Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation of the atom as a particular element. The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus, known as the mass number, is not the same for two isotopes of any element.
Components of nucleic acid
1). DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material that stores information to synthesize proteins and to replicate new DNA. The genetic code is based on four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). A bind with T and G binds with C.2). RNA = ribonucleic acid - helps in synthesizing proteins. There are three main types of RNA.a. mRNA - messenger RNA, copy of the DNA, sent out into the cytoplasm. Contains the genetic code for making proteins.b. rRNA - ribosomal RNA, building site for proteins. Reads the mRNA and allows the right tRNA to bring in the right amino acid.c. tRNA - transfer RNA, brings the right amino acid to the rRNA.3). ATP = adenosine triphophate, Adenosine is made from adenine and a 5 carbon sugar. It is the energy source for all living organisms cells.What is the function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates provide the body with a source of fuel and energy that is required to carry out daily activities and exercise. Any extra energy is stored in the body until its needed. Our bodies need a constant supply of energy to function properly and a lack of carbohydrates in the diet can cause tiredness or fatigue, poor mental function and lack of endurance and stamina.
Carbohydrates are also important for the correct working of our brain, heart and nervous, digestive and immune systems.

Digestion: food enters the mouth, being chewed by teeth, with chemical processing beginning with chemicals in the saliva from the salivary glands. This is called mastication. Then it travels down the esophagus into the stomach, where hydrochloric acid kills most contaminating microorganisms and begins mechanical break down of some food (e.g., denaturation of protein), and chemical alteration of some. The hydrochloric acid also has a low pH, which allows enzymes to work more efficiently. After about an hour or two in humans, the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. Chyme will go through the small intestine, where 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs, through the large intestine with waste material eventually being eliminated during defecation.
Saturated Fats: Also known as the "bad fats," saturated fats increase the total LDL and blood cholesterol levels in the body. When consumed in high amounts, these fats are believed to accumulate in arteries and then later on result to heart diseases. Saturated fats tend to bond together in the bloodstream. As they stick together, they form plaques that deposit in arteries and then slowly clog them, resulting to a poor circulation. It would be easy to identify the bad fats inside the kitchen because they tend to stay hard at room temperatures. Saturated fats can be found in many animal products such as meat, eggs, dairy and seafood. Palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil also contain a high level of saturated fats. This kind of fat is usually incorporated in many pre-packaged foods because they don't tend to spoil quickly. You really don't need to completely avoid saturated fats, unless your physician advised you to do so. But if you are a person concerned about clogging your arteries, then you might want to start lowering your intake of saturated fats as much as possible.
Unsaturated Fats: Unsaturated fats are the "good and healthy fats" that you may have heard about. They are liquid at normal room temperatures. The good fats are divided into 2 major groups namely monounsaturated fats and the polyunsaturated fats. Common sources of monounsaturated fats include olive oil, almonds, pistachios, avocado and walnuts. Polyunsaturated fats can be commonly found in fish oils and also in corn, sunflower and soy oils. Omega-3 fatty acids are part of polyunsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats can help lowering down cholesterol levels in the body and as well as maintain a healthy heart.
GALLBLADDER FUNCTION
Bile is continually being made and secreted by the liver into bile ducts in varying amounts. Some of it goes directly into the small intestine and some into the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores the bile to be squirted down the ducts into the small intestine to help to breakdown the fats when you eat a meal that contains fats. It also acts as a reservoir that uptakes excess bile when there is pressure in the bile ducts. BILE FUNCTION; The bile has two major functions in the body. Firstly, it breaks down the fats that you eat so that your body can utilize them. Without adequate bile you do not metabolize your fats well which can result in a deficiency of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) Secondly, bile is a very powerful antioxidant which helps to remove toxins from the liver. octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that states that atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have eight electrons in their valence shells, giving them the same electronic configuration as a noble gas(are a group of chemical elements with very similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless),. The rule is applicable to the main-group elements, especially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications nonpolar: A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair polar: A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair
1) protein- example= enzyme...catalyzes reactions, structural
2) fat- in cell membrane, storage of energy, insulation
3) A lipid - is a chain of fatty acids over Glycol
4) carbohydrate- to make energy (i.e. more ATP)
Dietary fiber; found mainly in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes — is probably best known for its ability to prevent or relieve constipation. But fiber can provide other health benefits as well, such as lowering your risk of diabetes and heart disease. It softens stool
Monosaccharide: are the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids
Disaccharide; is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono- or di-saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds. These structures are often linear, but may contain various degrees of branchin
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis: The chemical process by which a molecule of water is removed from the reactants to join the reactants together.
Dehydration synthesis takes place when the monomers of organic compounds join together by a chemical reaction to make polymers. Hydrolysis its the opposite reaction of breaking up polymers and is accomplished also by chemical reaction.
"A Hydrolysis is the process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles which would make a hydrolysis reaction, a reaction in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles.
Electron(neg) stable it is most stable with 8 electron in its outer most shell 3 shells Fat soluble vitamins ; a,d,e,k water soluble: c, b, b1, b2, niacine, b6, b12, folacin
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), and the closely related resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the amount of daily energy expended by humans and animals at rest. Rest is defined as existing in a neutrally temperate environment while in the post-absorptive state. In plants, different considerations apply.