...Do the Hawthorne Studies truly deserve to be recognised as producing a fundamental change in the development of management thought? The Hawthorne Studies were a set of studies carried out by Western Electric between 1924 and 1932 in conjunction with researchers from the Harvard Business School, led by Elton Mayo, at their Hawthorne Works plant (Sonnenfeld 1985 p. 112). Researchers initially set out to find the effects of lighting upon levels of production, but ultimately the evidence gathered lead to a significant shift in management thought: from Scientific Management to Human Relations (Hassard 2012 p. 1432). The methods of the studies and their originality have been censured by some scholars, some of whom feel this invalidates the findings and therefore the significance of the studies, but, despite their flaws, it is impossible to deny the far reaching influence of these studies upon the development of management thought. Scientific management was developed by Frederick Taylor to improve industrial efficiency (Taylor 1911), it was this theory of management which Western Electric was using to direct their employees at the time the Hawthorne Studies commenced. Some of the key principles of the theory were: that managers should scientifically determine how a task should be completed most efficiently and; that managers should then select the best person for the job, train them to do their tasks efficiently, and monitor performance to ensure these specifications are met (Law...
Words: 1421 - Pages: 6
...Management and Creative Thought in World Class Corporation There is a saying that “Management is an art” which indicated that successful management always associated with creative ways of organize and coordinate of the activities. Creative thought is vital to manager, especially to the managers who worked in world class corporations because some management role in such organization requires the ability to facilitate resources creatively. However, someone may argue that in most developed corporation they have implemented standardized management system. What the managers need to do is just following the guideline and procedure of the corporation so creative thought doesn’t apply to this kind of corporation. In my opinion, if creative thought is required to be a manager that depends on the position in the corporation. According to business dictionary, creative thought is a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh perspective that suggests unorthodox solutions (Creative). For management, creative thought could be explained as a the manager or team leader looking at the problem of the business at a different point of view and trying to find the solution in an untraditional way sometime involves challenge of the existing business policy or business process. In order to pursue successive development, innovation is unavoidable which requires creative thought in management team, especially in senior management team. In terms of world class corporations, the management...
Words: 694 - Pages: 3
...“The History of Marketing Thought,” 2 ed., pp.1-33, 123-243, Chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,14. Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term ‘marketing.’ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing has always existed. Was the original use of the term marketing merely an application of a new name to an old practice? One theory is that language is an invention of man, an adornment. The other explanation of the origin of language is that it is inseparable from reason. Accordingly, man’s language has developed as his thoughts have developed. By marketing was first meant “that combination of factors which had to be taken into consideration prior to the undertaking of cer6tain selling or promotional activities.” The essence of marketing was the combination of factors. Blindness to and ignorance of that combination of factors is the reason for the absence of terms equivalent to marketing in other languages. Marketing must be regarded not merely as a business practice, but as a social institution. Marketing is essentially a means of meeting and satisfying certain needs of people. It is a highly developed and refined system of thought and practice characteristic of a period in the development of market economy. A latent...
Words: 7368 - Pages: 30
...1 The History of Marketing Thought This reading assignment is from Dr. Chuck Hermans‟ PhD work. He is a professor at Missouri State University and granted permission to use it for this course on health marketing. A key observation to notice throughout this reading assignment is that in the history of business (or commercial) marketing there has been no reference to health, prevention, wellness or medicine as products or services to motivate people to buy or to sell or market to people. An important concept to note however, from the article is that marketers evolved to applying theories of behavior, the same as health educator‟s use. Among these are concepts borrowed from established disciplines, such as psychology and sociology and suggesting that marketing is a social science. Please note that the bold text are from the original text from Dr. Hermans. The article begins now. Bartels, Robert (1976) “The History of Marketing Thought,” 2nd edition, Highlights selected by Dr. Hermans are from chapters 1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12,13,and 14. Accessed on Sep 18, 2009. Available at http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm Chapter 1: The Meaning of Marketing The establishment of a market economy wrought marked changes in the social and economic structure. A new attitude toward business revolutionized the economy of the country and that revolutionary element was identified by the term „marketing.‟ Historical accounts of trade lead one to conclude that marketing...
Words: 7603 - Pages: 31
...PART I THEORY, SCHOOLS AND PRACTICE 1 Schools of Thought in Strategic Management: Fragmentation, Integration or Synthesis Tom Elfring and Henk W. Volberda Over the last thirty years, strategic management has become established as a legitimate field of research and managerial practice (Shrivastava, 1986: 363). In the evolution of strategy research, a diversity of partly competitive and partly supplementary paradigms have emerged. To provide an unequivocal definition would mean ignoring the versatility of strategic management. The choice of a definition and the application of specific strategic management techniques is greatly dependent on which paradigmatic schools of thought in strategic management one prefers. In this book, we will therefore review the various schools of thought and their contribution to the theory and practice of strategy. A school of thought is understood to be the range of thought of a specific group of researchers, which has crystallized within the field of strategic management (Brown, 1993). In other words, a school of thought can be seen as an institutionalized paradigm. Besides reflecting on the variety of schools in strategy, we will also sketch out new promising directions in strategy research and practice. Although some strategy scholars have argued that the achieved multiformity in schools of thought signifies an enrichment of the research within the field of study (cf. Mahoney, 1993), other scholars from related disciplines complain about...
Words: 11042 - Pages: 45
...What is Management? The concept of management has acquired special significance in the present competitive and complex business world. Efficient and purposeful management is absolutely essential for the survival of a business unit. Management concept is comprehensive and covers all aspects of business. In simple words, management means utilising available resources in the best possible manner and also for achieving well defined objectives. It is a distinct and dynamic process involving use of different resources for achieving well defined objectives. The resources are: men, money, materials, machines, methods and markets. These are the six basic inputs in management process (six M's of management) and the output is in the form of achievement of objectives. It is the end result of inputs and is available through efficient management process. The term 'management' is used extensively in business. It is the core or life giving element in business. We expect that a business unit should be managed efficiently. This is precisely what is done in management. Management is essential for the conduct of business activity in an orderly manner. It is a vital function concerned with all aspects of working of an enterprise. Definitions of Management 1. According to George R. Terry, "Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organising, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings and other resources"...
Words: 11625 - Pages: 47
...F.W. Taylor contributed a number of principles and features of management thought that adhered to his new concept of approaching management thought scientifically. He was one of the founders of management thought theory and is considered the father of scientific management. His ideas were developed and used for decades after the concept was created. • Principles of scientific management. Taylor believed that scientific management consists of a philosophy that results in a combination of four main principles. The first principle suggests that management need to develop the best way to complete a job. It is the task of finding the best method for achieving the objectives of a given job. The second principle states that management must carry out a scientific selection of their workers and develop them through proper management. Thirdly, management must carry out a scientific approach. That is, a true science should be developed in all fields of work activity. The fourth and final principle states that there should be an elimination on conflicts between methods and men. Workers are likely to resist new methods and this can be avoided by using it as an opportunity to offer more wages. • Features of scientific management. Taylor put forward a huge number of features of scientific management. One was the introduction of the standard task which every worker is expected to complete within a day. This task should be calculated through scientific investigation and work study is essential...
Words: 13491 - Pages: 54
...Innovation: Innovation refers to changing or making more successful procedures, items and thoughts, and can improve the probability of a business succeeding (Business.gov.au, n. d). Organizations that advance make more effective work forms and have better efficiency and execution. For business, this could mean actualizing new thoughts, making dynamic products or enhancing your current services. Innovation can be a catalyst for the development and achievement of your business, and offer you some assistance with adapting and develop in the marketplace. Being innovative does not mean designing; innovation can mean changing your plan of action and adjusting to changes in your surroundings to convey better items or services. Effective innovation ought to be an in-manufactured some portion of your business procedure, where you make a society of advancement and lead the route in inventive deduction and imaginative critical thinking. Organizations that improve make more proficient work forms and have better profitability and execution. Innovation associations don't inexplicably appear. Maybe, they are made by pioneers who build up the conditions important to draw out the creative thoughts inside everybody (Robert, 2015). Key Steps towards Business Innovation: • Conduct an examination of the business sector environment, your client’s needs and needs and contenders. Be interested in new thoughts and versatile to change. • Develop a key, responsive arrangement, which incorporates advancement...
Words: 1171 - Pages: 5
...What is Management? The concept of management has acquired special significance in the present competitive and complex business world. Efficient and purposeful management is absolutely essential for the survival of a business unit. Management concept is comprehensive and covers all aspects of business. In simple words, management means utilising available resources in the best possible manner and also for achieving well defined objectives. It is a distinct and dynamic process involving use of different resources for achieving well defined objectives. The resources are: men, money, materials, machines, methods and markets. These are the six basic inputs in management process (six M's of management) and the output is in the form of achievement of objectives. It is the end result of inputs and is available through efficient management process. The term 'management' is used extensively in business. It is the core or life giving element in business. We expect that a business unit should be managed efficiently. This is precisely what is done in management. Management is essential for the conduct of business activity in an orderly manner. It is a vital function concerned with all aspects of working of an enterprise. Definitions of Management 1. According to George R. Terry, "Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organising, actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings and other resources"...
Words: 13149 - Pages: 53
...PNR400 Role Development for the Practical Nurse Leadership Reflective Essay Assignment Grade: 10% of final grade Length: 4 pages maximum, Due Date: October 19, 2015 at 7:00 pm (see below) * 12 font, New Times Roman, double spaced, excluding reference list and title page. * Hard copy and electronic copy due at beginning of class as assigned by professor * Include a copy of the rubric with the hardcopy of your essay * Submit an electronic copy to Safe Assign on your assigned due date. Topic: Reflections: Leadership Development as you transition from learner to practitioner This essay is a critical analysis of your personal journey reflecting on your leadership skills development as you transition from being a student to a practice RPN. It may be helpful to focus on one significant experience and/or challenge: Examine how it made you feel made and how you have grown and developed leadership skills as a result. The primary focus is on your development of leadership skills as you transition from learner to practitioner. It should be honest and include examples, details, and relevant literature to support your opinions and thoughts. A good reflective essay should help you to understand yourself better. It must be written in the first person. Though this is a reflective paper, you need to clearly support your thoughts and ideas with references from the literature. Theoretical references may come from the literature related to leadership theory...
Words: 903 - Pages: 4
...Project Management 1. Introduction As a discipline and professional subject, project management has gained unprecedented prevalence throughout the world as a consequence of its role in assisting the organization to efficiently utilize limited resources, resolving sophisticated technology and enhancing its survive in the increasingly competitive market. Specifically, implementing project management techniques assists the organization in curtailing the overheads costs, satisfying project deadlines and customizing the project workplace and so forth. Some 4500 years ago, projects had been undertaken with the pyramids construction by the ancient Egyptians, but it is universally accepted that the period of 1950s is an indication of the arrival of modern management era and the commencement of utilizing formal project management tools and techniques (Awan, 2010). Economic pressures of the industrialized world, competition between rival companies and greater regard for the value, well-being and hence the employment costs of working people have all contributed to the development of new project management ideas and techniques. The purpose of this essay is to identify the major developments in the domain of project management over the past five decades and to explain how these historical developments influence the understanding of modern project management. 2. Crucial Developments in the Field of PM and Repercussions on Understanding Modern Project Management Prior to 1950s...
Words: 2234 - Pages: 9
...COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN-CALAMBA GRADUATE SCHOOL | | | |Course Title |Advanced Information and Management System | |Degree/Program |Master of Management/Master in Business Administration | |Course Description |The information systems function in an organization has a broad responsibility to plan, develop or acquire, implement, and manage an infrastructure of information technology (computers and | | |communications), data (both internal and external), and enterprise-wide information processing systems. It has the responsibility to track new information technology and assist in incorporating | | |it into organization’s strategy, planning, and practices...
Words: 1374 - Pages: 6
...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Historical Perspective 4.3 Theory in Management 4.4 Classification of Management Theories 4.5 Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set...
Words: 9513 - Pages: 39
...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various...
Words: 10432 - Pages: 42
.... Introduction It is fortunately for this generation manager because they have more than century's management theory and thought to retrospect. Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Throughout many different contributions of writers and practitioners have resulted different approaches to management, resulting in a kind of management theory jungle and help them to face the challenge of the future. Despite the inexactness and relative crudity of management theory, the development of thought on management dates back to the days when people first attempted to accomplish goals by working together in groups. To know something of the background of the development of management thought. 'Even limited knowledge can help one appreciate the many opinions, ideas, and scientific underpinnings which preceded the upsurge of management thought may help us avoid rediscovering previously know ideas.' (Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihrich, 1988) 2. Development in management theory 2.1 Management Development History The history of modern management has been characterized by the swing of a pendulum. 'Trace back the evolution of management theory from the nineteenth century to the present day--basically from Taylorism to Japanization.' (John Sheldrake, 1997) Scientific management developed in the crucible of American industrialization and subsequently spread throughout the industrial...
Words: 1975 - Pages: 8
