government, and while taxpayers may receive nothing identifiable in return for their contribution, they nevertheless have the benefit of living in a relatively educated, healthy and safe society”. She further explains that taxation is part of the price to be paid for an organized society and identified six reasons for taxation: provision of public goods, redistribution of income and wealth, promotion of social and economic welfare, economic stability and harmonization and regulation. In other words, a tax is an imposed levy by the government against the income, profits, property, wealth and consumption of individuals and corporate organizations to enable government obtain the required revenue to provide basic amenities, security and well-being of the citizens. First detailed information about taxation can be found in Ancient Egypt (Webber and Wildavsky, 1986). The Pharaohs appointed tax collectors (called scribes) and paid them high salaries to reduce the incentives to...
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...A STUDY ON PROGRESSIVE INCOME TAX A CASE STUDY OF US & BRAZIL ________________________________________ INSTRUCTOR: DALIA EL-EDEL ECON 310-02 TERM PAPER - BY: JIHAD MASHAMOUN 900-08-2910 LARA AZZAM 900-09-3033 LUJANE MULLA 900-10-1019 ABSTRACT There is no doubt that the widening income disparities were a major driving force fueling the recent uprisings within the Middle East. One solution that has been put forth for adoption is the progressive income tax. This paper intends to assess the theoretical bases and popular arguments surrounding this very dynamic topic. The first section provides a brief definition of progressive taxation in contrast with other forms of taxation. It also discusses the most dominant for and against arguments both from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The second section provides a case study of progressive income taxes in a leading industrial and developed country; the US. The third section provides a comparative study from Brazil; an emerging economy that has recently adopted progressive taxation. Based on the theoretical analysis and the two case studies, the paper concludes by providing policy recommendations that should be implemented in order to complement progressive taxation and gain the best and most balanced results in terms of equality, efficiency and revenues. Finally taxation is only part of the economic equation; proper efficient tax system is only one step forward towards creating equal opportunities through proper...
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...National Tax Journal Vol 49 no. 3 (September 1996) pp. 421-35 CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING CORPORATE TAX COMPLIANCE AND FINANCIAL REPORTING LILLIAN F. MILLS * Abstract - The tax law provides varying opportunities for tax planning, and firms have competing incentives to consider in planning a tax reporting strategy, including financial reporting effects. I present preliminary results that Internal Revenue Service audit adjustments increase in the excess of book income over taxable income. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher book income than taxable income. I also investigate the relationship between compliance costs and taxes paid. Existing descriptive research emphasizes the social cost burden of such compliance costs. Preliminary results indicate that firms that spend more on tax research and planning report lower tax expense. results that proposed Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audit adjustments increase as the excess of book income over taxable income increases. This is evidence that firms incur additional costs for reporting higher financial statement income than taxable income. I also investigate how the level of conformity varies as the relative incentives for book income versus tax savings change. Tax regimes that require more conformity between book and tax accounting will likely induce higher tax payments than those firms whose incentives to maintain high book income are the greatest. In addition, government...
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...Name Course Professor Date The E.U. Tax Clampdown The European Union has come up with a plan in order to curb deals between the multinational companies and government which are known as sweetheart tax accords. The proposed package that is tailored on tax transparency entails the involvement of European governments in exchanging details concerning tax rulings in order to try and trap “aggressive tax planning”. This plan was in order to have a members’ fiscal policy that will enable the system to a multinational companies and government equilibrium price. Each of the member country which number to 28, have to affirm all of their tax rulings in a consecutive regular period span of three months each. This idea rose due to the investigations that are ongoing in a number of E.U. member states ‘administrative tax systems. The countries whose tax deals are under scrutiny and are on spotlight include Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. The multinational companies that are involved in the scrutiny on the basis of sweetheart deals are Amazon, Pepsi, Ikea, Skype, Disney, Fiat and Microsoft. Tax evasion has been an immoral business practice that was adopted by the member states in order to selfishly benefit through allowing multinational companies to avoid fair payment of taxes as per the commission requirements. The tolerance on tax evasion on the multinationals has resulted to lose of billions in Euros by the members states and is known to be the main cause of the historic LuxLeaks...
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