...Introduction to Database Approach (CHAPTER I) Data - is the raw material that can be processed into information by any computing machine. It can be letters or numbers. Information - is the data that has been processed and becomes more meaningful and useful for the users to help them in the decision-making. Table – set of data elements that uses a specified number of colums but can have any number of rows. It is also the logical group of columns and it is the one who make up the entire database and it is important that we don’t duplicate the data. Column – a vertical arrangement of items; a single type collection of data values and defines data in the table Record – a database entry that may contain one or more values and usually stored in table. Record is another term for rows since adding another record creates new row. It contains data about a single entity. Metadata – it provides a description or information to other data. For example, in a picture, metadata is the who tells us the size of the picture, image resolution, etc. Database – it is a collection of data or data structure that stores informations and most databases contains tables. DBMS – it is a software responsible for classifying, retrieving, and running queries on data. It also manages the incoming data, organizes it and provides ways to modify by the other programs or users. FILE PROCESSING APPROACH It is an approach wherein the data is being created, stored and the content of the file becomes...
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...Comparison of Traditional File-Based Approach and Database Approach At the beginning, you should understand the rationale of replacing the traditional file-based system with the database system. File-based System File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users. Each program defines and manages its data. However, five types of problem are occurred in using the file-based approach: Separation and isolation of data When data is isolated in separate files, it is more difficult for us to access data that should be available. The application programmer is required to synchronize the processing of two or more files to ensure the correct data is extracted. Duplication of data When employing the decentralized file-based approach, the uncontrolled duplication of data is occurred. Uncontrolled duplication of data is undesirable because: i. Duplication is wasteful ii. Duplication can lead to loss of data integrity Data dependence Using file-based system, the physical structure and storage of the data files and records are defined in the application program code. This characteristic is known as program-data dependence. Making changes to an existing structure are rather difficult and will lead to a modification of program. Such maintenance activities are time-consuming and subject to error. Incompatible file formats ...
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...Chapter 6 FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Management Information Systems CHAPTER 6: FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Learning Objectives • Describe how the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment are solved by a database management system • Describe the capabilities and value of a database management system • Apply important database design principles • Evaluate tools and technologies for accessing information from databases to improve business performance and decision making • Assess the role of information policy, data administration, and data quality assurance in the management of a firm’s data resources 2 © Pearson Education 2012 Management Information Systems CHAPTER 6: FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment • File organization concepts – – – – Database: Group of related files File: Group of records of same type Record: Group of related fields Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number • Describes an entity (person, place, thing on which we store information) • Attribute: Each characteristic, or quality, describing entity – E.g., Attributes Date or Grade belong to entity COURSE 3 © Pearson Education 2012 Management Information Systems CHAPTER 6: FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Organizing Data in...
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...Database Partitioning JOHN OWENS West Florida University Data Management March 18, 2014 Data partitioning is a tool that can help manage the day-to-day needs of an organization. Each organization has unique values that drive business. All organizations have policies and processes that are influenced by their environment and industry. The use of data partitioning can help productivity by recognizing the need to categorize data to tailor unique needs. This approach does require some effort. To transition to a new database approach, organizations need to assess the pros and cons of a database transition. The scale of an organization’s database may be the one factor that drives an adoption of this approach. Data partitioning has been developed to address issues that traditional database queries have created. One main problem that partitioning was created to solve is the performance of database queries. According to Alsultanny (2010), “System performance is one of the problems where a significant amount of query processing time is spent on full scans of large relational tables. Partitioning of the vertical or horizontal partitioning or a combination of both is a reliable way of solving the problem” (p.273). By separating queries into either horizontal or vertical processes, the user can avoid delays and strains on a database. This saves time which can be used to improve the productivity an organization has towards their day-to-day operations. Large-scale databases...
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...Chapter 1 Databases and Database Users Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chapter 1 Outline Types of Databases and Database Applications Basic Definitions Typical DBMS Functionality Example of a Database (UNIVERSITY) Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Types of Database Users Advantages of Using the Database Approach When Not to Use Databases Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe Types of Database Applications Traditional Applications: Numeric and Textual Databases in Business Applications More Recent Applications: Multimedia Databases (images, videos, voice, etc.) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Data Warehouses Real-time and Active Databases Many other applications Initial part of book focuses on traditional applications A number of recent applications are described later in the book (for example, Chapters 26,27,28,29) Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe Basic Definitions Database: A collection of related data. Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning. Mini-world: Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database. For example, student registration, grades and transcripts at a university. Database Management System (DBMS): A software package/system to facilitate the creation and maintenance...
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...CHAPTER 1 – The Database Environment Database – organized collection of logically related data Data – stored representations of meaningful objects and events Structured – numbers, text, dates Unstructured – images, video, documents Information – data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data Metadata – data that describes the properties and context of user data Disadvantages of File Processing Program-Data Dependence - All programs maintain metadata for each file they use Duplication of Data - Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data Limited Data Sharing - No centralized control of data Lengthy Development Times - Programmers must design their own file formats Excessive Program Maintenance - 80% of information systems budget Problems with Data Dependency - Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data - Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file - Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading, inserting, updating, and deleting data - Lack of coordination and central control - Non-standard file formats Problems with Data Redundancy - Waste of space to have duplicate data - Causes more maintenance headaches The biggest problem: - Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies - Compromises in data integrity SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach - Central repository of shared data - Data is managed by a controlling agent ...
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...Algorithm for database Design Vertical Partitioning Algorithms for Database Design SHAMKANT NAVATHE, STEFANO CERI, GIO WIEDERHOLD, AND JINGLIE DOU Stanford University This paper define the vertical partitioning in which spread or break the logical relation into group of attributes according to transaction that access the attribute are group of attribute. The vertical partition is defined in three context memory level a centralized database and the most important is distributed database like placed data in different sites. In this paper we focus on distributed database. in which local transaction should be minimize. In this paper we use two phases the first approach is that we have no first knowledge and second is cost optimization. Fragmented may be no overlapping or overlapping. Summary Partitioning in database design is the process of assign object from the logical schema to the physical several objects. Vertical partition is the process of divide attribute into group (fragments) and assign to physical object. In vertical fragmentation we make maximum and all minimum possible fragments it mean that fragment may be overlap or non-overlap. So we make cluster of fragments that one overlap or no overlap but we use the both disjoint and no disjoint cases in partitioning. We use fragmentation to improve the performance of query optimization .according to distribution point of view the different approach is like hierarchy of memory partition. In this approach we used vertical...
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...4.5 Assignment: Module Review Part One: 1. Discuss the advantages of a database management approach to the file processing approach? Give examples to illustrate your answer. A database management approach can be much more advantageous than a file processing approach. With database management all data stored is processed in a way that independent files are compiled into a pool of records. This allows data to be consolidated and indexed so that it can be searched through quickly and takes up less space than a traditional file processing approach. One example of a database management approach is the FBI’s Next Generation Identification system (NGI). This database is used by law enforcement to instantly identify any individual suspected of a crime. The database contains many different types of data such as fingerprints, a list of individuals of special concern, an interstate photo system, palm prints, criminal history information, and iris recognition. All of the data contained in this database would take years to search using a file processing approach. However, thanks to database management the data can be searched instantaneously by law enforcement around the world. https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/fingerprints_biometrics/ngi/ngi2 2. Outline the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications today? The benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications vary greatly. Some of the benefits are the smaller...
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...AC571_relational_database_005-019 Male Page 1 of 5 AC571_relational_database_005 Welcome to this refresher on relational database concepts. Understanding relational database concepts is a key to mastering a key theme, REA modeling. As we progress through this refresher, please pay close attention to the objectives being covered as you see on the screen. The objectives are as follows: problems inherent in the flat file approach to data management that gave rise to the relational database concept, relationships among the defining elements of the relational database environment, stages in database design, entity identification, data modeling, constructing the physical database, and preparing user views, features of distributive databases and issues to consider in deciding on a particular database configuration. These objectives will serve as the foundation for understanding relational database concepts and REA modeling. AC571_relational_database_006 Before we can get into the heart of relational database concepts one must understand the differences between two common database environments, flat file and relational databases. As you know, computer systems process data. This processing involves two key components, data and instructions, or programs. This occurs no matter what database environment you have. In order to process the data you need an interface. Conceptually there are two methods for designing the interface between program instructions and data. File oriented processing...
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...Research projectDatabase TrendssUBMITTED BYAndrew HoPatrick TchissamboFlavio baptista | | | PROFESSOR TAHEREH DANESHI | Summary page Our project is about database trends. We started the project by identifying aims and goals such as understanding what database is.We calculated in detail and understood and researched on database understood database used by ORACLE. INTRODUCTION The definition of a database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. In order for a database to be truly functional, it must not only store large amounts of records well, but be accessed easily. In addition, new information and changes should also be fairly easy to input. In order to have a highly efficient database system, you need to incorporate a program that manages the queries and information stored on the system. This is usually referred to as DBMS or a Database Management System. Besides these features, all databases that are created should be built with high data integrity and the ability to recover data if hardware fails. (What is a Database?, 2010) AIM The aim of the study is many folded such as, understanding database, go in detail and understand and research on database, understand the technology used by ORACLE, derive conclusions on the development in the field of database. LIMITATIONS This study is descriptive in nature and the research is done on published secondary materials. Logical conclusions are made based on our experience and...
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...DBM 380 FULL COURSE http://www.learnyourcourse.com/dbm-380/98-dbm-380-full-course.html DBM 380 WEEK 1 DBM 380 Week 1 DQ # 1- Based on the Manegold (2009) article, describe one method of optimizing data retrieval from a high-use database. (There are many such methods mentioned in the article - pick one you like and do a deep dive.) DBM 380 Week 1 DQ # 2- In the course text, there is some discussion of the capabilities of databases, and recognition of these as an evolution beyond file-based storage approaches. Spreadsheets are one example of a file-based approach. What kinds of things can database management systems do that spreadsheets can't? Also, why is it that in spite of the many apparent data management advantages of databases, spreadsheets are frequently used for data storage in all kinds of organizations? DBM 380 WEEK 2 DBM 380 Week 2 Individual Assignment - Database Design Paper DBM 380 Week 2 DQ # 1- Using the Geiger (2009) article as a guide, how must a database administrator balance the time to complete data modeling step with the benefits this step offers in creating a database? DBM 380 Week 2 DQ # 2- What are the issues identified in the Cox (2009) article that a database administrator should know when working with a many-to-many relationship? Identify and discuss one of these issues. DBM 380 WEEK 3 DBM 380 Week 3 Individual Assignment - ERD Creation Project DBM 380 Week 3 DQ # 1- Why do you think the use of icons in entity-relationship diagrams as described...
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...A. How it is done today In most (if not all) websites the users username and password are stored in a database. The username is usually in plain text and the password is encrypted. At times some salt is also added to the encryption to generate unique encrypted text. B. Problem The problem with this system is that, often hackers get access to the database, and somehow the figure out the password from the database. There have been a lot of encryption algorithms till this day and each one has its rise and fall. C. Proposed Solution 1. What could be done is that the passwords or even the usernames can be rotated after some time interval so that the database at 12:00 hours is not identical to the database at 13:00 hours. There would be a program...
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...Modern Database Management – CGS1540 Exam 1 Study Guide ------------------------------------------------- Chapter 1: The Database Environment and Development Process Data – Facts, text, graphics, images, etc./stored representations of objects and events that have meaning and importance in the user’s environment Database – application program(s)/an organized collection of logically related data Constraint – a rule that cannot be violated by database users/ Repository – centralized storehouse for all data definitions/knowledge base of all data definitions, data relationships, screen and report formats, and other systems Metadata – includes data definitions and constraints/ data that describe the properties or characteristics of end-user data and the correct of those data Data warehouse – integrated decision support database whose content is derived from the various operational databases Information – data placed in context or summarized/ increases the knowledge of user using the data User view – logical description of portion of database Database management system – a software application that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases Data independence – separation of data description Database – organized collection of related data Enterprise resource planning (ERP) – a business management system that integrates all functions of the enterprise Systems Development life cycle (SDLC) – a...
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...In this chapter we defined a database as a collection of related data, where data means recorded facts. A typical database represents some aspect of the real world and is used for specific purposes by one or more groups of users. A DBMS is a generalized software package for implementing and maintaining a computerized database. The database and software together form a database system. We identified several characteristics that distinguish the database approach from traditional fileprocessing applications, and we discussed the main categories of database users, or the actors on the scene.We noted that in addition to database users, there are several categories of support personnel, or workers behind the scene, in a database environment. We presented a list of capabilities that should be provided by the DBMS software to the DBA, database designers, and end users to help them design, administer, and use a database. Then we gave a brief historical perspective on the evolution of database applications.We pointed out the marriage of database technology with information retrieval technology, which will play an important role due to the popularity of the Web. Finally, we discussed the overhead costs of using a DBMS and discussed some situations in which it may not be advantageous to use one. In this chapter we defined a database as a collection of related data, where data means recorded facts. A typical database represents some aspect of the real world and is used...
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...AIS Colloquium and at the 1995 Workshop on Semantic Modeling of Accounting Phenomena. Financial support was received from Arthur Andersen LLP and from the Departments of Accounting at Grand Valley State University and Michigan State University. The REA Accounting Model: Intellectual Heritage and Prospects for Progress ABSTRACT: Researchers often equate database accounting models in general and the Resources-Events-Agents (REA) accounting model in particular with events accounting as proposed by Sorter (1969). In fact, REA accounting, database accounting, and events accounting are very different. Because REA accounting has become a popular topic in AIS research, it is important to agree on exactly what is meant by certain ideas, both in concept and in historical origin. This article clarifies the intellectual heritage of the REA accounting model and highlights the differences between the terms events accounting, database accounting, semantically-modeled accounting, and REA accounting. It also discusses potentially productive directions for AIS research. Key words: REA accounting, events accounting, database accounting, semantically modeled accounting, accounting models, accounting...
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