...MEASUREMENT The Study of Chemistry Chemistry: • is the study of properties of materials and changes that they undergo. • can be applied to all aspects of life. The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry Chemistry involves the study of the properties and the behavior of matter. Matter: • is the physical material of the universe. • has mass. • occupies space. Examples of matter: ~100 elements constitute all matter. A property is any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types of matter. Elements: • are made up of unique atoms, the building blocks of matter. • approximately 116 elements. • names of the elements are derived from a wide variety of sources. Molecules: • are combinations of atoms held together in specific shapes. • Macroscopic (observable) propertied of matter relate to submicroscopic realms of atoms • Properties relate to composition (types of atoms present) and structure (arrangement of atoms present. [pic] • Combinations of atoms held together in specific shapes CH3CH2OH HOCH2CH2OH Ethyl alcohol ethylene glycol Why study Chemistry? We study chemistry because: • It has a considerable impact on society (health care, food, clothing, conservation of natural resources, environmental issues, etc.) • Chemistry serves biology, engineering...
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...Tingjin Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China This paper reports detailed process designs and cost assessments for production of clean liquid fuels (methanol and dimethyl ether) by indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Gasification of coal produces a synthesis gas that can be converted to liquid fuel by synthesis over appropriate catalysts. Recycling of unconverted synthesis gas back to the synthesis reactor enables a larger fraction of the coal energy to be converted to liquid fuel. Passing synthesis gas once over the synthesis catalyst, with unconverted synthesis gas used to generate electricity in a gas turbine combined cycle, leads to less liquid fuel production, but provides for a significant second revenue stream from sale of electricity. Recently-developed liquid-phase synthesis reactors are especially attractive for ‘‘oncethrough’’ processing. Both ‘‘recycle’’ and ‘‘once-through’’ plant configurations are evaluated in this paper. Because synthesis catalysts are poisoned by sulfur, essentially all sulfur must be removed upstream. Upstream removal of CO2 from the synthesis gas is also desirable to maximize synthesis productivity, and it provides an opportunity for partial decarbonization of the process, whereby the removed CO2 can be captured for underground storage. The analysis here suggests that co-capture and co-storage of CO2 and H2S (if this is proven technically feasible) could have important favorable impacts in some cases on...
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...Onkar Singh 2. PTU Registration No. 100379383114 3. Present Official Address: Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 4. E-Mail: onkar.singh@lpu.co.in 5. Telephone No: 01832710594 / 08427600370 6. Branch : Energy Engineering ( Part Time) 7. Year of Admission: 2010 8. Number of subjects passed till date: 09 9. Experiment on Biogas production for Lovely University Hostel mess using food wastage (starch and sugar) along with Algi from nearby marshy area. 2 ABSTRACT There has been many successful efforts in the past to produce biogas from cow dung slurry. Thousands of biogas plants have been installed in India and possibly abroad to say no to conventional energy resources. Afterwards there were experiments to mix cow slurry with food waste, paper waste and leaves poultry farm waste. We are going to use existing knowledge to make hostel messes energy efficient and moreover check the performance of the plant adding Algi from nearby marshy lands(easily located in village areas in India). This will help save lot LPG needed and also reduce environment hazards of land filling organic waste available in huge quantity in LPU. INTRODUCTION All over the world efforts are at their maximum level to decrease the dependency on conventional fuels giving way to green energy based upon renewable energy resources. Though LPG is used in all the hostels in Lovely Professional University (LPU) but we thought of utilizing the huge quantity of food waste coming out of hostel mess on daily basis. There...
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...Cam pus) Oxygen Module Winkler titration lab Goal: To familiarize the participants with the Winkler titration of oxygen determination in water; understand principles of the underlying chemistry; to understand standardization procedures of chemical solutions; perform sodium thiosulfate standardization; perform Winkler titrations; examine experimenter error and intra-experimenter error. Examine “kits”. Outcomes: Ability to determine under what conditions Winkler chemistry is appropriate for determination of DO in water; ability to relate details of chemical reactions to and knowledge of indirect determinations; perform titrations and calculate titration standards, as well as mass of DO in samples; assess individual and among individual errors associated with method. General description: You have received a new O2 meter that the person giving to you ensures is ‘perfectly calibrated’ and ‘ready-to-go’. You are heading out on a one-shot chance to sample in the arctic, are you going to trust this person to have gotten it right. How do you check that your probe is actually giving you a believable number (yes does the light in the fridge really turn off when yo close the door?) You will find out in this lab how to check your sensor. Your tasks: 1) Familiarize yourself with the Winkler titration chemistry so you know what you are doing once you get your hands on the bottles and chemicals. 2) Standardize the Sodium thiosulfate, so you know how much to mix for making a 0.025 N solution 3)...
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...Stoichiometry ________________________________________ Stoichiometry is simply the math behind chemistry. Given enough information, one can use stoichiometry to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ What is a Chemical Equation? In chemistry, we use symbols to represent the various chemicals. Success in chemistry depends upon developing a strong familiarity with these basic symbols. For example, the symbol "C"represents an atom of carbon, and "H" represents an atom of hydrogen. To represent a molecule of table salt, sodium chloride, we would use the notation "NaCl", where "Na" represents sodium and "Cl" represents chlorine. We call chlorine "chloride" in this case because of its connection to sodium. You should have reviewed naming schemes, or nomenclature, in earlier readings. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. For example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ---> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) In this equation, AgNO3 is mixed with NaCl. The equation shows that the reactants (AgNO3 and NaCl) react through some process (--->) to form the products (AgCl and NaNO3). Since they undergo a chemical process, they are changed fundamentally. Often chemical equations are written showing the state that each substance is in. The (s) sign means that the compound is a solid. The (l) sign means the substance is a liquid. The (aq) sign stands for aqueous in water and means...
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...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...
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...Technology, Visakhapatnam Abstract: This paper gives how salt water and salt vinegar is used as a renewable energy source. Working of salt water and salt vinegarelectrolytes and both the combination of electrolytes, comparison of different electrodes used in the electrolytes. And choosing which is the best pair of electrodes.applications of it in many fields. Keywords: Electro-chemicalreaction,Electrolyte,Vinegar,corrosion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 310 www.ijird.com October, 2012 Vol 1 Issue 8 1. Introduction We know that our earth covered with 70% of water and 30% of land. So water occupies more space than land but 97% is the salt water and 3% is the fresh drinking water. Many technologies are developed to use salt water for producing electrical energy. The energy produced in this way is renewable energy source. Ex: salt water battery, salt water generators etc. The modern battery is found in high-tech applications ranging from hearing aids and pace-makers to pocket calculators, personal stereos, radios and mobile phones. They are everywhere and completely invaluable. The origin of the power behind the battery is chemical. In the following paper I explain the how the electrolysis occur and what are the different reaction of different electrodes for the better efficiency. 1.1How These Work – Electrolysis The voltage created in a battery is due to ionic chemistry. When a metal electrode is immersed in...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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...FOR 8TH GRADE CHEMISTRY Welcome to chemistry. Chemistry is the science of matter and its interactions. Everything around you is made of atoms – atoms and their chemical combinations, molecules. Everything you can see, touch, smell, and taste is made up of chemicals. So, the science of chemistry is a very wide ranging science. Parts can concentrate on how interactions of atoms and molecules allow the nerves in your body to conduct electrical signals. Other parts might concentrate on analyzing clues left by a burglar in order to help the police solve a crime. Still, other parts of chemistry might be involved in making new polymers that might be used by the fashion industry to make more colorful and longer wearing fabrics. If you have access to a computer and the internet, there are a number of excellent tutoring sites to help students gain a better understanding of chemistry. One of the better sites for middle school students Is: www.chem4kids.com/ This site is written at middle school level and has a number of on-line tests that you can use to check your understanding of the material. Several other good internet sites are: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry101/Chemistry_101_Introduction_to_Chemistry.html - Chemistry 101 - a collection of articles and on-line help sites in chemistry http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/indexl.htm - ChemWeb on line - an introductory chemistry course on line http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/ - Chemistry Tutor – on line...
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...Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms, structures, and so on, You need to know the material so thoroughly that you can This level of understanding comes to most of us Only by writing the explain it to someone else. (those of us without photographic memories) through writing. reaction...
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...nonexistent (“delusive”), as reducible, as emergent, or as a basic property of a substance (a “differentiating” attribute). The physical might be seen in one of the same four ways. So a fourby-four matrix of views results. (The seventeenth entry arises from Broad’s division of the substance/substance view according to whether one substance or two is involved.) At the end, three views are left standing: those on which mentality is an emergent characteristic of either a physical substance or a neutral substance, where in the latter case, the physical might be either emergent or delusive. 1 Published in S. Stich & T. Warfield, eds, Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind (Blackwell, 2003). This paper is an overview of issues concerning the metaphysics of consciousness. Much of the discussion in this paper (especially the first part) recapitulates discussion in Chalmers (1995; 1996; 1997), although it...
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...SYLLABUS Cambridge IGCSE® Combined Science 0653 For examination in June and November 2015 Cambridge Secondary 2 Changes to syllabus for 2015 This syllabus has been updated. Significant changes to the syllabus are indicated by black vertical lines either side of the text. Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations © Cambridge International Examinations 2013 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE Combined Science? Cambridge ICE (International Certificate of Education) How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support.............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Syllabus content at a glance ........................................................................................... 6 4. Assessment at a glance ........................................................
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...Chemistry Modern Analytical Chemistry David Harvey DePauw University Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KGP/KGP 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0–07–237547–7 Vice president and editorial director: Kevin T. Kane Publisher: James M. Smith Sponsoring editor: Kent A. Peterson Editorial assistant: Jennifer L. Bensink Developmental editor: Shirley R. Oberbroeckling Senior marketing manager: Martin J. Lange Senior project manager: Jayne Klein Production supervisor: Laura Fuller Coordinator of freelance design: Michelle D. Whitaker Senior photo research coordinator: Lori Hancock Senior supplement coordinator: Audrey A. Reiter Compositor: Shepherd, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor Printing Book Group/Kingsport Freelance cover/interior designer: Elise Lansdon Cover image: © George Diebold/The...
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...Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies S. Pacala, et al. Science 305, 968 (2004); DOI: 10.1126/science.1100103 The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of March 6, 2007 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968 Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on March 6, 2007 Supporting Online Material can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968/DC1 This article has been cited by 56 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. This article has been cited by 11 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968#otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections: Atmospheric Science http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/atmos Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright c 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved...
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