...Tool to create value: - Create new jobs - Create new industries - Provide new ideas and tools to society - Boost economic performance Who is an entrepreneur? * Being an entrepreneur is more than just creating a new business, it also implies: * Taking risks beyond security * Constantly seek new opportunities * Having the tenacity to push an idea through to reality Creativity and innovation General management skills, business know-how, and networks Low High High INVENTOR ENTREPRENEUER PROMOTER MANAGER, ADMINISTRATOR Classical Econ. Vs. Entrepreneurship * Entrepreneurship deals with “disrupting” the existing equilibrium, by creating a new firm/product/service... * Differs from the classical economics viewpoint : In an ideal economy… -Firms cannot influence prices -Products are homogeneous -No entry barriers -No transaction costs -Profits tend to zero “0”… Becoming an entrepreneur Essential ingredients to become an entrepreneur: * The vision to recognize opportunity where others see chaos, contradiction, and confusion. * The fundamental skills of building a solid business plan. * The ability to formulate an effective venture team; the creative skill to marshal needed resources. * The willingness to take calculated risks—in terms of time, equity, or career. Entrepreneurs and Age What is the relationship? * Studies show that successful entrepreneurs are likely...
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...[Name of the author] [Name of the institution] [Date of submission] Introduction Entrepreneurship is an activity done purposefully by an individual or groups of associated individuals to initiate maintain or organize profit oriented business unit. This is for the production and distribution of economic goods and services and exploiting newfound opportunities. Productive entrepreneurship and creativity combine these inputs into profitable ways. An institution that encourages free entrepreneurship becomes the ultimate determinants of economic growth of a nation. Economic development involves a sustained and concerted action by the community and policy makers to promote the standards of living and economic health of a nation. Some of the actions undertaken involve the development of critical infrastructure, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and even regional competitiveness to achieve the economic development. Literature review of entrepreneurship and economic development: The industrial economy in the post-world war two periods led to competition among geographical areas to provide tax to attract industrial companies. In the 1990s, the old managerial and industrial economy was replaced by the knowledge and entrepreneurial economy. The rise of companies such as apple, Microsoft and Google exemplified entrepreneurial creation of wealth at the end of twentieth century(Phillips, 2011).The second decade of twenty first century begins virtually with all countries in...
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...1 LESSON- 1 ENTREPRENEUR AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP Dr. Jyotsna Sethi STRUCTURE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Entrepreneurship as a Career Option 1.3 Concepts and Definitions 1.3.1 Entrepreneur 1.3.2 Entrepreneurship 1.3.3 Enterprise 1.3.4 Difference between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship 1.4 Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development 1.4.1 Entrepreneurship and Economic Development 1.4.2Entrepreneurship and Education 1.5 Functions of an Entrepreneur 1.6 Innovation 1.7 Risk and Uncertainty Bearing 1.8 Organization 1.9 Functions Performed by an Imitator Entrepreneur 1.10Entrepreneur vs. Manager Relationship 1.11 Summary 1.12 Glossary 1.13 Self-Assessment Questions 1.14 Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Do you know that there are millions of unemployed youth in the country and by the time you graduate, this number would have increased substantially? Do you want to be part of that group which keeps knocking from pillar to post, checking with employment exchanges, relatives, friends, and neighbours and still not able to get a job to their liking and then settle for a second or third rate job? You can also choose to be like Mr. Patel of Nirma who was a chemist’s assistance and has a Rs. 2500 crore company today. Did you know that the original Mr. Bata was a cobbler? And now has stores in more than 30 countries all over the world. Or...
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...Executive Summary Entrepreneurs play a vital role in economic development as key contributors to technological innovation and new job growth. Further, entrepreneurs help build communities in ways such as providing jobs, conducting business locally, creating and participating in entrepreneurial networks, investing in community projects, and giving to local charities. Realizing both the economic and social impact of entrepreneurship, many states and local communities have implemented aggressive strategies aimed at cultivating and nurturing entrepreneurs. In order for governments to effectively develop policies that will foster entrepreneurship, they must first understand the difference between entrepreneurs and small business owners, common misconceptions about entrepreneurs, and where entrepreneurs are located. Using this information, combined with entrepreneurial strategies outlined by the National Governors Association (NGA) Center for Best Practices, state governments can develop specific and effective measures to support entrepreneurs. While cursory inspection shows entrepreneurial growth companies (EGCs) and small business owners have a lot in common, there are certain distinct differences between the two. Controlled growth and continued profitability are the goal for many small businesses while EGCs are generally geared toward rapid growth and productivity gains. In addition, EGCs often have significant economic effects on a community, accounting for a large...
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...years have witnessed the most powerful emergence of entrepreneurial activity in the world. Entrepreneurs are now described as aggressive catalysts for change in the world of business; individuals who recognize opportunities where others see chaos, contradiction, or confusion. They have been compared to Olympic athletes challenging themselves to break new barriers, to longdistance runners dealing with the agony of the miles, to symphony orchestra conductors who balance the different skills and sounds into a cohesive whole, or to top-gun pilots who continually push the envelope of speed and daring. The U.S. economy has been revitalized because of the efforts of entrepreneurs, and the world has turned now to free enterprise as a model for economic development. The passion and drive of entrepreneurs move the world of business forward as they challenge the unknown and continuously create the future (Kuratko, 2002). Several methods have been used to measure the impact of entrepreneurial ventures on the economy—for example, efforts to start a firm (which may not be successful), incorporation of a firm (which may never go into business), changes in net tax returns filed (reflecting new filings minus filings no longer received), and a substantial amount of full-time and part-time self-employment. According to the Small Business Administration, 672,000 new businesses were created in 2005; the largest in US history (even 12% higher than the infamous “dotcom”...
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...| MN3030C | | Hewlett-Packard | [ETHNIC ENTREPRENEUSHIP] | [Tapez le résumé du document ici. Il s’agit généralement d’une courte synthèse du document. Tapez le résumé du document ici. Il s’agit généralement d’une courte synthèse du document.] | TABLE OF CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………Page 2-3 II. ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEFINITION………..Page 4 III. THE CONCEPT…………………………………………………………Page 5-6 IV. ENTREPRENEURIAL THEORY………………………….……Page 7-8-9 V. ETHNIC NICHE…………………………………………………….…..Page 10 VI. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………..…….Page 11 VII. REFERENCES……………………………………………………..…..Page 12-13-14 VIII. APPENDICE…………………………………………………………..Page 15 I. ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION The recent growth of new ethnic populations in Western societies raised lots of issues. In fact, the ethnic activity is not any more a question of historic interest; nor is it the concern of the company. Because new ethnic populations grew at the same time as Western economies, they are in a phase of slow growth and are facing the massive technological challenge; the ethnic adaptation and the mobility are central questions. (Waldinger 1990). In Europe, the activities managed by persons of minority ethnic groups were always present, but changeable historic circumstances increased jutting out to them and visibility during the last decades. First of all, the important immigration of former colonies...
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...Novice Nascent Entrepreneur setting up Business for the first time Introduction The extent to which entrepreneurial networking has an impact on the nascent entrepreneur is an interesting hypothesis. There is evidence to suggest that the nascent entrepreneur is reliant on the use of networking, yet other evidence states that the success of this type of entrepreneur stems from contrary elements. "Entrepreneurial networks provide a framework for processes aiming at organising resources according to opportunities" (Johannisson & Monsted 1997, p109). This definition clearly states what the use of entrepreneurial networking sets out to do, and is supported by the assumption that networking is the "acquisition of entrepreneurial skills" (Martinez & Aldrich, 2011, p7). This report sets out to assess the impact of which entrepreneurial networking has on the nascent entrepreneur: "Individuals who are in the process of starting up new ventures" (Renko, 2012, p1045). In the following report, an investigation as to what classification of impact that entrepreneurial networking has on the entrepreneur will be assessed. Based on academic research, a definitive conclusion will be made and a judgement of the usefulness and level of impact these networks have will be assessed throughout. The report will take into account the difference between academic opinions, and note that many academics believe that entrepreneurial networks impact positively on the nascent entrepreneur, whereas others...
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...2 The Entrepreneurial Process "Who can be on entrepreneur you ask? Anyone who wants to experience the deep, dark canyons of uncertainly and ambiguity, and who wonts to walk the breathtaking highlands of success. But caution, do not plan to walk the Iotter until you hove experienced the former" An entrepreneur Results Expected Upon completion of this chapter you will have: l. Developed a definition of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process that spans lifestyle to high potential ventures. 2. Examined the practical issues you will address and explore throughout the book. 3. Learned how entrepreneurs and their financial backers get the odds for success in their favor, defYing the pattern of disappointment and failure experienced by many. 4. Examined the Timmons Model of the entrepreneurial process, how it can be applied to your entrepreneurial career aspirations and ideas for businesses, and how recent research confirms its validity. Demystifying Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting that is opportunity obsessed, holistic in approach, and leadership balanced. 1 Entrepreneurship results in the creation, enhancement, realization, and renewal of value, not just for owners, but for all participants and stakeholders. At the heart of the process is the creation and/or recognition of opportunities, 2 followed by the will and initiative to seize these opportunities. It requires a willingness to take risksboth personal and financial-out...
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...MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza University of Rome Vol 2 No 5 July 2013 Challenges and Prospects of Entrepreneurship in Nigeria Okezie A. Ihugba Alex Odii Asoluka C. Njoku Department of Economics, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri-Imo State, Nigeria Doi:10.5901/ajis.2012.v2n5p25 Abtsract The success of generating income for majority of rural and urban dwellers with no formal paid employment highly depends on Entrepreneurship. They are the backbone of economic development all over the world and play important role for employment, income and societal changes, particularly in transition economies like Nigeria. This paper is concerned with the nature and the extent to which entrepreneurship in Nigeria has been developed so far, and outlines the initiative by government and also the main current and future challenges and perspectives for the development of entrepreneurship. The study revealed that such initiatives by government failed abysmally due to over bearing bureaucracies, corruption, inadequate and inefficient infrastructural facilities and maladministration. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship miracle in other country is an engine for job creation; innovation and diversity and Nigeria’s entrepreneurs have a long way to go before they can effectively drive changes in the economy and recommends that Government (policy makers) should genuine recognize the essence of entrepreneurship to economic development by providing the enabling environment for private sector led investment...
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...Sciences, Washington State University Small businesses continue to grow in importance to the national economy. According to the Small Business Administration, America’s 22 million small businesses generate more than half of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product and are the principal source of new jobs. The National Foundation for Women Business Owners reported that between 1987 and 1994, the number of women-owned businesses grew by 78% and women-owned firms accounted for 36% of all firms. Although the growth in the number of women-owned businesses is encouraging, the size of such businesses remains small in terms of both revenues and number of employees, especially in comparison to male-owned businesses. One explanation for this disparity is that female business ownership is concentrated primarily in the retail and service industries where businesses are relatively smaller in terms of employment and revenue as opposed to high technology, construction, and manufacturing. One of the most fruitful streams of research in women’s occupational choice has been based on EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Address correspondence to Alexandra L. Anna at HQ USAFA/DFM, 2354 Fairchild Drive, Suite 6H94, USAFA, CO 80840-5701; (719) 333-4405; Fax: (719) 333-2944; E-mail: AnnaAL.DFM@USAFA.AF.MIL This research was funded in part by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and the Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership. An earlier version of this paper was presented in the Entrepreneurship Division of the National Academy of...
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...WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS ? APPROVAL SHEET ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT This descriptive study of 184 small firms identified strategies most frequently used by their managers. These strategies were identified using the Entrepreneurial Strategy Matrix, a situational model in which the identification of levels of innovation and risk lead to prescriptions of appropriate strategies. Concurrently, this model was empirically tested and its validity supported. Of the strategies used, the five most common were: “work to create a competitive advantage,” “maintain innovation,” “lower the costs of developing and/or maintaining one’s venture,” “defend product/service as it is now,” and “create a first mover advantage.” In addition, there were no differences between the use of strategies by entrepreneurs in service and manufacturing industries. CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION There is a comprehensive body of literature on strategic planning (Porter 1996), the effects of strategic planning on performance (Veliyath and Shortell 1993), and the effects of strategic planning on small business performance (Covin and Slevin 1991; Watts and Ormbsy 1990). Much of the research on the effects of strategic planning on small business performance focuses on comparing differences between those that conduct formal planning and those that do not (Robinson and...
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...Entrepreneurship and Poverty Alleviation: An Empirical Study Nawal Meraj Syeda Ayesha Sadruddin Rahat Shams Business Ethics Dr. Muhammad Asim 11th May, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would also like to thank our colleagues from New York University, Abu Dhabi, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research, although they may not agree with all of the interpretations/conclusions of this paper. We would also like to show our highest gratitude to the Dr. Muhammad Asim for sharing his pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research and guiding us throughout the course work. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 Keywords Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.0 INTRODUCION 2 2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKAND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2 2.1 Concept of Poverty 2 2.2 Concept of Entrepreneurship 2 2.3 GDP Growth and Poverty Reduction 2 2.4 Strategies for Reducing Poverty through Entrepreneurship 2 2.5 Relieving Poverty through Entrepreneurship Education 2 3.0 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 2 4.0 EMPIRICAL REVIEWS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION 2 5.0 CONCLUSION 2 6.0 FUTURE RESEARCH 2 REFERENCES 2 ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is a real wellspring of riches and employment creation, financial and mechanical development and an indication of social change. Entrepreneurs have intermittently acquired a place in the discussions of drivers of economic development. Over the world, countries that made entrepreneurship...
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...Challenges and Prospects of Entrepreneurship in Nigeria Abtsract The success of generating income for majority of rural and urban dwellers with no formal paid employment highly depends on Entrepreneurship. They are the backbone of economic development all over the world and play important role for employment, Income and societal changes, particularly in transition economies like Nigeria. This paper is concerned with the nature and the extent to which entrepreneurship in Nigeria has been developed so far, and outlines the initiative by government and also the main current and future challenges and perspectives for the development of entrepreneurship. The study revealed that such initiatives by government failed abysmally due to over bearing bureaucracies, corruption, inadequate and inefficient infrastructural facilities and maladministration. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship miracle in other country is an engine for job creation; innovation and diversity and Nigeria’s entrepreneurs have a long way to go before they can effectively drive changes in the economy and recommends that Government (policy makers) should genuine recognize the essence of entrepreneurship to economic development by providing the enabling environment for private sector led investment for economic development and also provide adequate infra-structural facilities (water, electricity, road network, communications etc.) Introduction A nation's ability to generate a steady stream of business opportunities...
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...Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the act and art of being an entrepreneur or "one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses (referred as Startup Company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing activities within a firm or large organization it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate venturing, when large entities spin-off organizations.[1] According to Paul Reynolds, entrepreneurship scholar and creator of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have a period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers." [2] And in recent years has been documented by scholars such as David Audretsch to be a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe. "As well, entrepreneurship may be defined as the pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled...
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...No. 1 An Exploratory Study of Motivational Factors on Women Entrepreneurship Venturing in Malaysia Hasni Che Ismail College of Law, Government & International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia E-mail: has1121@uum.edu.my Faridahwati Mohd. Shamsudin Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia E-mail: faridah@uum.edu.my Mohammed S. Chowdhury (Corresponding author) Othman yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business College of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia E-mail: mchowdr@yahoo.com or m.chowdhury@uum.edu.my Received: December 20, 2011 Accepted: January 9, 2012 doi:10.5296/ber.v2i1.1434 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v2i1.1434 Abstract This study explored the effects of motivational factors on women entrepreneurship venturing in Malaysia. The research was conducted on 80 entrepreneurs through random sampling technique. All hypotheses were tested using regression analysis and Pearson correlations, controlling for demographic variables of gender, age, and education, years of experience, and start-up funding. While the results of this study found significant effect of pull motivational factors, there is a marginal effect of push motivational factors on women entrepreneurship venturing in Malaysia. Implications and a number of recommendations are discussed. Keywords: Women entrepreneurship, Pull motivation, Push motivation, Venturing, Malaysia 1 www...
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