...In 1890, the USA was far from being a world power its foreign policy was essentially defensive, seeking to keep America out of wars and foreign entanglements. Most Americans were hostile to the ideas of imperialism. However, the events of 1890s pushed USA into rapid naval expansion, Spanish-American war and annexation of territories in the Pacific Ocean- far from the USA. One reason why the USA expanded was due to economic reasons. Rapid increase in economy proved that the US needed to control new markets. America’s industrial economy experienced a downturn after a rapid growth in the 1870s-1880s by 4% annually .The successful war between Spain allowed the USA to expand and establish an empire as the war included the annexation of other Spanish possession in the Caribbean and pacific this lead to USA also gaining control over Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippians and Hawaii. Taking over new colonies meant cheaper raw materials would be available and more money would be coming in; this was especially needed with growing industrialisation. Another reason why the USA expanded was because of the militarily. Spain made peace at the Treaty of Paris in July 1898 and Cuba remained under American military rule until 1902, when it became an American. Expansion of the Navy meant better protection interests and trade abroad. Protectorate. The war of 1898 also lead to the Platt Amendment which allowed the USA to protectorate smaller colony such as Cuba this lead to the Guantanamo Bay naval...
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...the author also lets us know that “No truly global 'world power' has ever existed”. And what is considered to be the 21st century world order, is just a treaty which was devised in western Europe, without taking into consideration, the other countries and civilisations. Towards the end, Kissinger remarks that the leitmotif of our age is science and technology. With countries making huge advances in technology, they consider the security dilemma, before looking at the zero (sum) game analysis. Technology could thus prove to be a deterrent to warfare and lead to a new world order. The reader thus moves forward, understanding the trajectory of the author. The author then gives a detailed account of various events, and concepts in world history. He does so in an organized manner by going chronologically and regionally, hence making it easier for the reader to follow the map laid down meticulously in the...
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...CROSSING BORDERS IN THE NEW IMPERIALISM (published in Colin Leys and Leo Panitch (eds), Socialist Register, London: Merlin, 2004) Bob Sutcliffe In words which seem uncannily relevant today, two mid-nineteenth century fugitives (in today’s language asylum seekers) wrote that “the bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country”[i]. This cosmopolitanization (or in today’s vocabulary globalization) turned out to be neither as continuous nor as complete as they expected. By the beginning of the following century other emigrant followers of these two men began to argue that the full economic integration of world capitalism would be prevented by strife between the industrialized countries. Imperialism in this sense seemed to mean that globalization would be a task for post-capitalist society. This appeared to be confirmed by the following half century of war, protectionism and deep economic crisis until, in the middle of the twentieth century, cosmopolitan capitalism made its big comeback. Globalization is more than anything else the feature of today’s capitalism which leads many to argue that there is a new imperialism, or even that imperialism has been replaced by something else (for instance, by “post-imperialism” or by “Empire”). The real newness of the present is, however, debatable. In trying to discern the character of an age, it is tempting to argue that everything...
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...TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE COLD WAR Turkey followed a “belligerence” policy from the start of II. World War in 1939 until the start of war in 1945. The purpose of that time managers of Turkey, protect it from the damage of the war. The end of the war with the options in front of us, pushing us to act together with the Western bloc. The formation of these preferences is not a decision for an instant multi-dimensional factors, factors were created by a process. Turkey’s prefer of Western side, did not lead to acceptance by the West sincerely. European members of NATO did not want to risk of war again because of Turkey who was under the Soviet threat at that time. At the same time, they were not willing to impart that the U.S. Marshall Aid to Turkey. Britain lost its efficiency in the Middle East as in all the world and for that reason Britain was put forward a project that "Commander of the Middle East" which Turkey will play a key role for gain efficiency again. Due to U.S. opposition to this prediction, this project got shelved.In the "Containment Policy" process which started with Truman Doctrine by U.S. against the Soviet Bloc, military and geo-strategic location of Turkey opened the door to NATO membership.With North Korea's attack on South Korea, the Korean War started in 1950-53 and the Turkey participating in United States’s side, this was resulting against all suspicies and prejudice, Turkey took place between NATO member countries.Russians wishes to change of...
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...Ileana Sports Football (soccer) Hockey (KHL/NHL) Hockey players tend to be very close with one another it is essentially a family sporting events bring everyone together they are a huge source of entertainment Friends Very “we with friends” not “I and friends” Important to get along with neighbors and people encountered daily Thrifty people Masculine culture, focus on what is to gain from a relationship rather than caring Have a restrained nature -don’t act on impulse Personal questions are avoided LOVE and value children more than anything Very hospitable, enjoy meeting outsiders Easy to become friends with Blunt people POLITICS Powerful people are very distant Huge gap between the rich and the poor Status symbols are very important...
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...Economic Growth and Public Policy of the UK: Does the protectionism help? Introduction The effects of globalization have touched all the aspects of life and business today. One aspect is the trading policies between countries. Since the late nineteenth century, the collision started between domestic and foreign industries, which ask governments for measures that could protect local industries, without discouraging the country’s trade relations. The term ‘Protectionism’ was thus introduced in the language of global trade and economy (Rowley, 2002). Protectionism is an economic policy applied in the trading system, to restrict the quantity of imported items, and to flourish country’s exports. The objective of this is policy is to maintain the competition between foreign and the domestic industries. In most of the countries, free trade is not followed and various tariffs and duty charges are applied on the import goods. These taxes allow the government to generate a fair bit of revenue, without utilizing their resources. Moreover, it also helps in the sustainability of the domestic industries. The prices of the imported goods are kept higher by adding these taxes so that the local customers, looking for cheaper options, have to buy the domestic items. In parallel to this, the protectionism policy allows domestic industries to raise the prices of their products, without raising the quality of their products (Ethier & Fischer, 1987, pp.1-2). Another aspect of protectionism...
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...The Three Views and WTO Globalization has extended the opportunities available for economic growth leading to extensive lobbying amongst world financial institutions. The high influence of exchange rates has also extensively affected business transactions. The price of commodities, air fare tariffs, foreign exchange levels and export and import licenses have been affected across world markets. The World Bank, major banking institutions, World Trade Organization and UN agencies have converged to control the world markets from various levels due their extensive consultations and economic persuasions on vital financial matters. The economic control by these organizations has also lead to political and social influences amongst various nations across the world. Most countries’ sovereignty has been weakened especially amongst third world countries has they depend on financial support from these organizations for their financial stability (Gregory, 2000). The three main economic principles, economic liberalism, nationalism and structuralism can be used to analyze the functioning design and operation of WTO. Let us look at each of these perspectives and how they can be used to explain design of WTO: Economic liberalism, a principle that supports laissez faire economics also greatly values private property in production. It analyses the specific institution that produce a certain commodity e.g. wine production in Italy. The principle refutes the intervention of governments in...
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...two global superpowers of the USA and USSR. The death of Josef Stalin in 1953 and the election of Dwight Eisenhower – serving two terms in this period - brought a change in leadership in both nations and with that, an inevitable change in policies. Confrontation in this period did not necessarily only apply to direct military intervention, with both sides talking pugnaciously towards one another, making grand threats to the other’s safety. It could also be argued however that this was a period of co-existence with both nations respecting the other's sphere of influence, shown in both the US reaction to the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 and Khrushchev policy of 'Peaceful Co-existence'. Dwight Eisenhower's presidency played a role in the perception of confrontation. Eisenhower’s approach to foreign policy and the Soviet Union differed to that of Truman, who had been president before him. Eisenhower was believed to be more hard-line than Truman, being highly critical of Truman’s foreign policy as he did not take a strong enough stance against communism. Eisenhower’s ‘New Look’ policy suggested that the communists were pursuing expansionist policies and outlined the idea of ‘massive retaliation’, which threatened nuclear force in retaliation to any extent of attack, also outlined by his foreign secretary Dulles. To start, Eisenhower’s approach to foreign policy did not seem to provide a conciliatory approach to the USSR. It also introduced the policy of brinkmanship, one which would...
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...Plan: ‘Actually more IMPERIAL than imperilled’ Discuss this view of the president in the USA. 30 marks Intro: - definition of imperial and imperilled and then set out clear argument – imperial and imperilled are greatly dependent upon political time as Skowronek suggests, as well as the political climate surrounding the incumbent president. The scope for being ever being ever a solely imperial or imperilled president is hugely limited in practice, demonstrated by the now considered bifurcated presidency. * Imperial – term comes from Schlesinger in 1973 when referring to Nixon. It is linked to the assertion of presidential power, especially in foreign policy, in presidencies from Truman to Nixon – term used to criticise the increasing dominance of the President in relation to Congress * Imperilled – refers to a reduced level in Presidential authority and power as a resurgent of Congress occurred – increasing its authority over the executive through a number of legislative policies, thus practically capping the President’s role domestically and abroad. Paragraph 1 – YES – could be considered to be more imperial due to the use of executive agreements * Use of executive agreements means that the president is able to bypass congressional approval – and so acts as an aid to circumvent congress * Obama has used a combination of executive agreements, memoranda, public declarations and press statements to push past constitutional restraint – which facilitates Kernell’s...
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...The Three Views and WTO Globalization has extended the opportunities available for economic growth leading to extensive lobbying amongst world financial institutions. The high influence of exchange rates has also extensively affected business transactions. The price of commodities, air fare tariffs, foreign exchange levels and export and import licenses have been affected across world markets. The World Bank, major banking institutions, World Trade Organization and UN agencies have converged to control the world markets from various levels due their extensive consultations and economic persuasions on vital financial matters. The economic control by these organizations has also lead to political and social influences amongst various nations across the world. Most countries’ sovereignty has been weakened especially amongst third world countries has they depend on financial support from these organizations for their financial stability (Gregory, 2000). The three main economic principles, economic liberalism, nationalism and structuralism can be used to analyze the functioning design and operation of WTO. Let us look at each of these perspectives and how they can be used to explain design of WTO: Economic liberalism, a principle that supports laissez faire economics also greatly values private property in production. It analyses the specific institution that produce a certain commodity e.g. wine production in Italy. The principle refutes the intervention of governments in...
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...PART A - To what extent did The First World War (1914-1918) affect British power in Africa? PART B - To what extent did international relations explain the rise or fall of the British Empire in Africa from c.1870-1990? Resource Record • Your resource record must be completed before you start writing your coursework. • It will be sent to the examiner along with your coursework. • This is a record of all the reading you have undertaken. You will also be required to briefly assess how useful the reading was. • I will have to confirm to the examiner that you have read the source, and so will ask to see your notebook, which should contain all of your notes. • The resource record has no word limit. • This template below is what it will look like – it will be emailed you. |Source |Summary of what you learnt from the source |Reflections: usefulness / limitations of the source | |Burk, Kathleen (2006) “It took quite a long time for the |Britain was not one the first nations to try colonise |The source is useful as it is showing that Britain was forced into | |British Government to become interested in Africa ” | |colonising their empire in Africa as Africa was the wanted | | |...
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...FEDERATION Department of Macroeconomic Research paper “Banking system and its role in national economy of the USA” Prepared by Yusifova Sevindzh Supervisor: Orusova O. V. Department of Macroeconomics Moscow-2014 Contents Introduction 1. Federal Reserve System as the central banking system in the USA 1.1. The essence of Federal Reserve System and its main functions 1.2. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Member Banks 1.3. The role of Federal Reserve System in national economy of the USA 1. Special features of the Federal Reserve System 2.1. The implementation of Monetary Policy 2.2. Integration with International Sphere 2.3. Rise and fall in the Fed’s balance sheet Conclusion References Introduction The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States. It was created by Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible and more stable monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve was created on December 23, 1913, with the signing of the Federal Reserve Act by President Woodrow Wilson. Today, the Federal Reserve’s duties fall into four general areas:conducting the nation’s monetary policy by influencing money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices, regulating...
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...History of Pakistan Fall of East Pakistan Failure of our foreign policy and governance 1 Introduction In the late 60s, early 70s, Pakistan underwent a great amount of chaos between both the West and the East. The movement in East Pakistan started with a few domestic reason, mentioned as follows. It was the case that East Pakistan always seemed to be dissatisfied with the amount of attention and funds they received from the West chiefly from Punjab ruled government. Yet at the same time they complained about the West having a hand in the 1 Shrivastava, Sanskar. "1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain." – The World Reporter. 30 Oct. 2011. Web. 9 Sept. 2015. management of the export quality material in East Pakistan. They even caused the conflict of the national language, not accepting Urdu as the one. In fine, the Bengalis were less than unhappy that the newly elected leader of Pakistan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman apparently so,wasn’t given as much power as he, an administrator, should have. To stop any further fuel being added to this act, the Pak Army was sent in. Alas, it is reported though, that the army was involved in both killings of innocent and rape of women. In trying to stop a civil war from breaking out, Pakistan became the main focus of the peril that was the war of 1971 between Pakistan and India who were aware of the severe situation in Pakistan, lying in wait to take advantage...
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...low in unemployment as well as a transition from an ever growing deficit to a record setting surplus. America seemed poised for a future of immense prosperity and national success both domestic and foreign. When President Bush assumed his role as Commander in Chief of the United States of America, his agenda was...
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...The US foreign isolation policy consists on focusing the interest in the internal affairs of the country in search of prosperity, and to ensure safety. It was against of making alliance with other nations, or the participation in international conflicts outside the United States (United States History, n.d.). The US Isolation policy started during the presidency of G. Washington, who placed it in his Farewell Address. Later on, in 1823, Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine, which shared the same ideology as Washington (United States History, n.d.). However, when the Democratic party took the presidency of US failed in her aim of making the nation a protector of the world’s peace and democracy, which gave the power to the Republican party of reestablish the distrusted Isolation policy. When Woodrow Wilson entered to power, who was from the Democratic party, and this policy changed. He distrusted the Neutral policy, and took US into the First World War in order to “make the world safe for democracy”. He thought that it was a responsibility of the US to aimed it (The White House, n.d.). Nonetheless, because the great number of american soldiers dead casualties during the war, economic depression in an international level, and the need for increase attention to internal/domestic problems led the Republicans to argue against Wilson’s desire of enter into the the Covenant of the League of Nations (US Department of State: Office of the Historian, n.d.). Moreover, after the WWI...
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