...www.studyguide.pk Acids, Bases and Salts THE THEORY of ACIDS and ALKALIS and a few technical terms: o Acids are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) when dissolved in water eg hydrochloric acid HCl gives H+(aq) and Cl-(aq) ions, sulphuric acid H2SO4 gives 2H+(aq) and SO42- ions and nitric acid HNO3 gives H+(aq) and NO3-(aq) ions. o Alkalis are substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-(aq)) in water eg sodium hydroxide NaOH gives Na+(aq) and OH-(aq) ions, calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gives Ca2+(aq) and 2OH-(aq) ions. Note: an alkali is a base soluble in water. o In water, there are trace quantities of H+ and OH- ions BUT they are of equal concentration and so water is neutral. o In acid solutions there are more H+ ions than OH- ions. o In alkaline solution there are more OH- ions than H+ ions. o Acids dissociate to different extents in aqueous solution. Acids that dissociate to a large extent are strong electrolytes and strong acids. In contrast, acids that dissociate only to a small extent are weak acids and weak electrolytes In a similar manner, bases can be strong or weak depending on the extent to which they dissociate and produce OH– ions in solution. Most metal hydroxides are strong electrolytes and strong bases. Ammonia, NH3, is a weak electrolyte and weak base. o BASES eg oxides and hydroxides are substances that react and neutralise acids to form salts and water. Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis. Acids Some common acids are listed...
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...http://www.heatermeals.co.uk/ | | Lamb Casserole (300 grams) | | Typlical Values Per 300g pack | Carbohydrates: | 17.1 of which sugars 9.0 | Energy: | Kcals 337 | Energy: | Kj 1405 | Equivalent AS Salt: | 1.467 | Fat: | 22.4 (Saturated Fat 3.2) | Fibre: | 3.2 | Protein: | 15.3 | Sodium: | 0.592 | | Item Description: Tender Lamb Pieces with Potatoes in a delicious Gravy Casserole Self Heating HOT meals in only 10 minutes No Fridge needed Long shelf Life of 5 years+ Lightweight & compact Delicious Food | £32.50 + P&P | | | | Pack of 6 Self Heating Meals Chicken Curry (300 grams) | | | | | Chicken Curry (300 grams) | | Typlical Values Per 300g pack | Carbohydrate: | 17.3 of which sugars 9.4 | Energy: | Kj 1465 | Energy: | Kcals 350 | Equivalent AS Salt: | 2.064 | Fat: | 15.4 (Saturated Fat 5.3) | Fibre: | 2.9 | Protein: | 34.0 | Sodium: | 0.832 | | Item Description: Chicken Pieces in a traditional Curry Sauce Self Heating HOT meals in only 10 minutes No Fridge needed Long shelf Life of 5 years+ Lightweight & compact Delicious Food | £32.50 + P&P | | | | Pack of 6 Self Heating Meals Ravioli in Tomato Sauce (300 grams) | | | | | Ravioli in Tomato Sauce (300 grams) | | Typlical Values Per 300g pack | Carbohydrates: | 37.4 of which sugars 14.9 | Energy: | KJ 1587 | Energy: | Kcals 379 | Equivalent AS Salt: | 2.245 | Fat: | 17.3 (Saturated...
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...CHEM IA 11 Aim To determine the enthalpy change of reaction between zinc powder and aqueous copper(II) ions Uncertainties of Apparatus Electronic balance | ±0.001g | 50cm3 measuring cylinder | ± 0.5cm3 | Thermometer | ± 0.1oC | Digital stopwatch | ± 0.2s | Mass/g of zinc in weighing bottle measured by electronic balance for Method 1 Mass of Zn (±0.002) / g | 0.9123 | Mass of weighing bottle (± 0.001) / g | 3.5840 | Mass of Zn + weighing bottle ( ±0.001) /g | 4.4963 | Highest temperature recorded after adding Zn to copper (II) sulfate solution for Method 1 Initial temperature (±0.1) / ⁰C | 22.0 | Highest temperature (±0.1) / ⁰C | 31.5 | Temperature change (±0.2) / ⁰C | 8.50 | Mass/g of zinc in weighing bottle measured by electronic balance for Method 2 Mass of Zn (±0.002) / g | 0.9123 | Mass of weighing bottle (± 0.001) / g | 3.5840 | Mass of Zn + weighing bottle ( ±0.001) /g | 4.4963 | Temperature recorded before and after adding Zn is added to copper (II) sulfate for Method 2 Time (±0.2) / s | Temperature (±0.1) / ⁰C | 0.0 | 22.0 | 15.0 | 22.0 | 30.0 | 22.0 | 45.0 | 22.0 | 60.0 | 22.0 | 75.0 | 21.5 | 90.0 | 21.5 | 105.0 | 21.3 | 120.0 | 21.2 | 135.0 | 21.2 | 150.0 | 21.0 | 165.0 | 21.0 | 180.0 | 21.0 | 195.0 | 21.0 | 210.0 | 23.0 | 225.0 | 23.8 | 240.0 | 24.5 | 255.0 | 25.2 | 270.0 | 26.4 | 285.0 | 28.2 | 300.0 | 29.1 | 315.0 | 29.8 | 330.0 | 31.1 | 345.0 | 31.5 | (Highest Temperature...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...incineration Wet air oxidation Photolysis Biological treatment of hazardous wastes Land treatment Preparation of wastes for disposal Land disposal Land fills Surface impoundments Underground injection References 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 12 12 12 14 15 16 MODULE 7.5 Chemical and other methods of treatment of hazardous wastes The selection of a treatment process for a waste stream depends on among other factors the nature of the waste, desired characteristics of the output stream. Most of the times the chemical property of the waste constituents determine its applicability in waste treatment. In this chapter the major chemical treatment processes applicable to hazardous waste such as chemical oxidation-reduction, acid-base neutralisation, precipitation, hydrolysis, ion exchange, thermal treatment methods, wet air oxidation photolysis and biodegradation are discussed. Chemical Oxidation and reduction: (I) Oxidation reduction methods provide another important chemical treatment alternative for hazardous wastes. One important chemical redox treatment involves the oxidation of cyanide wastes from metal finishing industry, using chlorine in alkali solution. In this reaction CN- is first converted to a less toxic cyanate. Further chlorination oxidises the cyanate to simple carbondioxide and nitrogen gas. NaCN + Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaCNO + 2NaCl + H2O ………………………….(1) 2NaCNO + 3Cl2 + 4NaOH → 2CO2 + N2 + 6NaCl + 2H2O …………….......(2) 1 (II) Another important redox treatment...
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...CHEMISTRY REVISION KINETIC THEORY 3 States of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas Solubility of a solute in water, at a given temperature is the maximum amount of it that will dissolve in 100g of water at that temperature. Solubility = solution divided by solvent ATOMIC STRUCTURE: Plum Pudding- Thompson Thomson’s "Plum Pudding Model" each atom was a sphere filled with a positively charged fluid Rutherford-Proton predicted Neutron Chadwick-Neutron (No Charge hard to find) Mass proton and electron-1 Neutron-0 Mass number- Protons and Neutrons Atomic Number-Protons OR Electrons Isotope-A molecule with more than one type of atom Element-A substance which contains one type of atom Electronic configuration: 2,8,8,8,8,8 Ionic Bonding: Ionic bonding is between a metal and non metal. Metal gives up its electrons and becomes positively charged. Ionic bonding is caused by attraction. Ionic Compound Properties; High Melting and Boling Points require lots of energy to break apart. Conduct electricity when in molten. Covalent Bonding: Atoms share electrons. Simple molecular covalent compounds: Low Melting and Boling points. Strong in atoms. Weak in electrons. Easy to break apart. Cannot conduct electricity. Giant Molecular Covalent Compounds; Diamond-Very Hard. Very high melting and boiling points. Cannot Conduct Electricity. Graphite-Soft. High Melting and Boiling Points. Conducts Electricity. Metallic Bonding: A ladus of ions in a sea of electrons...
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...Enthalpy (Heat) of Reaction of A Monobasic Acid with Sodium Hydroxide No. of Experiment: 12 Date of Experiment: 2/2/2016 Date of Submission: 24/2/2016 Group members: 1)Chong Chi Wei 2)Mong Lai Wan 3)Ang Yen Yuan Name of Lecture: Dr. Sim Yoke Leng Title: Determination of the Enthalpy (Heat) of Reaction of A Monobasic Acid with Sodium Hydroxide Objective: 1. To understand the enthalpy chemistry. 2. To determine the calorimeter constant. 3.To determine the enthalpy of reaction of acid-base reactions. Introduction: Heat is associated with nearly all chemical reactions. In such instances, the reaction either liberates heat (exothermic) or absorbs heat (endothermic). When a reaction is carried out under constant pressure (as in an open beaker) the heat associated with the reaction is known as enthalpy. The symbol for enthalpy is ΔH. It is most often too difficult to direct measure the enthalpy change for a reaction. What can be done is to measure the heat changes that occur in the surrounding by monitoring temperature changes. Conducting a reaction between two substances in aqueous solution, allows the enthalpy of the reaction to be indirectly calculated with the following equation. q=m x c x Δ t The term q represents the heat energy that is gained or lost. C is the specific heat of water, m is the mass of the water and Δ t is the temperature change of the reaction mixture. The specific heat and mass of water will either gain or loss heat energy...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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...Atoms, Molecules and Ions. AN ATOM is the smallest particle of an element. They cannot be split into smaller particles in chemical reactions. Iron is made of iron atoms (Fe). Sulphur is made of sulphur atoms (S) A MOLECULE is a small group of atoms joined together. The atoms may be the same (e.g. O2) or different (e.g. H2O). The chemical formula shows the number and type of atoms present. Non-metal compounds are made of molecules: Carbon dioxide contains CO2 molecules Methane (natural gas) contains CH4 molecules AN ION is an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge (+ or -). Metal compounds such as sodium chloride or copper sulphate contain ions. Sodium chloride is made of Na+ and Cl- ions Copper Sulphate is made of Cu2+ and SO42- ions Note that metals form positive ions while non-metals form negative ions. A solid is represented by (s). e.g. H2O(s) is ice. A liquid is represented by (l) e.g. Fe(l) is molten iron. A gas is represented by (g) e.g. H2O(g) is steam. A solution in water is represented by (aq). Salt dissolved in water is NaCl(aq). You should remember that the common gases are diatomic (have 2 atoms in each molecule). These are Oxygen O2; Hydrogen H2; Nitrogen N2; and Chlorine Cl2. Elementary Particles Atoms are made up of smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons cluster together in a small nucleus at the centre of the atom while the electrons orbit the nucleus. The main properties...
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...TMA 1 Describe the four basic human body structure unit and their functions. The four basic human body structures are cells, tissues, organs and systems. Cells Most cells have some common elements to them. These include the nucleus, cytoplasm and the membrane. The nucleus contains most of the genetic or hereditary information and controls the cells growth and reproduction. It also contains the chromosomes which in turn contain DNA. The cytoplasm makes up the rest of the cell, outside of the nucleus and enclosed in the cell membrane. This is a clear gel like liquid which contains the cells organelles and the cytoskeleton (fibres that hold the cells shape and give it support). The membrane is the cell wall that keeps everything in but it contains small holes that allow molecules in and out. It is made up mostly, of proteins and phospholipids. The phospholipids make up the wall and the proteins are found around the small holes and help to move the moleclues. The cells function is to stay alive and keep the body alive by sustaining the body's organ systems. If they don't have a purpose in the body, they will die. After that, they have different functions and they can work on their own or as a group. When they come together in a group, they are called tissues. Some of the most common cells are: Nerve cells: (or neurons) these cells are in the nervous system and they process and transmit information. They are the core components of the brain, spinal cord...
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...Mark Scheme (Results) June 2010 GCE GCE Chemistry (6CH01/01) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. Through a network of UK and overseas offices, Edexcel’s centres receive the support they need to help them deliver their education and training programmes to learners. For further information, please call our GCE line on 0844 576 0025, our GCSE team on 0844 576 0027, or visit our website at www.edexcel.com. If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful. Ask The Expert can be accessed online at the following link: http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/contact-us/ Alternatively, you can speak directly to a subject specialist at Edexcel on our dedicated Science telephone line: 0844 576 0037 Summer 2010 Publications Code US023629 All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2010 6CH01_01 1006 Section A (multiple choice) Question Number 1 (a) Question Number 1 (b) Question Number 2 Question Number 3 Question Number 4 (a) Question Number 4(b) Question Number 4 (c) Question Number 4 (d) Question Number 5 Question Number 6 Question...
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...substances to be transported throughout the body, red blood cells for example, as wells as supplying the medium required for metabolic reaction to take place (respiration). Without water the progression of these fluids would not be possible. Water is constantly being transported between the fluid compartments of the body. Water has five main functions in the body, of which includes: • 'Cell life - distribute nutrients to cells i.e. vitamins, minerals and glucose • Chemical and metabolic reactions - removal of waste products (toxins) from the organs • Transport of nutrients – participates in the breakdown of food • Body temperature regulation - water has a large heat capacity that allows it to help limit any changes to an individual's body temperature in a certain environment. For example the release of heat when the surrounding temperature is higher than body temperature • Elimination of waste' Urea – Urea is an organic molecule made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Urea is a common constituent of blood and other various bodily fluids, and is formed from ammonia in the kidney and liver. Ammonia is produced through the breakdown of proteins during tissue metabolism. Metabolic reactions that take place within the body can produce a surplus of amino acids of which can be converted into the waste product otherwise known as urea through the process of deamination in the liver. Proteins obtained through an...
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...ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 Preliminary Examination CHEMISTRY Higher 2 Paper 3 Free Response Candidates answer on separate paper. Additional Materials: Answer paper, Graph Paper, Data Booklet 9647/03 13 September 2010 2 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer any four questions. A Data Booklet is provided. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. 2 This question paper consists of 10 printed pages. SAJC 2010 P3 – Answer any four questions. 1 (a) Hydrolysis of a lipid (containing multiple ester linkages) produced the following fatty acids. Structure I Structure II CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (i) In an experiment, hot acidified potassium manganate(VII) was used to oxidise Structure I. Write the structural formulae of all organic products formed during the oxidation. (ii) What is meant by the term cis-trans isomerism? How many cis-trans isomers are present in Structure I? Draw any 2 possible cis-trans isomers. (iii) State the physical state of this lipid...
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...Chemistry Revision Hazard Symbols States of Matter As heat is added to a solid the particles start to vibrate more and more vigorously. Eventually when it reaches its melting point the particles have enough energy to break their bonds and melt into a liquid. As it is cooled energy is taken away so the particles vibrate less and if a liquid or gas the bonds become stronger and so it freezes or condenses. In the case of a solid it becomes less flexible. Particles in a solid vibrate around their equilibrium but don’t move and keep a rigid shape with their bonds intact. Liquid particles are similar but have more energy so vibrate faster and have more fluidity. Gas particles have no bonds and move around very quickly Structure of an atom |Particle |Where? |Mass |Charge | |Proton |Nucleus |1 |1+ | |Neutron |Nucleus |1 |0 | |Electron |Energy Levels |1/1840 |1- | Atomic/Proton Number – Number of protons (small number) Mass Number – Sum of protons and neutrons Mass Num – Atomic Num = Number of neutrons Number of protons = number of...
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...respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly constant temperatures. Evaporation of water can cool surfaces by removing heat. Metabolic Water takes part as a reactant in some chemical processes Transport of water in the xylem relies on water molecules sticking to each other as they are pulled up the xylem in the transpiration stream Some small organisms make use of surface tension to ‘walk on water’ Organisms such as...
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