...publication in 1964 on first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health, there is still increasing number premature deaths estimated at over 400,000 annually; the prevalence among the use of tobacco products in the younger populations is on the rise. Report by World Health Organization on the worldwide spread of tobacco use and smoking, it has warned on billion lives being lost by the end of the century. Identified as a significant source on premature mortality or death and preventable morbidity such as diseases and illness; cigarette smoking is one of the preventable behaviors that through the use of the media and public health legislation can effectively be eliminated. Introduction Health behavior can be termed as an activity undertaken with the essence of prevention or the detection of disease or towards improving the health and the well-being. The notion attached to the interest on the respective behaviors impact on everyone health and the well-being is attached on diverse assumptions. The assumptions are; a large proportion of the mortality attributed to the leading causes of the death is commonly attributed to the behaviors of individuals, and such behaviors can be modified. The stipulated approach on the assumptions indicated has attributed to the development of health behavior campaigns aimed at reducing the burden of disease and perceptions held by individuals engulfed in such behaviors such as smoking. Analysis Over...
Words: 1066 - Pages: 5
...the biggest health problems seen throughout the United States. It is estimated that cigarette smoking contributes to around 450,000 deaths every year and cost the U.S. $193 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost productivity (Porter 2013). Cigarette smoking is an addictive habit and for the majority of smokers is very hard to quit, especially by themselves. It is difficult if one is a non-smoker to grasp and understand the dynamics of the addiction and successful quitting usually requires a significant amount of assistance and support. Nurse practitioners are there to provide professional assistance by helping patients take the appropriate steps and measures to ensure their success in smoking cessation. Difficulty of Smoking Cessation In general, most people who smoke know smoking is bad for their health and can contribute to many other health problems and even death, so why can’t they just quit? If it were that easy there would be significantly less smokers in this country. The problem is not the desire to quit but rather the actual act of stoping smoking for good. The fact of reality is there are plenty of smokers out there who want to quit but just can’t due to the complexity and addictive nature of the habit. The three main components of tobacco smoke include; tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine (McEwen 2014). Most of the health issues that arise from smoking cigarettes are directly linked to tar and carbon monoxide components. Cancers, chronic obstructive...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...Annotated Bibliography Toni Pease Ivy Tech Community College Cunha, D. (2014, September). Why Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Is a Waste of Taxpayer Money. In The Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2016, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com The findings of drug testing the recipients before giving them the benefits of welfare was proven to be a waste of tax payers’ money rather than helping ensure their money isn’t being wasted on the less desirable. The state of Tennessee did a case study on drug testing people before receiving benefits. Their study came out with the results that it’s actually less beneficial to do the drug testing because only 2.6% of applicants tested positive for drugs. They found that most of the recipients were actually taxpayers themselves who didn’t do drugs. Cunha and her husband fell in that category because they had been working many years. Just two weeks before they had their twins, prematurely, her husband got fired from his job. She had no choice but to apply for assistance for the sake of the children. The qualifications for getting assistance for children on the WIC program are based off of your household income and the amount of people in your household. Cunha states that “It’s not just a phone call and done,” it entails a lot more paperwork than that. There are lots of women who need to use the WIC program because their work doesn’t pay enough salary pay when they go on maternity leave for a couple months at a time to be with the baby. Honestly...
Words: 1859 - Pages: 8
...Cellular telephone Definition of Terms In discussing the potential for cellular telephone use to adversely influence driving behavior and performance, the terms "cognitive," "cognitive capture" and "emotional content" are used. Within the context of this report, these terms describe the nature and degree of attention distributed between the tasks of driving and conversing on the phone. The task of conversing is seen as potentially having a major cognitive (thought) component where attention is focused on conversation rather than driving. The extent to which this occurs can significantly influence situational awareness (e.g., of the actions of other vehicles, the presence of a stop sign, etc.). Cognitive capture refers to the situation where the driver may be totally "lost in thought," a condition which, in particular, could impair situational awareness. Where emotional content (i.e., personal involvement) in a conversation is high, such as arguing with someone over the phone, the likelihood of cognitive capture is increased. Those instances that require some level of cognitive involvement leading to a loss of situational awareness are viewed as increasing the risk of a crash. Throughout this report, the phrase "cellular telephone" is used to designate the wireless communications hardware of interest. However, as pointed out earlier, a new, competing technology has emerged that also incorporates a similar architecture (i.e., handset) and hence similar concerns for safe use...
Words: 815 - Pages: 4
...Answers to selected “Problems and Applications” Questions in Mankiw Chapter 1: 4) If you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds. 5) The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. So what matters is In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin. Chapter 2: 4) a. Figure 1 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because when most of the economy’s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most...
Words: 6456 - Pages: 26
...1.0 Introduction 2.0 Introduction of Porter's Five Forces According to theManager, The model of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter in his book "Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors“ in 1980 and ever since that time it has become an important tool for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes. Investopedia explains that Porters 5 forces are frequently used to identify an industry's structure in order to determine corporate strategy, Porter's model can be applied to any segment of the economy to search for profitability and attractiveness. In learnmarketing, Porter's fives forces model is an excellent model to analyse a particular industry. This 5 forces are: 1) Competitive rivalry 2) Power of suppliers 3) Power of buyers 4) Threats of substitutes 5) Threat of new entrants. As the above factors influence industry performance, it is useful to find out about these factors before you enter an industry or if you are wondering why your business industry is not doing well. 2.1 Threat of New Entrant Accordin to theManager, the competition in an industry will be the higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such a situation, new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. Jim Wilkinson states that, a profitable industry will attract more competitors looking to achieve profits. If it...
Words: 2533 - Pages: 11
...CORPORATE IDENTITIES Executive Summary The research attempts to explore the need for a change in corporate identity by organizations and to figure-out a pattern, if any, associated with such a change across organizations. As the introduction to the paper we have defined ‘Corporate Identity’, its purpose and elements. In this paper we have limited our case studies to corporate identities that have reflected some kind of a visual change apart from changes in any other element. We have analyzed ten inflexion points ranging from mergers and acquisitions to business re-orientation to changes in organizational culture and how these factors necessitate changes in corporate identity. Based on this we have proposed a model which showcases the growing impact of these factors over time and how the occurrence of World events has intensified the ‘change factors’ which in turn are putting all the more pressure on corporations globally to reconsider their identity. The intensity of these factors would vary from industry to industry, with each industry having a different lifecycle. The model brings out the paradox of shortened lifecycle of corporate identities which itself poses an extraordinary challenge to companies for effectively elongating and managing their identities. Changing ones corporate identity is not only an expensive affair but can also create dissonance in the minds of the stakeholders, if not managed and communicated properly. In order to succeed companies will have to exercise tremendous...
Words: 6689 - Pages: 27
...account by the decision maker. There are two types of externalities being positive and negative. Second hand smoke would be a negative externality. The smoker does not take into account the smoke emitted from their cigarette. Education would be considered a positive externality. When an individual is educated, their employer benefits from your expertise on the matter that was studied. It also helps to employ teachers with jobs in order to educate us. Innovation is also a positive externality. The effects of innovation helps businesses become more efficient, in respects to technological innovation. Innovation affects market outcome. With Apple's determination of constant innovation, consumers are chomping at the bit for the next generation "iProduct." Each product surpasses the previous with updated features. The government has no role in addressing the sale of "iProducts," and their externalities. But if there were a market failure for these products, the government could intervene on their behalf. The government could implement a tax incentive program for consumers or businesses to purchase Apple products based on the green movement. For example, at my job, we have to physically write patient care reports. In order to reduce paper usage, iPads can be implemented to create e-documents instead of paper reports. Not only would this be the "greener" way to go, but it would also improve efficiency in regards to the organization of patient...
Words: 661 - Pages: 3
...How does labeling works in Azerbaijan? If we look around us, we can notice that most of the products we use have icons on them, which we call labels or sustainable certification. This term refers to standards related to some issues like food, social and environmental, and it is taken by companies to show off their quality and performance to some people. This so called “labeling” started in 1980s and 90s when some labels, called “Ecolabels”, were introduced to the world. However, after 90s, the number of these labels has rapidly increased. There are two premises of these sustainable standards. First, they began to appear in the places where legislation was not so powerful, and these places demanded some action. Especially, NGO movements around the world needed these actions that were also supported by the consumer. The most interesting factories like Nike, Levi Strauss and other famous brands helped to create the welfare standards. Second, in order to show the truth about both environmental and organic values of products, which helped to increase the number of labels tremendously. We can show FLO International as an example that gained huge success and sales in the world because of their product. Other example is Forest Stewardship Council’s Standards (FSC) used for many products made from trees. However, there are some problems between consumers and B2B standards that lead many buyers to buy only something with a certain label: for example to buy books with only FSC mark...
Words: 2589 - Pages: 11
...SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS: Chapter 6 Quick Quizzes 1. A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold. Examples of price ceilings include rent control, price controls on gasoline in the 1970s, and price ceilings on water during a drought. A price floor is a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold. Examples of price floors include the minimum wage and farm-support prices. A price ceiling leads to a shortage, if the ceiling is binding, because suppliers won’t produce enough goods to meet demand unless the price is allowed to rise above the ceiling. A price floor leads to a surplus, if the floor is binding, because suppliers produce more goods than are demanded unless the price is allowed to fall below the floor. 2. With no tax, as shown in Figure 1, the demand curve is D1 and the supply curve is S. The equilibrium price is P1 and the equilibrium quantity is Q1. If the tax is imposed on car buyers, the demand curve shifts down by the amount of the tax ($1000) to D2. The downward shift in the demand curve leads to a decline in the equilibrium price to P2 (the amount received by sellers from buyers) and a decline in the equilibrium quantity to Q2. The price received by sellers declines by P1 – P2, shown in the figure as ( PS. Buyers pay a total of P2 + $1,000, an increase in what they pay of P2 + $1,000 - P1, shown in the figure as ( PB. [pic] Figure 1 If the tax is imposed on car sellers, as shown in Figure...
Words: 13046 - Pages: 53
...English 1020 Peter Marra 12 November 2013 Marijuana – the Painkiller of the Future? Emerging research is changing the public perception of marijuana. What was previously considered to be a purely dangerous substance now has scientifically backed medical applications, with many new positive effects being found as more trials are being conducted. This begs the question, to what extent should the use of marijuana be legalized? Do we push the boundaries of revolutionary treatment, or do we stick to our old beliefs and shut the door on this emerging field of medicine? I believe that marijuana should be legalized for both medicinal purposes, as it provides treatment for many patients who suffer from a variety of ailments, and recreational purposes, as it isn’t dangerous like other decriminalized drugs. In normal bodily functions, inhibitory neurotransmitters (such as Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)) exist in the synaptic cleft, which is the gap between neurons. The neuron is the basic functioning unit of the nervous system. It is an elongated cell that’s purpose is to transmit messages from the brain to motor neurons, which allows humans to function. The messages travel via an electrical current from one end of the neuron to the other. These messages are then transmitted between the neurons in a pathway through the synaptic cleft – the gap between adjacent neurons – via chemicals called neurotransmitters. Dopamine is one of several neurotransmitters that causes the post-synaptic...
Words: 2479 - Pages: 10
...Lauder Institute of Management & International Studies examine current trends and recent developments shaping today’s global marketplace. The articles cover a wide variety of topics ranging from technology, innovation and brand building to infrastructure, entrepreneurship and social impact. A section on consumer markets looks at the popularity of e-cigarettes in France and elsewhere, efforts by Japanese firms to expand their businesses into Asia, new trends in French gastronomy, changes in Japan’s traditional food-consumption habits, and how a sector of the Chinese population is spreading, and spending, its newfound wealth. The report offers an analysis linking market-driven strategies with social impact in Peru and Colombia, as well as an article describing South Carolina’s embrace of innovative research. Other articles look at the Russian government’s attempt to reboot the city of Skolkovo as an innovation hub, the mixed success of innovation efforts in China, and the growing threat of cybercrime to businesses across the world. The challenges of infrastructure and planning are addressed in analyses of transportation in areas of Latin America, deficiencies in Brazil’s infrastructure, and real estate’s impact on Peru’s emerging middle class. Business and politics underpin a number of economic forces, as noted in articles on corruption and protest in India, social unrest in Brazil, the potential of the gemstone tanzanite to help develop Tanzania’s economy, and growing frictions between...
Words: 56733 - Pages: 227
...Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow ITC Ltd: A Strategic Analysis Submitted to: Prof. Arun K Jain In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course Strategic Management I Submitted by Saurav Goswami (ABM08012) Anuj Saraf (PGP27204) Kaushal Mathur (PGP27219) Sudhanshu Chawla (PGP27255) Section “D” Group 1 Letter of Transmission TO: Prof. Arun K. Jain, Strategy Group Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow FROM: Group 1, Section D Strategic Management Class DATE: March 23, 2012 SUBJECT: Strategic Analysis of ITC Ltd. Dear Sir, You had entrusted us with a project to analyze the strategy of any company of our choice using the frameworks given in the prescribed textbook. We chose ITC Ltd. for this project as it is one of India’s oldest and most diversified companies. This report begins with analyzing the strategic direction of the company which emanates from its vision & mission statements. It then looks at the decisions that the company has taken to achieve its vision by analyzing the environment it operates, the value chain and the core competencies that it has developed over the years and the key factors instrumental in its success. We end by commenting on its future prospects based on our analysis. We are grateful to you for providing us this opportunity to learn the strategic issues in contemporary businesses and giving us the necessary guidance in completing the project. We would also like to thank the entire...
Words: 24299 - Pages: 98
...Company Overview B ritish American Tobacco is a British multinational tobacco company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the world’s second-largest quoted tobacco company by market share (after Philip Morris International), and has a leading position in over 50 countries and operations in more than 180 countries. Its brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike and Pall Mall. BAT has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. As of 26 December 2011 it had a market capitalization of £59.2 billion, the sixth-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. They are leading more than 50 countries and have their presence in more than 180 countries with approximately 50,000 employees. BAT is committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products, and to demonstrating that they are meeting their commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st century. BAT is designed to deliver their vision and build shareholder value. It is based on growth, funded by productivity and delivered by a winning organization that acts responsibly at all times. History Born international O n 29 September 1902 the UK’s Imperial Tobacco Company and the American Tobacco Company of the United States form a joint venture, the British American Tobacco Company, in...
Words: 5892 - Pages: 24
...Page 1 – ASIA PACIFIC 2012 Copyright © ESOMAR 2012 “SO MANY DIFFERENT SUNS” HOW SUCCESSFUL BRANDS HIT THE CONFLUX OF AFFORDABILITY AND ASPIRATION Shobha Prasad • Sangeeta Gupta INTRODUCTION All of us are familiar with the current industry focus on emerging markets. It is also no surprise that the larger consuming population in these markets lies not at the top end, but towards the middle and lower ends of the income pyramid. This is also where marketers struggle the most – how should the offer be constructed to ensure it is affordable yet desirable? The proposed Theory of Multiple Aspiration & Poverty Lines (MAPL) represented a new and stratified approach to understanding affluence, poverty and aspiration. This has many implications on brand positioning and portfolio strategies for creation of winning brands or “suns”. Objective The objective of this paper was to take this thinking forward through an exploration as follows: Broadly, what are the implications of the Multiple Aspiration & Poverty Lines (MAPL) theory for brand positioning, communication and portfolio management? What drives brand success in the Indian context? What strategies have these brands used to achieve success- to what degree are these brands wedded to symbols of aspiration /belongingness in each social class? How did the brands that were not so successful in the Indian market falter on making the right connections on these dimensions? Approach We identified product categories through which...
Words: 8059 - Pages: 33