...1898 April 21–25 - The Spanish–American War begins. War is officially declared by the United States and by Spain. May 1 - Commodore George Dewey defeats decisively the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay. May 19 - Emilio Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines from exile in Hong Kong aboard an American naval vessel[4] May 24 - Aguinaldo issues a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and established an insurgent dictatorial government with himself as dictator.[5] June 12 - The Philippine Declaration of Independence is proclaimed by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, its author, on behalf of the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines. June 18 - Aguinaldo, believing the Americans had no intent to occupy the Philippine Islands, issues a decree formally establishing the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.[6] June 23 - Aguinaldo issues a decree replacing the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government, with himself as President.[7][8] June 25 - The third of three U.S. expeditions arrives in Manila, bringing land forces in the country to a total of 10,946 men.[9] August 8 - Eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire. American officers suspected at the time that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements. This was later confirmed by captured insurgent documents.[10] August 12 - A Protocol of Peace is signed...
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...Life of Filipinos Immigrants and their American dreams Filipino Americans are now the second largest group of Asian Americans as well as the second largest immigrant group in the United States. According to the U.S. census, there are approximately 9 million people living in America who are of Asian descent. Twenty-three percent of that are of Chinese ancestry; 20% are Filipino; 12% are Asian Indian; and Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese each share about 10%. They are neither alien nor citizen, and they are US “national”. Similar to other Asian groups, they were hired as cheaper labors. It is never be easy to leave the home country and migrant to another country. Sometimes life can be difficult for many immigrants, and life can not be impossible, especially those who don’t speak broken English and people of color. Pinoys struggled a lot and could not adjust themselves to the mainstream culture therefore; they experienced a lot of discrimination in the United States. They could not marry to a White girl, or they could not own properties. Their wages were extreme low and work longer hours in a day in the field, and their never gain respect from white people. Their lives represent the diversity of the immigrant experience and their narratives are a way to understand ethnical identity and Filipino Americans history. What are the impacts of the US colonization on Pilipino? One of the major impacts was education. Education was one of the best ways to pacify the Filipinos. US introduced...
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...This essay will discuss the reason why the United States became involved in the Spanish American War. There will also be comments on Theodore Roosevelt’s connection to the war. Lastly mentions why historian now call the war the Spanish-American-Filipino War. Spanish American War which took place in 1898, was the United States first time broke the geographic boundaries and began to set goals to make itself one of most powerful countries in the world in 20th century. From isolating to expansion the Spanish American War led America into the modern era. The War was a symbol that the United States was rising power. The Spanish American War was a War which launched in order to raid the Spanish colonies. At that time, the Philippines not only had the important economic value but also was the strategic base of America so it was important to occupy the Philippines. On February 15th the American vessel the Maine sunk in Havana harbor, and the United States seized the chance as an excuse to began to take military actions to declare war to Spain. This fact was overlooked at the time. “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!” was said by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. This is thought to be the rallying cry used to propel Congress into a declaration of war. Theodore Roosevelt kept on President Mckinley and others that if War came to be that he wanted to leave from behind the desk in Washington and head to the front to fight. He contacted both General Tillinghast and General...
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...When the American fathers of the Declaration of Independence, they made it their purpose that they would stay isolated from the world, so that they could focus on their nation and make it stronger. At the time, America would have needed a lot of attention to become the superpower it is today, however in the late 1890’s the American soldiers and political leaders broke the foreign policy by taking over the Philippines. Even though the men who spoke of the ceded Philippine, they had different messages through their tone. The first Spaniard to set foot on the Philippines was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, however the actual invasion did not begin until 1564. Spanish power in the Philippines soon started to fall as other nations were starting to practice their spread of power in the mid 1700s. When the U.S.S Maine sunk in an American attempt to relieve the tension between Cuba and Spain exploded, the U.S. declared war on Spain and won a naval battle against them in Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. By the time U.S. got to the Philippines, the Filipinos has already declared their independence from Spain. However, their celebration did not last long when the Treaty of Paris 1898 transferred the Philippines to under the U.S.’s power. Wesley Merritt, William Mckinley, and Otis all had the same message to the Filipinos. Everyone pretty much said the same thing, but at the different times, to remind the Filipinos that the Americans were not their enemy. However, when Merritt made the first announcement...
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...Philippine History Submitted by: Bernante, Marie T. Cortez, Maria Cristinalyn L. Gacosta, Jhon Paul Oriel, Hanna Amor Pelinio Honey Grace R. Vargas, Jocevic Viernes, Maricor Assassination of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. The assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr., former Philippine Senator, took place on Sunday, August 21, 1983 at Manila International Airport. Aquino, also a longtime political opponent of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, had just landed in his home country after a 3-year self exile in the United States when he was shot in the head while being escorted from an aircraft to a vehicle that was waiting to transport him to prison. Also killed was Rolando Galman, who was later implicated in Aquino's murder. Reaction Assassination of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. The assassination of Ninoy Aquino Jr. is for me a mystey because there is no one who spoke out that they are the one who killed Ninoy. But I think it is the Marcos family responsible for the assassination because they are the one who had a conflict with late senator Ninoy Aquino. –Pelinio I think assassination of Ninoy Aquino was injustice of human rights because he was shot in the head while being escorted from aircraft. Also Ninoy wanted a justice for being not democratic threatened against Marcos’ authoritarian rule. I’m proud of having a good senator on that time because he only thinks about the Filipino’s sake and he really fight for the right of human rights...
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...As the last wave of Asian migrant labor in the early days of the Second World War, Filipinos provided important labor to the explosive agriculture industry in California. Like the Chinese, the Japanese, the Koreans, the South Asians and the Mexicans, the Filipinos are mainly immigrant agricultural workers. In the last season of the nineteenth century, California soon became the American vegetable and fruit basket. Of all the fruits and vegetables grown in the United States, 4% came from California in 1879. Thirty years later, California produced about 50% of all the fruits and vegetables grown in the United States. The development of refrigerated railway vehicles and railways across the continent and other national railway lines allowed the California crop to be transported and sold nationwide at the end of the 19th century....
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...markets for American goods might relieve the problem of under consumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war” (290). The United States believed in capitalism and imperialism gave opportunities to expand oversea and not just limit to the United States. With imperialism overseas this would better the economy for...
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...time of the Philippine-American War. At that time, Andres Bonifacio was already dead and Emilio Aguinaldwas the so-called president. The hamlet had Rafael Dacanay as their mayor. The movie started with Rafael trying to give a fair and firm little village justice over some sweet potatoes conflict. He was firm but fair, so he was respected in San Isidro. He had a son and a wife who lived together with him in the small village. On the other hand, he had a brother named Simón who was the leader of the local “insurrectos” or Filipino rebel group that were staying in the mountains and caves near the small village. One day, the American troops led by Colonel Hardacre arrived at the hamlet; they gathered the townspeople and freed the prisoners including the deceitful priest and Spanish soldiers. Afterwards, Colonel Hardacre left the hamlet leaving Lieutenant Ike Compton and some other soldiers. Lieutenant Ike went for the priest to for assistance in communicating with the people of the small village. Ike and his men, during their stay, started to show sympathy. They even had feasts and drank but the rebels took the chance and tried to attack the Americans but they failed and a child from the village was shot. They had force Rafael to lead them to where his brother is but he refused so he was imprisoned but was freed when he was re-elected as the mayor of San Isidro. During also the stay of the Americans, one of the most captivating moments was the lovers, an American and a woman living in...
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...Overview o The Americans used concentration camps to imprison the Filipinos. It became commonplace for entire villages to be burned and whole populations to be imprisoned in concentration camps. o The concentration camps were labelled as reconcentrados, which were surrounded by free fire zones that were also known as “dead-zones”. o Furthermore, these camps were overcrowded and filled with disease, causing the death rate to be extremely high. Conditions in these “reconcentrados” were inhumane. Between January and April 1902, 8,350 prisoners of approximately 298,000 died. Some camps incurred death rates as high as 20 percent. “One camp was two miles by one mile (3.2 by 1.6 km) in area and ‘home’ to some 8,000 Filipinos. Men were rounded up for questioning, tortured, and summarily executed. o Between January and April 1902, 8,350 prisoners of approximately 298,000 died. Some camps incurred death rates as high as 20 percent. For example "One camp was two miles by one mile (3.2 by 1.6 km) in area and 'home' to some 8,000 Filipinos. Men were rounded up for questioning, tortured, and summarily executed." o Marinduque was the first island to have American concentration camps. An American, Andrew Birtle, wrote in 1972: "The pacification of Marinduque was characterized by extensive devastation and marked one of the earliest employments of population concentration in the Philippine War, techniques that would eventually be used on a much larger scale in the two most...
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...unsavory regime in relatively brief military action, suffering a few hundred fatalities. America then finds itself having to administer a country unaccustomed to democratic self-rule. Caught unawares by an unexpectedly robust insurgency, the United States struggles to develop and implement an effective counterinsurgency strategy. The ongoing US presidential campaign serves as a catalyst to polarize public opinion, as the insurrectionists step up their offensive in an unsuccessful attempt to unseat the incumbent Republican President. These events—from a century ago—share a number of striking parallels with the events of 2003 and 2004. The Philippine Insurrection of 18991902 was America’s first major combat operation of the 20th century. The American policy of rewarding support and punishing opposition in the Philippines, called “attraction and chastisement,” was an effective operational strategy. By eliminating insurgent resistance, the campaign successfully set the conditions necessary for achieving the desired end-state. After a brief review of the conflict, this article will examine the strategic and operational lessons of America’s successful campaign. It will consider the belligerents’ policy goals, strategies, and their centers of gravity. (While 53 Spring 2005 neither side planned their campaign using these strategic concepts, these terms will be used in...
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...disputes that caused the Spanish-American War involved the number one world power and the rising nation. There were three incidents that acted as a gateway in America’s role in Latin America; one major incident, out of three,...
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...on us. The Founding Fathers saw America as an exceptional nation, evidenced by the way it had broken away from Great Britain. What made the American Revolution revolutionary was not the fact that power changed hands, but that it created an entire new nation and how it led to the adoption of democracy, a framework that was unprecedented for the time. We separated ourselves from European nations by creating a self-ruling, democratic government under the ideals of (limited) representation, liberty, opportunity and equality. As a young nation, leaders were meant to show that the country could conduct itself the same way it was founded, and demonstrate...
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...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words frater and soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively) are fraternalsocial organizations for undergraduate students. In Latin, the term refers mainly to such organizations at colleges and universities in the United States, although it is also applied to analogous European groups also known as corporations. Similar, but less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students. In modern usage, the term "Greek letter organization" is often synonymous in North America, with the terms "fraternity" and "sorority". Typically, Greek letters organizations are single-sex, initiatory organizations with membership considered active during the undergraduate years only, although a notable exception to this rule are historically black, Latino, Asian, and multicultural organizations, in which active membership continues, and into which members are often initiated long after the completion of their undergraduate degrees. Greek letter organizations may sometimes be considered mutual aid societies, providing academic and social activities. Some groups also maintain a chapter house, providing residential and dining facilities for members. How did the fraternities in the Philippines start? : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_the_fraternities_in_the_Philippines_start#ixzz1jj31t1ic In all times and among all nations which have reached a sufficient level of cultural...
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...the Filipino” (1959/1966), inquiring into the colonial basis of his anti-colonial critique of American English. It explores the affinity between his view of language and those of American colonial officials, especially around the relationship between English and the vernacular languages. Both conceived of that relationship in terms of a war of and on translation. It then turns to an important but overlooked essay by Nick Joaquin published around the same time as Constantino’s, “The Language of the Streets” (1963). By closely considering Joaquin’s views on “Tagalog slang” as the basis for a national language, we can see a different politics of language at work, one based not on translation as war but as play. Whereas Constantino was concerned with language as the medium for revealing the historical truth of nationhood that would lead to democratizing society, Joaquin was more interested in the conversion of history into language as a way of expanding literary democracy. Abstract Vicente L. Rafael is Professor of History at the University of Washington in Seattle. He grew up in Manila and graduated from the Ateneo in 1977. His books include Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule (1993), White Love and Other Events in Filipino History (2000), and The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines (2005). He is currently at work on a book on translation, war and...
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...Philippines. Though the annexation of the Philippines had certain benefits, including a better economy, one must also consider that it was unrighteous and inequitable as well, considering the Americans had deceived the Filipinos and had become a tyranny. Ultimately, imperialism and annexation were unethical and America was wrong to have annexed the Philippines. By annexing the Philippines, the United States had become a tyranny as they were governing another nation without consent. The US practiced despotism as they had controlled the Philippines for simply their own gain, instead of considering how it may affect the other nation in question. It also raises the point that the US was going against their beliefs and values as they believed that it was wrongful to control another country without permission, causing people to think that they were hypocrites as they too, had fought a war for their independence. However, as they annexed the Philippines, they were on their way to becoming the country they had fought against. In addition, the US had helped the Philippines get their independence but snatched it away almost immediately, frightening the Filipinos and making them think that they would once again be ruled cruelly, similarly to being under the Spanish rule (Document A). The Filipinos were afraid that they would be placed under a monstrous rule again right...
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