...The Suez Crisis During the 1950’s, Britain’s rule over Egypt led them to gain joint control over the Suez Canal with the French. However, many Egyptians were tired of Britain’s presence because they felt as if they were second class citizens in their own country. This led to Egypt’s military beginning to pressure Britain’s armies, located in the Canal Zone, so they would leave. Not only were attacks made on the British, but also on Israeli troops along the border between the two countries. Years later, this long and negative history between the nations would eventually lead to the joint decision for Israel, Britain, and France to attack Egypt when Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in July 1956. As a result, the Suez Crisis ensued. During the course of this paper, I will argue that the Suez Crisis had a greater impact on Britain and Frances’ power as colonizing countries as it exposed significant military weaknesses. I will first discuss in further detail what the Suez Crisis was. Then I will explain the different measures that were taken to maintain peace amongst the nations involved. Lastly, I will discuss the different outcomes Egypt, Britain, France, and Israel faced. When Colonel Nasser replaced General Neguib in 1954 he had three main goals for Egypt. These included: making Egypt independent by ending British occupation, building up the Egyptian forces for an effective attack on Israel, and building the economy by constructing a dam at...
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...The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 and the Prague Spring of 1968 were key events that shaped the outcome of the Cold War. Both countries were under the Soviet control during the post-war period. After the death of Stalin, when Khrushchev became the leader and the secret speech of destalinization have seen the daily light both countries introduced their own paths to socialism, first Hungary and 12 years later the Czechoslovakia. Both of the events had similar and different causes and consequences, which will be analysed in this essay. Hungary as well as Czechoslovakia wanted to reform their system. Both countries wanted the reforms to find ‘National roads to socialism’, or as they called it in Czechoslovakia, ‘the socialisms with a human face’. Both countries before the reforms were led by hard line Stalinists, which were one of the clear causes that led to the destalinization and the reforms. In Hungary the leader before the introduction of the reforms was Matyas Rakosi, or as the Hungarian sometimes called him, ‘the Bald Butcher’. He was incredibly unpopular within Hungary; he has murdered many people, hard to estimate the number, and imprisoned over 200,000. He was closely linked with the Hungarian secret Police the AVH, which were even more unpopular and hated than Rakosi himself. As well as in Hungary, Czechoslovakia had their hard line communist dictator. His name was Antonin Novotny, and as well as Rakosi he was very royal to Stalin and Moscow. He wasn’t as hard-line as Rakosi...
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...The consequences of the Egyptian and Tunisian Revolution Inspired by the successful revolution in Tunisia, the Egyptian Revolution started on January. Thousands of people demonstrated in the streets to protest against poverty, rampant unemployment, government corruption and autocratic governance of President Hosni Mubarak. After 18 days of protest, President Mubarak resigned. After the turmoil in Egypt, a question still remains: do we have to fear some impacts on the global economy? Is there a threat for the rest of the world? To answer to these questions, it is important to keep in mind the different arguments. Even if Egypt is not well integrated into the international financial system and Cairo is not a significant financial hub, the Egyptian Revolution can have major economic and financial implications. Although the country is not a major oil producer, the main way Egypt can impact the global economy is through oil. It is interesting to see that oil markets overreacted to the Egyptian uprising. Oil prices have risen around $100 U.S. per barrel. First with the Suez Canal which runs through Egypt, the country plays a key role for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe and elsewhere. The Egyptian crisis could create some disruptions in the operation of the canal and that might cause a rise in oil prices. That could have negative effects for oil-importing countries and bring inflationary pressures. After the 2008 crisis, the world has been weakened. Today, it...
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...programme in which the USA in 1947 would provide dollars to any country in return for granting trade concessions to the USA. Britain would have struggled to survive without this aid showing a decline in power as they were reliant on another country economically therefore making Britain appear more inferior. Also, in 1947 British rule in India formally ended after Ghandi in 1942 initiated the ‘Quit India ‘movement which was significant in marking the point when Britain started to get rid of its empire. As Britain used the empire as a symbol of its power the loss of it could therefore symbolise Britain losing the title of a world power. Secondly, the Suez crisis of 1956 resulted in many consequences for Britain causing her to no longer be viewed as a world power. Nasser the president of Egypt called for the nationalisation of the Suez Canal which meant foreign ships would have to pay to...
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...2 | Financial Subprime Mortgage Crisis Causes | 3 | Introduction & Background to the Situation of the Egyptian Economy prior to the Global Financial crisis | 10 | Financial Subprime Mortgage Crisis Impacts on Egypt | 13 | The Egyptian Economy & the crisis | 21 | The Conclusion & Solutions | 23 | The References | 27 | The Introduction In the second half of 2008, the world economy went through a serious financial upheaval that sparked off in the United States and spread to Europe and the rest of the world. The negative consequences of this financial crisis had bitten the Egyptian economy in many fields. Egypt’s growth rate witnessed setbacks and may have posted its slowest annual growth in half a decade in 2008–2009 as the global crisis hit revenue from tourism, migrant labor remittances, the Suez Canal, export revenues, and investment. The severity of the crisis and its uncertainties demonstrated the need for urgent action to restore financial stability, lead the economic recovery and secure a sustainable future for the country. This paper therefore critically discusses the current global financial crisis and its impact on Egypt. It presents an overview of the Egyptian economy prior to the crisis, followed by an assessment of the depth and impact of the crisis on sectors of the Egyptian economy. Additionally, the paper highlights the actions taken by the Egyptian government to weather the effects of the crisis and concludes with some policy recommendations...
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...the British completed their military withdrawal from the Persian Gulf. Even though the Americans were interested in the area before the WWII, the year 1945 was chosen as a starting point because the war had severely altered the power equilibrium between the great powers the United States of America and Britain were considered as at that time. During the Cold War, which started in 1946 the importance of the region was on the rise, both because of the oil and because of the containment policy against the Russians. The relevance of the region was on the rise for America in particular because the power of Britain was waning in the post-war era. Britain, faced with economic hardship, imperial fatigue, and events of humiliation such as the Suez Crisis of 1956-57, was entering the dawn of its empire, something that was slowly sinking in with both London and Washington. The process of the replacement of the British by the American hegemony was not always equally obvious, but it was a slow but steady intensification of American inters tint he period while the British interests and will to remain in the region were slowly...
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...point during the negotiation surrounded the future of the Sinai Peninsula, which was conquered by Israel during the Six Day War of 1967 (Findlay & Thagard, 2014). At the conclusion of the negotiations, President Sadat and Prime Minster Begin were able to reach three separate agreements: “A Framework for Peace in the Middle East”, “A Framework for the Conclusion of the Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel”, and “The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty” (Eisenberg & Caplan, 2010). Main provisions of the Egypt and Israel treaty were: Egypt would regain full control the Sinai Peninsula and Israel would need to withdrawal nine months after signing the treaty, Israel would be able to navigate through the Suez Canal and the Strait of Tiran, limited Egyptian forces near the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal, and the peace to include full diplomatic recognition and end any restrictions on the other nation’s goods (Geary & Tucker, 2010). The provisions for the Middle East framework were more general and aimed to foster peace between the nations in the Middle East. A major focus was put on borders and the Palestinian people (Geary & Tucker, 2010). The negotiation result had significant aftermath events, but it is known as the first treat between an Arab State and...
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...By the end of World War Two, Britain as the European victor of the war was looking towards not only rebuilding their own economy and society but also to taking a larger role in leading the rebuilding of a powerful Western Europe. Britain wanted to be treated as an equal by their victorious partners after WWII, the US and USSR, and the British leaders believed this could be accomplished by the creation of a unified Western bloc in Europe. From 1945 until 1957 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome, Britain was successful in leading Western Europe through leadership in post war reconstruction, economic arrangements, security, and atomic weapons. Britain’s commitment to being a world power as well as their widespread influence overseas also helped the British to maintain a leadership role in Western Europe despite French ideas of British Americanization. Overall, despite occasional moments of weakness, Britain was essentially the driver of the “European bus” from 1945 until 1957 when the British decided they no longer wanted to be on board the European bus. World War II devastated Western Europe both physically and economically but provided an opportunity for Britain to take a leading role in the reconstruction process. Reconstruction became the immediate concern for Britain and their Western European neighbors. Britain’s leading role in Western Europe was sparked by their success in post war reconstruction beginning with their role in the Marshall Plan funding by the...
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...1 NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THE ESCALATION OF THE COLD WAR, 1945-1962 David Holloway, Stanford University Nuclear weapons are so central to the history of the Cold War that it can be difficult to disentangle the two. Did nuclear weapons cause the Cold War? Did they contribute to its escalation? Did they help to keep the Cold War “cold?” We should ask also how the Cold War shaped the development of atomic energy. Was the nuclear arms race a product of Cold War tension rather than its cause? The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War The nuclear age began before the Cold War. During World War II, three countries decided to build the atomic bomb: Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Britain put its own work aside and joined the Manhattan Project as a junior partner in 1943. The Soviet effort was small before August 1945. The British and American projects were driven by the fear of a German atomic bomb, but Germany decided in 1942 not to make a serious effort to build the bomb. In an extraordinary display of scientific and industrial might, the United States made two bombs ready for use by August 1945. Germany was defeated by then, but President Truman decided to use the bomb against Japan. The decision to use the atomic bomb has been a matter of intense controversy. Did Truman decide to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order, as he claimed, to end the war with Japan without further loss of American lives? Or did he drop the bombs in order to intimidate the Soviet...
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...occurred there. Khartoum is still the capital of Sunday today. Also during this time, the slave trade flourished, but was later suppressed by representatives of the British Empire. In the 1870s political chaos descended on both Egypt and Sudan. From this chaos arose an Islamic mystic, Muhammad Ahmad, who wished to cast out Sudan’s Turkish rulers and restore Islam to its historically pure state. He declared himself the Mahdi, a personage who according to Islamic theology would bring justice to the world and usher in a utopia. The Mahdist government lasted until 1898. British rulers at that time became concerned that other European countries would attempt to colonize Sudan and its surrounding areas, thus threatening Britain’s control of the Suez Canal which was vital to British trade. Thus, Britain deployed 25,000 troops to Sudan with the intent of taking control of the area. The British faced 50,000 Mahdist soldiers, though they were vastly under-equipped when compared to the British. The Sudanese army lost 11,000 soldiers while 16,000 were injured. The British lost only 250. The British-Egyptian Colonial Period. Britain ruled Sudan with only 400 British administrators in the country, allowing local tribal leaders to make most of the decisions regarding laws and ordnances. Unless there was a military threat to the government in Sudan, the British preferred a hearts-and-minds- approach as opposed to heavy-handed tactics. Uprisings however were mercilessly crushed by British military...
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...Alexandra Roach Dr. Fiddner PLSC World Politics 101 006 October 8, 2015 Cuban Missile Crisis Analysis Due to the Cold War, in October 1962, tensions were high between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis began on October 14, 1962. This was by far the most significant event to happen in the Cold War. The Soviets had been using Cuba as a place to set their missiles from which they would be able to launch a nuclear attack at any time on almost anywhere in the Southeastern parts of the United States, this including places like Washington D.C., New York City, New Orleans, and other major cities in the United States. Photographers were able to capture pictures of these missiles with high-altitude U-2 spy planes giving evidence that the missiles were 90 miles off the American costal line. Although it seems as if the Cuban Missile Crisis happened at a blinding pace, this crisis actually was a culmination of a much longer process. In this essay I will be focusing on the events that led up to the terrifying 14 day event of the Cuban Missile Crisis as well as looking at the crisis from an individual level of analysis and from a realist point of view. In order to fully understand the Cuban Missile Crisis, we must first take a look at all of the events that had lead up to the crisis. Among many of the factors leading up to the nuclear standoff between the countries, one of the factors, of course, was the genuine concern of defense of each leader, John...
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...assistance. The Arab states have correspondingly been opposed to America and the West based on this implied support for Israel and has therefore turned to different stratagems in an attempt to combat this alliance – such as balancing with the USSR during the Cold War and increasingly using its market power (derived from the various oil reserves in the region) to further its political aims in the two decades since the Iron Curtain fell. Into this context there were two major (albeit rather short) wars – the Six Day War of 5-10 June 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. Decisive, cataclysmic and dramatic, these two conflagrations have in many ways defined the conflict as it is today. But what were the main strategic and political consequences of these two wars? This essay will attempt to answer that question by examining relevant source material and analysing what conclusions can be drawn. The answers will fall into three...
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...Islamic government and the revival of Islam. The emergence of organizations such as the Global Salafi Jihad (Salafist movement) and the international terrorist network al - Qaeda - the International Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Christians – is a consequence of a single trend prevailing in the contemporary Muslim world - namely, rise of radical and militant Islamism. International terrorist organizations seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction and sabotage plans in the areas of oil and gas. In addition, according to some researchers, operating in Russia's North Caucasus militants are closely linked to the international terrorist network “Al Qaeda”. “Al-Qaeda” has transformed into a movement that brings together independent terrorist cells in the world on an ideological basis. It has established strong contacts with regional extremist organizations in the Islamic Maghreb, in south-east Asia - with a "JI", in Russia - the “Caucasus Emirate” (Bergen, 2006). In addition, the terrorist organization through contacts with pirate syndicates are planning to sabotage the sea lanes, coastal infrastructure in areas of hydrocarbon production. The priority areas they consider Gibraltar, Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb Straits and the Suez Canal. Terrorists eager to facilities and technology of chemical and biological and bacteriological weapons, to the radioactive, toxic...
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...THE GINESTET CASE STUDY. INTERNATIONALISATION AS A WAY TO RENEW BORDEAUX WINE ECONOMY’S ENTREPRISE SPIRIT (1978-2000) Christian Delpeuch, chief executive officer of Ginestet, Bordeaux, & Hubert Bonin, professor in contemporary economic history at Bordeaux Political Sciences Institute The Bordeaux wine economy endured a grave crisis at the beginning of the last quarter of the 20th century: most of its familial trade houses were submerged by losses and failed down. The renewal of bordeaux wine economy was due to new forms of capitalistic and commercial strategies. Large French financial groups (Suez, Paribas) linked to investment banks, or foreign French and alcohol and spirits groups (Bols, Seagram, Pernod-Ricard, Rémy-Cointreau) or wholesale traders (John Holt) took hold of Bordeaux wine houses. But this trend was brought to a halt at the very end of the century: specialists in wines and alcohols more and more prevailed. Multiregional wine sellers constituted groups which developed all over France dynamic policies to rebuild commercial networks. Whereas their strategy turned towards the internal mass market doesn’t matter here, their involvement in the reshaping of an international network and trademark will be the core of that case study. Whilst waiting for a large synthesis about Bordeaux trade at the end of the century1, we’ll concentrate our attention on a middle-size company, Ginestet, as a testimony about the requirements of internationalisation but...
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...but abroad, what is defined as justice domestically becomes a program to be compromised by negotiation. If the institutions and values of the states comprising the international order as sufficiently similar, this incommensurability may not become apparent. But in the revolutionary period like the present, it affects profoundly relationships among states. Foremost among the attitudes affecting our foreign policy is American empiricism and its quest for methodological certainly: nothing is “true” unless it is “objective” and it is not “objective” unless it is part of experience. This makes for the absence of dogmatism and for the case of social relations on the domestic scene. But in the conduct of foreign policy it has pernicious consequences. Foreign policy is the art of weighing probabilities;...
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