...FOLLOWING SOURCE): Type report Title Tax evasion and the source of income : an experimental study in Albania and the Netherlands Author(s) K. Gërxhani, A. Schram Faculty UvA: Universiteitsbibliotheek Year 2003 FULL BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS: http://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.427430 Copyright It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content licence (like Creative Commons). UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) (pagedate: 2014-11-27)TAX EVASION AND THE SOURCE OF INCOME: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN ALBANIA AND THE NETHERLANDS AIAS Working Paper 03/11 May 2003 Dr. Klarita Gërxhani AMSTERDAM INSTITUTE FOR Prof. Dr. Arthur Schram ADVANCED LABOUR STUDIES Universiteit van Amsterdam © Klarita Gërxhani Amsterdam, May 2003 This paper can be downloaded at www.uva-aias.net/files/aias/WP11.pdf Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies Tax Evasion and the Source of Income: An Experimental Study in Albania and the Netherlands 5 Tax Evasion and the Source of Income: An Experimental Study in Albania and the Netherlands∗ Abstract A series of experiments among different social groups in both Albania and the Netherlands give the opportunity to compare behavioral patterns related to tax evasion. Aside from the decision whether...
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...Growth Markets professionals are dedicated to serving the changing needs of fast-growth companies. Whether working with dynamic mid-cap companies or early stage venture-backed businesses, our professionals around the world draw upon their extensive experience, insight and global resources to help growing businesses reach their full potential. As well as providing traditional assurance, advisory, tax and transaction advisory services, our professionals work with you to reduce the complexity of legislation, help align your tax strategy with your business goals, expand into new markets and pursue mergers, acquisitions or other strategy transactions to take your business to the next level. We can provide guidance around how to manage and control your risks, so that you can approach the future with confidence. So whether your business thrives on entrepreneurial spirit, innovation or superior customer service – and regardless of your stage of growth – our Strategic Growth Markets team can help you take the next step. It’s not luck that makes leaders. Ernst & Young is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services. Worldwide, our 144,000 people are united by our shared values and an unwavering commitment to quality. We make a difference by helping our people, our clients and our wider communities achieve their potential. Ernst & Young refers to the global organization of member firms of Ernst & Young Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. Ernst & Young...
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...6 Chapter 9 Questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 Chapter 17 Questions 5. What does it mean for a tax code to be convex? If a country’s corporate tax rate is flat, does it make sense for a firm to hedge? Answer: A convex tax code imposes a larger tax rate on higher incomes and a smaller tax rate on lower incomes. If a country’s tax rate is flat, a key question is how losses are treated. If losses are subsidized immediately at the same rate that gains are taxed, there is no tax advantage to hedging. But, losses are usually not subsidized, as losses are typically only allowed to be deducted against future income. These tax-loss carry-forwards usually do not grow with the time value of money; nor are they indexed to inflation. Thus, the subsidy associated with a loss is less than the tax associated with a profit, and the tax code is effectively convex. There are also other legitimate reasons to hedge that are not tax related. 6. If the tax code is convex and the forward rate equals the expected future spot rate, why would a firm prefer to pay taxes on the hedged value of a foreign currency cash flow rather than wait to pay the taxes on the realized foreign currency cash flow? Answer: In the presence of a convex tax code and if the forward rate equals the expected future spot rate, a firm would prefer to pay tax on its expected income with certainty rather than paying its expected tax by taking the probability weighted average of the taxes on possible incomes in the uncertain...
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...company, we focus on tax purpose but not immigration. Government interest on Tax, you earn your profit, no matter which corner you are working in the world, you have to pay tax. That is not only your personal liability to the country who grant you a resident or citizenship, and also the country allow you to acquire profit to rich your pocket.The definition of resident for company is in ITAA36 s6(1) state that:A company which is incorporated in Australia, or which, not being incorporated in Australia carried on business in Australia, and has either its central management and control in Australia, or its voting power controlled by the shareholder who are resident of Australia. Page 77 understanding taxation law 2010 Frank GildersBut the current definition of Australia of residency company do perform a highly compulate system and the double tax with a higher tax rate, which is discourage the over-sea investor and bring trouble to Australian itself. – the decrease the competitive ability in the international trading and business market. Analysis :There are many different kind of business cooperation in which investors can do business in Australia, including corporations, branch offices, subsidiaries, trusts, joint ventures and partnerships. For the international investors, the most common way are usually form a Australian subsidiary companies or Australian branch offices. Owing to the Australia tax law, both of them have...
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...Growth Markets professionals are dedicated to serving the changing needs of fast-growth companies. Whether working with dynamic mid-cap companies or early stage venture-backed businesses, our professionals around the world draw upon their extensive experience, insight and global resources to help growing businesses reach their full potential. As well as providing traditional assurance, advisory, tax and transaction advisory services, our professionals work with you to reduce the complexity of legislation, help align your tax strategy with your business goals, expand into new markets and pursue mergers, acquisitions or other strategy transactions to take your business to the next level. We can provide guidance around how to manage and control your risks, so that you can approach the future with confidence. So whether your business thrives on entrepreneurial spirit, innovation or superior customer service – and regardless of your stage of growth – our Strategic Growth Markets team can help you take the next step. It’s not luck that makes leaders. Ernst & Young is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services. Worldwide, our 144,000 people are united by our shared values and an unwavering commitment to quality. We make a difference by helping our people, our clients and our wider communities achieve their potential. Ernst & Young refers to the global organization of member firms of Ernst & Young Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. Ernst & Young...
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...Economic activities that encourage/restrict international trade Free trade Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports) or quotas. According to the law of comparative advantage, the policy permits trading partners mutual gains from trade of goods and services. Under a WTO treaty signed by 124 nations in 1995, tariffs are being systematically cut by an average of 40 percent during a fixed timeframe. The concept of free trade is an interrelated factor to the aspect of globalization. Therefore, quite obviously, it is also one of the most controversial topics of 20th and 21st centuries focusing on economical, societal and moral issues and its impact in upcoming times both in positive and negative frameworks. Economics of scales The increase in efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases Barriers to trade Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.The barriers can take many forms, including the following: • Tariffs • Non-tariff barriers to trade • Import licenses • Export licenses • Import quotas • Subsidies • Voluntary Export Restraints • Local content requirements • Embargo • Currency devaluation • Trade restriction Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations...
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...Topics 1. tax, ceiling/floor price ⁃ describe and make short analysis + preposition(s) about the impact of tax on cigarretes product (don’t forget to use elasticity in your analysis). 2. national income/economic growth, employment/unemployment, price/inflation ⁃ pick any developing country as the object of observation and describe + analise it’s condition using its national income, employment/unemployment, & its price index/inflation from time to time. It is better if you compare this country’s economic condition with a realtively developed country. Hint: visit World Bank website to access these data. 3. money & inflation ⁃ collect the M1 and inflation data for a country (any country), and analyse the periodes where it had relatively high rate of inflation and compare it with the periodes when it had relatively low and stable inflation rate. Explain those periods using comparison of V, M1 growth and inflation. 4. financial institution: saving & investment ⁃ Collect these data for any country: GDP , Investment, Saving, Tax Revenue, Government Spending. Assume it has a close economy system. Describe and analyse shortly about those data. Does that country has surplus of private and public saviing? What are your prepositions? Note: you should also check the country’s official budget (it’s called APBN for Indonesia). 5. open economy: exchange rate system, government policy (tax imports/exports, quota) ⁃ Describe and analyse how an exchange rate system...
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...Module 8 – Managing multinational operations Module 98 MANAGING MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS8 MODULE 8 OVERVIEW Managing multinational operations Objectives At the completion of this module, you should be able to: • Ooutline the objectives of maintaining documentation for foreign trade transactions • Eexplain the key documents for a foreign trade transaction • Ddiscuss the various payment methods for international trade • Ddiscuss the characteristics of export finance and risk insurance • Ddiscuss the objectives and major tasks of current asset management • Eexplain the features of international cash management, accounts receivable management and inventory management • Ddiscuss the important differences between domestic taxation and multinational taxation. Learning resources Textbook Eiteman, Stonehill & Moffett 2013, edition 13th01, chapters 175, 17 19 and 20 and 18. Introduction This final module of the course encompasses a number of areas that are essential to any multinational finance course but have yet to be covered in this course. In particular, the module focuses on specific areas regarding the management of multinational operations. The module is essentially broken into three sections, all of which have a relevance to each other and to the other topics covered in this course. The first section focuses on the importance of foreign trade, in particular with regards to the growth potential it offers firms. More importantly, this section centres...
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...Application for a Tax Credit Certificate Please complete relevant sections in BLOCK LETTERS Personal Details First Name Surname Date of Birth (DD/MM/YY) Address PPS No. Nationality If you have a PPS No. but cannot provide it, state: Your Birth Surname, if different Civil Status - Insert T in the relevant section below: Married or in a Civil Partnership Separated, Divorced or Dissolved Civil Partnership Insert T in the box(es) if you, your spouse or civil partner hold a ‘full’ medical card (a ‘GP only’ medical card is not a ‘full’ medical card) Self Spouse or Civil Partner Single, Widowed or Surviving Civil Partner Male Female Form 12A / / Your Mother’s Birth Surname Residence Details If you lived outside the State during the last 24 months state: Date you went abroad (DD/MM/YY) Date of arrival or return to the State / / / / (DD/MM/YY) (if an Irish National) Intended duration of your stay Country of residence (i.e. number of months) prior to arrival here Permanent Temporary Are you here on a Permanent or Temporary basis? (insert T) Employment or Pension Details Name of Employer or Pension Company Address of Employer or Pension Company Employer’s or Pension Company’s PAYE Registered No. Staff or Personnel No. (if any) Occupation (e.g. Carpenter, Nurse, etc.) Full Time Part Time Date employment commenced (DD/MM/YY) Yes Yes / No No / Is this your first job in Ireland? Are you related to your employer by marriage, civil partnership or otherwise...
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...multinational corporation. The big question is how do companies that go international know what taxes they pay? Well your multinational companies do what we call treaty shopping to find out what taxes each country has that will affect the bottom line of the company. In this paper it will define international taxation, define treaty shopping, and define tax haven and what factors that a multinational company looks at that effect the placement of the company’s headquarters. In today’s society more and more corporations want to go international or become a multinational corporation, at the same time there is a growing concern on different tax laws of the different countries. To have a complete understanding of multinational taxation we must first define what international taxation. According to Wikipedia “International taxation is the study or determination of tax on a person or business subject to the tax laws of different countries or the international aspects of an individual country's tax laws. (Unknown, 2012)” The governments of the different countries make up the different tax laws base on if it is residential or commercial income. Some countries have a taxation system in place while other does not. The biggest is to know where to look for those taxations. In order for corporations that want to go international they must secondly do some research on the different countries taxes. In order to figure out the different taxes the corporations that are going multinational they must first...
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...BUSA 3000 The Turks and Caico Islands: More Than a Getaway Offshoring can be defined as the practice of moving employees or certain business activities to foreign countries as a way to lower costs and avoid taxes. In most recent years, offshoring has become extremely popular worldwide. Arguably one of the most dominate places for offshoring, Turks and Caicos has made offshoring one of its key sources of income. Turks and Caicos is not only one of the most beneficial places for businesses to offshore, but is also a leading contender in offshoring when compared to prominent countries. The Turks and Caicos Islands offer far more than sunshine, an easygoing lifestyle, and friendly residents. In recent years, these Caribbean islands have definitely established a reputation in the world for offshoring. For some time now, I have heard how magnificent this island was, but never had thought to look more in detail about it. As a British Overseas Territory, the Turks and Caicos Islands comprise an archipelago of eight main islands in two groups. Turks is to the east, Caicos is to the west, and has number of smaller cays as its surrounding neighbors (International Business). The foundation of Turks and Caicos’ economy are tourism, the offshore industry and the fishing industry (International Business). The Government encourages tourism because it pulls in more than 1,000,000 visitors a year. One can only imagine the amount of revenue gained from tourist alone. If tourists contribute...
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...activities and how the Government finance those activities.Collection of taxes from those who benefit from the provision of public goods by the government, and the use of those tax funds toward production and distribution of the public goods. Distinction between public finance and private finances. Answer: Difference between private and public finance: these are the differences between the private and public finance. 1: Adjustment of income and expenditure: a government first prepares an estimate of expenditure and then means to raise that sum and the individual must adjust his expenditure to his income. 2: Budgeting: the unit for the public budget is one year but an individual needs not balance his budget during a given period. 3: Deficit financing: deficit financing is a peculiar privilege of government but an individual can not do it, unless he is prepared to go behind the bars. 4: Different objectives: an individual tries to maximize his satisfaction or profit from a given amount of resources but the objective of government expenditure is to maximize social benefit. 5: Publicity of finance: budgets are published and the widest publicity is given to them. On the other hand, the secrecy surrounds individual finance. 6: Coercion: a government has to pass a law and compel the citizen to pay a tax while an individual lacks the coercive authority. How public finance related to the economic system? Explain Answer: Public finance describes finance as related to...
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...TAXATION 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 PREPARED BY: MOHD HISYAM BIN RODIN 01-201106-00434 LECTURER: MRS. DIANA SALES AND SERVICE TAX Objective Service Tax is a form of indirect tax imposed on specified services called "taxable services". Service tax cannot be levied on any service which is not included in the list of taxable service. Sales tax is a single stage tax imposed at the import or manufacturing levels. In Malaysia, manufacturers of taxable goods are required to be licensed under the Sales Tax Act 1972.. Concept Companies with a sales turnover of less than RM100,000 and companies with Licensed Manufacturing Warehouse(LMW) status are exempted from this licensing requirement . A service tax applies to certain prescribed goods and services in Malaysia including food, drinks and tobacco; provision of rooms for lodging and premises for meetings, conventions, and cultural and fashion shows; health services, and provision of accommodation and food by private hospitals. The tax also applies to professional and consultancy services provided by accountants, advocates and solicitors, engineers, architect, surveyors (including valuers, assessors and real estate agents), advertising agencies, consultancy firms, management service provider, insurance companies, motor vehicle service and repair centres, telecommunication services companies, security and guard services agencies, recreational clubs, estate agents, parking space services operators and courier service firms. ...
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...Abstract I’m a CPA whom in which is working as a tax professional engaged to provide tax advice to my client with operations in the United States and internationally. My client has specifically requested information on strategies that she can use to minimize tax effects of foreign sourced income. First and foremost I must explain to my client the meaning of foreign sourced income. Foreign sourced income is, "...income earned from investments made outside of the domiciled country of the investing entity such as mutual fund and that is typically taxed at the foreign source." (Hanlon, Seth. 2012) Within the U.S., foreign sourced income is taxable to recipients although a foreign tax credit may be available for eligible taxpayers. Generally, it’s true that foreign income is taxed less heavily than U.S. income, both foreign and U.S. taxes on foreign sources income are likely to increase in the future. The increase will gradually take place, however, while being effective rates of taxation will continue to rise, leading to multinational companies to find new ways to take advantage of existing tax havens. Create a letter to communicate to your client Dear Client, To my understanding you're in the need of a professional opinion on tax advice with operations in the United States and internationally. Due to you having operations in the United States and also international you must report your worldwide income on your tax returns. Stated by the IRS "... if you are a U.S. citizen...
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...will essentially be marketing is the countries themselves as a retirement destination for Americans that wish to retire outside of the United States. This service would have a primary location in the United States with satellite offices located in the capital cities of each country. This idea was inspired when I when I came across an article on Costa Rica and how it used to be a destination for retirees. Costa Rica was the first country to make a concerted effort to attract foreign retirees with a program of special benefits. Its pensionado program was responsible for bringing tens of thousands of foreign retirees, mostly Americans, to the country in the 1980s and 1990s. While the pensionado visa is still available in Costa Rica, many of the tax breaks and other special perks it once offerened have been discontinued. Costa Rica has also become expensive, both as a place to live and a place to own a home. For these reasons, while Costa Rica is perhaps the world’s best-known overseas retirement haven, it no longer qualifies as one of the best. This led me to search for countries that would fit the needs of those looking to retire outside of the United States. I am happy to report that I found the three countries of Belize, Panama, and Malaysia which more than fit the requirements. The first country on the list is Panama, which has picked up where Costa Rica left off. Officially the Republic of Panama it is the southernmost country of Central America. It is situated on...
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