...The Enron Collapse Enron, a high profile organization which ranked as the seventh largest company in the United States during the 1990’s consisted of approximately 25,000 employees worldwide and held revenues in the tune of over 100 billion dollars in 2000. Enron controlled about one quarter of the gas companies in the United States and also expanded into Myriad energy products during its years of operation. The company traded hundreds of products throughout the wider Continentals including South America, Asia, Europe, Australia and also the United States, and was considered to be very successful with their trading strategies. An excerpt from an article in the CRS Report for Congress entitled The Enron Collapse: An Overview of Financial Issues, Mark Jickling, (February 4, 2002), states that “the firm was widely regarded as one of the most innovative, fast growing, and best managed businesses in the United States.” However, despite all of Enron’s fame and glory, the company crumbled as a result of bad management and unethical practices. According to Donaldson & Werhane (2008), “The controls as designed were not rigorous enough and their implication and oversight was inadequate at both Management and Board levels,” (p. 313). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Enron Collapse and explain how the virtuous manager would have responded to working for Enron. Also being discussed is what the virtuous manager is expected to do if confronted with these decisions. Unfolding...
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...Only months before Enron Corp.’s bankruptcy filing in December 2001, the firm was widely regarded as one of the most innovative, fastest growing, and best managed businesses in the United States. With the swift collapse, shareholders, including thousands of Enron workers who held company stock in their 401(k) retirement accounts, lost tens of billions of dollars. Investigations of wrongdoing may take years to conclude, but Enron’s failure already raises financial oversight issues with wider applications. Why didn’t the watchdogs bark? This report briefly examines the accounting system that failed to provide a clear picture of the firm’s true condition, the independent auditors and board members who were unwilling to challenge Enron’s management, the Wall Street stock analysts and bond raters who missed the trouble ahead, the rules governing employer stock in company pension plans, and the unregulated energy derivatives trading that was the core of Enron’s business. The report will be updated regularly as further reliable information about Enron’s downfall – which is now extremely limited – becomes available. Other contributors to this report include Bob Lyke, Patrick Purcell, and Gary Shorter. Formed in 1985 from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, Enron Corp. was the first nationwide natural gas pipeline network. Over time, the firm’s business focus shifted from the regulated transportation of natural gas to unregulated energy trading markets. The...
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...failure of Enron? Briefly explain two key factors. Enron collapsed in large part because of not responsible business. So Enron executives were charged with criminal acts. Those charges were fraud. If didn’t occur this acts, Enron would become one of large company in the world. They should keep their self-interest to themselves. They only think of the short-term benefit not thinking of the long-term effect which leads them to bankruptcy. Greed is first individual factor. It can blame for the failure of Enron. Every time and everyplace can increase greed. Greed has no time or limit. In order to get more profit, they did massive fraud and insider trading. They use many different way to cover up they acts. Like once their schemes were discovered by the auditors, their schemes were discovered by the auditors, Kenneth lay encourages them to “keep making us millions”. If auditors disagree, Enron’s would fire him. Enron’s executives put their own benefit above those of their employees. They only thinking of making more money with unethical act. The another factor is failure leadership. Abuse of power to make decision which is only benefit for themselves. While they make decision, didn’t consider economic and polity. They have many unethical behaviours like making a false financial statements, misleading statement and frauds. In the result, the company is broken. 2. What were the organisational factors that contributed to the failure of Enron? Briefly explain...
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...want to know what happened to Enron. Although this company's name was splashed over every news network and periodical paper in the United States, few people know the long and torrid story that lead to the collapse of an energy giant. Enron began in the eighties as an energy company selling natural gas. When energy markets were deregulated in the mid-nineties, Enron, like many energy companies, began to focus on selling energy from other sources rather than creating it. The corporation expanded exponentially, and its stock prices soared. Because the company was so wildly successful, they began to branch out into a variety of hot markets, such as the internet. By the beginning of the millennium, Enron was a well-diversified and seemingly indestructible conglomerate with no sign of trouble in sight. However, cracks were forming in Enron's foundation. To sustain their rapid rate of growth, the company had to borrow money. Having excess debts would make the stock look less valuable to potential investors, so the company kept its debts buried in 'partner' corporations that it began solely as a means to hide the truth about their company. Enron was looking better and better because of their illegal and unethical bookkeeping practices. They also began another illegal practice: offering secret information to large potential investors. Legally, companies must give their smaller investors the same inside information as their larger shareholders. Although Enron was beginning to show signs...
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...ENRON: QUESTIONABLE ACCOUNTING LEADS TO COLLAPSE CRYSTAL RUFF GLOBE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the article listed in reference that reported on the demise of Enron and the contributing factors that led to the financial downfall of a great company. The roles of the corporate culture, Enron’s financial staff, and even the chief financial officer are all to blame for the events that lead to the finality of the company that resulted in bankruptcy. While Enron boasted about being “The World’s Leading Company”, it was anything but that. The corporate culture of a company is supposed to describe how the stakeholders and employees, think, feel, and act. If Enron’s financial record is example of that, then the company should change the banner that hangs in the lobby at headquarters. CEO Skilling instituted a “rank and yank” system that would weed out lower ranked employees every six months. . (L. Ferrell, O.C. Ferrell, & Fraedrich, 2011). This alone caused a competitive environment amongst the employees. While he hoped this would help people reach their full potential, it ended up being a breeding ground for unethical practices within the company walls. Rather than a culture that focused on integrity and increasing profits for stakeholders, Enron was soon overcome with arrogance and the executives’ needs to fill their own pockets. Ignoring the rules was quickly integrated for the pursuit of profits and happiness, or so they thought. Enron’s bankers...
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...Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse Your School Here Your Course Name Here Course Number Here Submission Date Here Your Professor Here Table of Contents Page Answers to Question 1 3 Answers to Question 2 3 Answers to Question 3 4 Conclusion 5 References 7 1. How did the corporate culture of Enron contribute to its bankruptcy? Highly effective leaders are great at obtaining common goals and objectives in highly effective and competent ways; regrettably for Enron, this was not the case. In the launching of the firm, Chairman Ken Lay and CEO Jeffrey Skilling were efficient in growing their company from a small gas and oil pipeline firm directly into a of the largest entities in its industry. As the company began to expand and prosper, the requirements of upper management became more assertive and disparate. Mr. Ken Lay was never fulfilled along with his efforts to obtain increasingly more monetary good gains; he implemented coercive power to shape his corporate culture. This power was most prevalently seen in the company’s employee program review process; shrewdly nicknamed “rank and yank” if employees of Enron ranked among the bottom 20% in regards to performance they would be conveniently railroaded out from the company (Ferrell, 2013, pp. 395-405). Rank and Yank is a phrase used to describe a process by which a company...
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...Case 1 ENRON: WHAT CAUSED THE ETHICAL COLLAPSE? case summary | Kenneth Lay, former chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Enron Corp., claimed to be a moral and ethical leader and exhorted Enron’s officers and employees to be highly ethical in their decisions and actions. In addition, the Enron Code of Ethics specified that “An employee shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indirectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Company.” Enron’s ethics code was based on the values of respect, integrity, communication, and excellence. Given this code of conduct and Ken Lay’s professed commitment to business ethics, one wonders how Enron could have collapsed so dramatically? The answer to this question seems to be rooted in a combination of the failure of top leadership, a corporate culture that supported unethical behavior, and the complicity of the investment banking community. The failure of Enron’s top leadership was evident in the activities of Andrew Fastow, Jeff Skilling, and Ken Lay, all of whom faced multiple counts of criminal activity with respect to their decisions and actions at Enron. Included among these criminal charges were money laundering, wire fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy, making false statements on financial reports, and insider trading. Some of the activities...
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...executive officer (CEO) of Enron Corp., claimed to be a moral and ethical leader and exhorted Enron’s officers and employees to be highly ethical in their decisions and actions. In addition, the Enron Code of Ethics specified that “An employee shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indirectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Company.” Enron’s ethics code was based on the values of respect, integrity, communication, and excellence. Given this code of conduct and Ken Lay’s professed commitment to business ethics, one wonders how Enron could have collapsed so dramatically? The answer to this question seems to be rooted in a combination of the failure of top leadership, a corporate culture that supported unethical behavior, and the complicity of the investment banking community. The failure of Enron’s top leadership was evident in the activities of Andrew Fastow, Jeff Skilling, and Ken Lay, all of whom faced multiple counts of criminal activity with respect to their decisions and actions at Enron. Included among these criminal charges were money laundering, wire fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy, making false statements on financial reports, and insider trading. Some of the activities that led to these criminal charges were: (a) concealing how extensively Enron was involved in trading in...
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...Introduction Enron was a landmark case that taught the business world more about ethics. The company’s accounting procedures were not effective in keeping the company’s book accurate. By showing a high amount of cash flow and a low amount of debt, Enron looked great to investors, but in all reality the company was in trouble. A great example of Enron’s problematic accounting procedures is in 2000 when the company reported $3 billion in cash flows when it actually had negative $154 million. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 487) Not only did Enron’s accounting procedures cause trouble within the company, but also the people that were in charge. Chief Executive Officer Jeffrey Skilling, put in a system where employees were rated every six months and the bottom 20 percent were fired. Shilling called the system, “rank and yank.” (Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 487) This system held employees to a higher standard. It helped them reach their full potential no matter what they had to do to reach it, ethical or unethical. Similar to most scandals of this size, Enron was not the only company involved in the fraud. In their case, their law firm, banking partner, and auditors were all questioned for their role in the scandal. Our statement was “Enron’s bankers, auditors, and attorneys contributed to Background 2 After reading about the Enron case, our issue of whether or not “Enron’s bankers, auditors...
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...1. Historical background of the collapsed Enron corporation • How the corporate was founded and its growth • The corporate culture of the collapsed corporation. 2. What caused the collapse of Enron • How bonuses to the executives lead to their financial misreporting. • How greedy auditors colluded to misrepresent financial statements. 3. How collapse of Enron could have been prevented. • Did the relevant act negligently abetting in the corporate collapse. • How loopholes in financial laws can be exploited • How the investors were blinded by quick gains preventing them being cautious when investing. • How over speculation can lead to huge loses. 4. Lessons from the collapsed corporation. • Lesson that were taught to the policy makers and the investing public from the collapse. • Lessons that the collapse taught other corporations. 5. Conclusions and recommendations. 1. Historical background of the collapsed Enron corporation • How the corporate was founded and its growth • The corporate culture of the collapsed corporation. 2. What caused the collapse of Enron • How bonuses to the executives lead to their financial misreporting. • How greedy auditors colluded to misrepresent financial statements. 3. How collapse of Enron could have been prevented. • Did the relevant act negligently abetting in the corporate collapse. • How loopholes in financial laws can be exploited • How the investors...
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...The Rise and Collapse of Enron: Financial Innovation, Errors and Lessons Elisa S. Moncarz* Raúl Moncarz* Alejandra Cabello** Benjamin Moncarz*** Abstract Recent collapses of high profile business failures like Enron, Worldcom, Parmlat, and Tyco has been a subject of great debate among regulators, investors, government and academics in the recent past. Enron’s case was the greatest failure in the history of American capitalism and had a major impact on financial markets by causing significant losses to investors. Enron was a company ranked by Fortune as the most innovative company in the United States; it exemplified the transition from the production to the knowledge economy. Many lessons can we learn from its collapse. In this paper we present an analysis of the factors that contributed to Enron’s rise and failure, underlying the role that energy deregulation and manipulation of financial statements played on Enron’s demise. We summarize some lessons that can be learned in order to prevent another Enron and restore confidence in the financial markets, as well as in the accounting and auditing professions. Keywords: Enron, Corporate Ethics, Corporate Bankruptcy, Creative Accounting. Introduction T he rise and fall of high profile businesses like Enron, WorldCom, Parmlat and Tyco has been a subject of great debate and research among regulators, investors, government and academics in the recent years. Enron, for one, was the greatest failure *Professor-investigator...
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...THE COLLAPSE OF ENRON & THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SARBANES OXLEY ACT BY TREVOR GARRETT 02/25/2011 Abstract Enron Corporation was one of the largest energy trading, natural gas and Utilities Company in the world that was based in Huston, Texas. The downfall of Enron is one of the most infamous and shocking events in the financial world, and its reverberations were felt around the globe. Prior to its collapse in 2001, Enron was one of the leading companies in the U.S and considered among top 10 admired corporations and most desired places to work at. Its revenues made up US $139 to $184 billion, assets equaled $62 to $82 billion, and the number of employees reached more than 30,000 people in 20 countries around the world. While on the surface it seemed like the perfect Corporation, internally it had highly decentralized financial control and decision-making structure, which made it practically impossible to get coherent and clear view on corporations' activities and operations. Enron manipulated its books and assets to help it report steady profit growth to Stock Exchanges and Credit-rating agencies. Investors generally are not willing to pay as much for the stock of a volatile trading operation, and this gave rise to manipulations. This paper briefly describes the legal and ethical breaches by Enron, the key factors and events that led to its collapse and the passing of the Sarbanes Oxley Act as a consequence of such a catastrophe. The paper also discusses the key components...
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...The Collapse of Enron Assessment Task A brief introduction outlining the key facts in the selected case On December 2nd 2001 the largest bankruptcy in US history was filed by energy trader, Enron Corporation. Once regarded as one of the fasted growing, innovative and best managed businesses in the United States, the collapse of the energy giant highlighted a series of corrupt and criminal activities that were, according to several investigations, rife throughout Enron’s operations. Enron Corporation was formed in 1985 from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. Enron held the title of operating the first nationwide network of natural gas pipelines in the United States as a result of the merger. Created on the basis of operating a regulated network for the transport of natural gas, Enron’s operating aim shifted during the early 1990’s to a new central focus. The corporation’s new focus was now in the unregulated energy trading markets of the United States. Until late 2001, nearly all observers- including professional Wall Street analysts- regarded this transformation as an outstanding success. (Jickling 2002, p1) Throughout the 1990’s Enron’s annual revenues grew significantly. In the early 1990’s, Enron’s annual profit was reported to be under $10 billion before ballooning to $101 billion in the lead up to 2000. By autumn of 2000, Enron was starting to crumble under its own weight. (Seabury 2003, p1) Enron’s CEO, Jeffery Skilling, who oversaw the company that...
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...Mark-to-Market: The Fall of Enron John Smith State University Mark-to-Market: The Fall of Enron Enron was the face of business in the 1990’s. Rising to meteoric heights never seen before in the business world, to having just as epic of a fall. The core reason behind this meteoric rise and epic fall? Mark-to-Market (M2M) accounting principles. This paper will be presented in four sections. The first section defines and explains the term of M2M. The second section discusses the way M2M was used in the business environment before and after the Enron collapse. The third section focuses on the views of the current business environment on using M2M, both for and against its use. In the fourth and final section, the author gives their opinion on the practice of M2M, and if it is still a viable accounting principle. Mark-to-Market Defined In the private sector all accounting principles and standards are gathered together and organized by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). They are then put into what is called the FASB Codification. The FASB Codification (2015) defines M2M as a valuation method that uses current market prices and other useful information that is supplied by market exchanges between similar items such as assets, liabilities or a similar business (“FASB Codification,” 2015). Basically what this accounting principle does is use the fair value of the current market price to determine what an asset or liability is worth. Using traditional...
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...A CASE ANALYSIS Of Enron SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF MBAC422: Business & Society Case 2 BY RAHUL DADA 2011H149219 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Prof. Anil K Bhat & Dr. Sarvesh Satija Management Department BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE PILANI, RAJASTHAN – 333031 1 Introduction Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and Services Company based in Houston, Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, Enron employed approximately 20,000 staff and was one of the world's leading electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000. Fortune named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001, it was revealed that it’s reported financial condition was sustained substantially by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud, known as the Enron scandal. Enron has since become a popular symbol of willful corporate fraud and corruption. The scandal also brought into questions the accounting practices and activities of many corporations throughout the United States and was a factor in the creation of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. The scandal also affected the wider business world by causing the dissolution of the Arthur Andersen accounting firm. The Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company...
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