...Have you ever wondered about how blacksmithing works? Or to be more precise, how it worked in Roman times? In this essay you will learn about blacksmithing techniques, tools, and more. Let’s jump into Ancient Roman blacksmithing! You will learn about the different tools that blacksmiths would use. The tools that Roman blacksmiths used are as follow: an anvil, tongs, hammer, chisel, a poker, and a crucible. The anvil was used as a surface to hammer the soft metal from the forge into shape on. The anvil was a hard flat surface such as a rock. An anvil needed to be strong enough to not break from the blacksmith’s constant hammering. Now we move on to tongs. Tongs were used to grab things from the furnace. This was a necessary tool because...
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...proportion to your fear of suffering. --Thomas Merton The net reaction for this first simple step is therefore: 2(Fe O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e2 Fe + O2 + 2 H2O Fe2+ + 2 e-) 4 OH2 Fe(OH)2 Iron(II) hydroxide is insoluble but its green color is almost never observed because it is ordinarily further oxidized by the oxygen: 2 Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2 Fe(OH)3 The final product (when dry) has the reddish-brown flaky character we associate with rust. Although the reaction that produces Fe(OH)2 is technically an equilibrium process (all electrochemical processes are) the value of Kc is very large (>1099 at 298 K) and left unchecked it will go to completion. But the rate is relatively slow under normal atmospheric conditions and so it is still possible to manipulate the equilibrium somewhat by changing appropriate factors. The rates of corrosion reactions--and presumably their mechanisms--vary widely. Factors which influence the progress of the net reaction in the first step of the oxidation of iron may have an effect on the overall rate. The nature of the oxide product is also very important in affecting the extent of the corrosion. For example, aluminum is a very active metal, but its oxide, Al2O3, is very dense and forms a thin protective layer on the metal which discourages further corrosion. In contrast, iron rust (hydrated forms of Fe2O3 such as reddish-brown Fe(OH)3) is typically flaky and easily crumbles off to continually expose fresh metal for reaction. Although the mechanism for corrosion...
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...Iron Solutions: Developing New Algal Growth Media for Increased Iron Uptake Andrew Sweeney U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) University of California San Diego Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California August 6, 2015 Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) under the direction of Dr. Nigel Quinn in the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ABSTRACT This study endeavored to improve sustained productivity of mass cultivated marine microalgae by using limitation of iron, a vital micronutrient, to create a growth medium that would prevent the growth of non-predatory invasive organisms. Iron’s aqueous chemistry is quite complex, and much of this study is focused on the chemical transformations of iron chelates and iron salts in the growth medium my group developed for Nannochloropsis oculata.. This algae has been identified ,because of its high proportion of unsaturated lipids, as a promising candidate for biofuels, specialty chemicals, and protein rich animal feed. Nannochloropsis oculata. also promises to be resource efficient as the cell’s small size ,and minimal agitation requirement, minimizes the loss of inorganic carbon through escaping CO2. The cells were grown in four different media (iron free, 30uM FeEDTA, 10um ferrous sulfate,...
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...are Iron (FE) and Potassium (K). The paper will discuss the periodic nature and properties of each of these elements, where each are categorized on the periodic table and how each is classified. The importance of each of these elements in nature and its use. Any drawbacks with the elements will also be discussed. Periodic Nature and Properties The first element is Iron (Fe) its atomic number is 26, it is silver in color, a lustrous metal and is a very magnetic solid. Iron is very strong and malleable. It has a very high melting point of 2800 °F and a boiling point of 5182 °F. (Winter, 1993-2012) The atomic mass of Iron is 55.87 and has a density of 7.87g/cc. It is in the transition metal category of the periodic table. Iron has very high oxidation properties and when exposed to air will react with the oxygen and form rust. The second chemical element that will be discussed is potassium (K). Potassium’s atomic number is 19, its atomic weight is 39.0983. It has a boiling point of 146.08 °F, a melting point of 1398 °F and a density of856 kg m-3. (Winter, Web Elements, 1993-2012) Potassium like iron is a silvery white color and is in the alkali metal group on the periodic table and oxidizes very quickly. It is very reactive and the least dense known metal. Importance in Nature Iron is found in nature and is rather abundant and is formed in the Earth’s crust. It is used to create other metals that are used for building, iron ore, steele, wrought iron and cast iron. Iron...
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...1. Introduction Steel is one of the most important industrial products of our life. It is used from power cables to safety pin. In tools, military weapons, making our homes and so and so on. Steel industry is considered backbone of industrial growth. Its sustained growth is vital given the cascading impact it has on the economic development in many sectors such as oil and gas, electrical and electronics, transport, shipbuilding, building and construction, fabrication, machinery and equipment as well as the national trade balance 2. Overview Malaysian steel industry contributes ~ 4% to the economy, employing ~150,000 people •There’s a ~ 22.4 MTA demand in ASEAN - 18.3 MTA for flat products. •A fully developed steel industry could contribute up to ~6.5% to the Malaysian economy by 2020. •Malaysia steel demand is the 4th largest in ASEAN (Thailand, Viet Nam, Indonesia) and growing at 6% for past 20 years. MITI presentation, SECOND NATIONAL MARINE INDUSTRIES FORUM 2012 (2NMIF) Production: Losses: The Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) initiated by the Malaysian Government has begun to show some positive results. As the ETP is rolled out in stages, the significant impact on steel demand will not be shown until after the full implementation of all these infrastructure and construction projects. However, the Economic Stimulus measures put in place by the Malaysian Government during the global financial crisis continued to stabilise the economy, helping businesses...
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...Iron is an essential trace element for many cellular functions. Iron uptake is accomplished with the aid of 2 proteins: • Transferrin, a soluble protein which binds to Fe • A Transferrin receptor, a transmembrane protein which binds the Transferrin/Fe complex. Using the table below, list each step in the Fe uptake process. Number each step and include a description of each step. Be sure to include the events of each step and any environmental conditions that are required or determine the action of the molecules involved. (15 pts.) Note: You must use the table below for your answers. While you do not need to use every row, YOU CAN NOT CREATE MORE ROWS. Transferrin without Fe bound does not interact with its receptor and circulates in the bloodstream until it catches an Fe ion. Once iron is bound, the iron–transferrin complex can bind to the transferrin receptor on the surface of a cell and be endocytosed. under the acidic conditions of the endosome, the transferrin releases its iron, but the transferrin remains bound to the transferrin receptor, which is recycled back to the cell surface, where it encounters the neutral pH environment of the blood. The neutral pH causes the receptor to release the transferrin into the circulation, where it can pick up another Fe ion to repeat the cycle. The iron released in the endosome, like the LDL in Figure 15–33, moves on to lysosomes, from where it is transported into the cytosol. The system allows cells to take...
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...AENG 11 Engineering Shop Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal VI. METAL WORK MATERIALS General Classification of Metals Used in Bench Metal Work: 1. Ferrous Metals (wrought iron, steel, and cast iron) 2. Non-ferrous Metals (copper, brass, bronze, and aluminum) *All these material come in various forms and shapes such as sheets, rods, bars, and wires. Common Metals and Their Major Use • Cast Iron - origin: iron ore - characteristics: forms into any shape; brittle - major use: machinery parts; engine blocks • Wrought Iron - origin: iron ore - characteristics: malleable; tough; rust-resistant - major use: decorative fences; railings • Mild Steel - origin: iron ore - characteristics: malleable; ductile; tough - major use: structural steel • Tool Steel - origin: iron ore - characteristics: high carbon; heat treatable; expensive - major use: tools; tool bits • Stainless Steel - origin: iron ore, nickel, and chromium - characteristics: corrosion resistant; bright appearance; tough - major use: food handling equipment; restaurant equipment • Galvanized Steel - origin: steel, zinc - characteristics: zinc-coated steel - major use: water tanks; towers; fencing; roofing - 33 - AENG 11 Engineering Shop Asst. Prof. Mark Keylord S. Onal • Aluminum - origin: ore - characteristics: light; relatively soft; good electrical conductor; tough; silver-white color - major use: truck bodies; automobiles; electrical wires/cables • Copper - origin: ore - characteristics: malleable; corrosion-resistant;...
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...Bulacan State University Bustos Campus Bustos, Bulacan EFIES (Electronic Flat Iron Energy Saver) Submitted by: Joseph Matic Mike Velar Leonardo Marvin Lopez Submitted to: Ms. Janice Viloria Abstract This study was conducted to unlock the problem regarding too much energy use of some home appliances. Flat iron is one of the most high energy consuming home appliances. Flat irons are the third most electric consuming common house appliance. The spring from the rice cooker, some outlets and tools were used and combined to make the set up. Testing the energy saver flat iron followed. Results show that it is more convenient to use the energy saver flat iron than an ordinary because it consumes less energy and as effective as unlike the ordinary one. Primarily, the study aimed to produce an energy saver flat iron. It also aimed to make a machine which is convenient and consumes less electricity. This project will help the community and individuals to avoid consuming too much energy. This will also benefit the resources around us because we can conserve and lessen the use of natural sources of energy. Table of Contents Title page ……………………………………………………………………………….… 1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………..…………….. 2 Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………. 3 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND A. Introduction ………………………………………………………………….……. 4 B. Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………..… 4-5 C. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………...
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...parameters, the final structure is decided by cooling conditions during solidifications. The mould material has a decided effect on the structure formation. The use of end chills during casting not only favours directional solidification but also accelrates solidification. Faster cooling rates give rise to finer structures and improved mechanical properties. In this work an attempt is made to prepare Al-B4C composites cast using stainless steel and cast iron chills in a colplete adiabatic system. The microstrucutre and micro-hardness of the chill cast specimens are analyzed and reported. It is observed that the chill material has a significant influence on the microstructure and properties of the cast specimens. Finner structure and better mechanical properties were observed with the specimen cast using stainless-steel chill whereas cast iron chill gave rise to coarse structure with reduces mechanical properties. INTRODUCTION Engineering Materials There are more than 50,000 materials available to engineers for the design and manufacturing of products for various applications. These materials range from copper, cast iron, brass, which have been available for so many years, to the more recently developed advanced materials such as composites, ceramics and high-performance steels. Due to wide choice of materials, today's engineers are posed with a big challenge for the right selection of material and manufacturing processes for an application. These materials depending on...
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...and her hematocrit is 24% and hemoglobin is 8g/dL. 1. Describe how you would assess the patient for health practices and beliefs that are outside of the biomedical and scientific model. I would first begin by interviewing the patient. It is obvious that the patient is lacking iron, which is necessary for energy and the body’s basic functioning, and although she admits to not eating meat due to her religious beliefs, is she taking vitamins or eating other foods high in iron to compensate for her dietary choices? Although my hospital for the most part will not transfuse a patient who has an H/H of 8/24, these are borderline levels where if changes are not made, she could require serious medical interventions, including, but not limited to, a blood transfusion. Since Seventh-Day Adventists do not typically eat pork, shellfish, meat, and dairy (Jarvis, 2008), religious followers must discover other ways to get the necessary nutrients and vitamins out of food. Therefore, is she eating soybeans, fortified cereals, or taking nutritional supplements? Also, how long has the patient been following this strict diet, is it a recent change, or a lifelong practice? Has she been told that she has had an iron deficiency in the past? 2. Describe the possible impact of these practices on the care that might be indicated. From...
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...Ironworkers: Building America I never really knew who built skyscrapers and big tall buildings or even little metal ones until I moved to Oklahoma for work. I worked on a job in Pryor and saw these men walking on beams and erecting this large building with steel. I was amazed and mesmerized. It was crazy to believe that these men and even women do this job. For example; they connect beams and columns, bolt-up, weld and other things. All on two inch to two foot beams. These men and women build small metal shop with red iron (softer iron) to skyscrapers with steel. There are different tasks involved to complete these projects for instance, connecting. Connecting is were connectors (two ironworkers) tell a crane operator the piece needed next...
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...during this time people were mainly moving to find better jobs. The industrial Revolution was the time for inventing and improving technology. A transition period to new manufacturing process. A change from hand production materials to machines and new mechanical iron production. A change from wood supply to coal. This was urbanization starting with the industrial changes and people began to move from the countryside to the city, and some moved from different countries into Britain. This began a population increase due to the urbanization in Britain. Fast developing iron, coal and textile industries were creating new work. New work meant that more workers were needed, and so more people needed a place to live. Before the Industrial Revolution the working industry were people working inside the factories and each machine was operated by hand and each machine would require more than one person to work with it. Fast developing iron, coal and textile industries were creating new work. New work meant that more workers were needed, and so more people needed a place to live. However during the transition of the Industrial Revolution the machines being produced started to only require one or two people to work the machines. Because of this many people lost their jobs. In the 1830s-1840 people began to move away from Britain. They moved to the US or different parts of the British Empire. During these years, many people suffered from low wages...
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...CHM130 Lab 4 Calorimetry Name: Data Table: (12 points) |ALUMINUM METAL | | |Pre-weighed Aluminum metal | | |sample mass (mmetal) |19.88 | |Temperature of boiling water and metal sample in | | |the pot (Ti(metal)) | | | | | | | | | | | |dsdfa(Ti | | |Temperature of cool water in | | |the calorimeter prior to adding hot metal sample | | |(Ti(water)) | | |Maximum Temperature of | ...
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...economic development projects that are not possible without causing some environmental degradation. Construction is one of the main reasons for this, for any development to take place an area must be used efficiently to maximize space for development. A great example of this is the 3 Gorges Dam in China; this cost over $25 billion to build. Yes, it was financially positive, however a lot of land was taken, which led to huge disruptions in local ecosystems. Also china has a huge demand for Iron; this is in order to build the buildings and also for the growing demands of the car industry. Its Iron industry imports grew 34% in first four months, 2007 – feeds steel making industry. Also their steel industry is 4 x bigger than the USA, and makes 500,000,000 tonnes/year. The construction also produced large quantities of pollution which was washed downstream. With China having such a large population, it was said in 2003 13.6 in 100 people had car. Also more resources such as Oil to run the car, iron ore to make cars, rubber, wheels; oil consumption is said to of doubled in China in the last 10 years = 10% global demand. Again China is starting to overtake the USA in total oil consumption. China are said to build roughly two power stations every week, which leads to the release of large amount of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. With such rapid development means the there must be a compromise; and unfortunately this is the environment. The development of more steel mills...
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...THE COMPANY AT A GLANCE An introduction: Bajaj electrical Ltd., incorporated in the year 1938, is a mid cap company (having a market cap of Rs 2531.98 cr.) operating in consumer durable sector. The company expertise in lighting, consumer durables, engineering and projects, is promoted by Kamalnayan Bajaj & have its headquarter in Mumbai, Maharashtra. History: The Company was incorporated as Radio Lamp Works Limited under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 as a public company limited by shares, pursuant to a certificate of incorporation dated July 14, 1938. Subsequently the name of the Company was changed to Bajaj Electricals Limited, pursuant to a fresh certificate of incorporation dated October 1, 1960. Company’s manufacturing unit have been accredited with ISO 9001 / 9002 and ISO 14001 certifications for its quality management. Some notable projects of the company include lighting works at the Commonwealth Games stadium and the Bandra Worli Sea Link. The Company caters mainly to the needs of the Indian markets and the export turnover being 0.67% (Previous Year 0.81%) of the total turnover of the Company. There are no reportable geographical segments. All assets are located in India. Management: The company management includes: Shekhar Bajaj Harsh Vardhan Goenka Ashok Jalan V. B. Haribhakti Madhur Bajaj Chairman And Managing Director Director Director Director Director Plant: the company has manufacturing...
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