...This theory was proposed by Sigmund Freud which he believed that a child passes five major stages in which the pleasure‐seeking energies of the ‘id’ become focused on certain erogenous areas. These stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. If psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy behavior or personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation occurs. Fixation is the tendency to stay at a particular if not properly satisfied on its appropriate period. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY This theory was proposed by Erick Erickson. His theory states that human’s lifespan undergo the Eight (8) Stages of major crises or conflict. This theory describes the impact of social experience of a person across the whole lifespan. He believed that human beings are rational creatures whose thoughts, feelings and actions are largely controlled by the ego. Individuals must first understand the realities of the social world in order to adapt successfully. The Eight Stages across the human’s lifespan are as follows: a. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust – from 0 to 1 year old or the Infancy Stage b. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt – from 1 to 3 years old or the Early Childhood Stage c. Initiative vs. Guilt – from 3 to 6 years old or the Middle Childhood Stage d. Industry vs. Inferiority – from 6 to 12 years old or the Late Childhood Stage e. Identity vs. Role Confusion – from 12 to 20 years old or the Adolescent Period ...
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...Eric Erickson and Sigmund Freud both believed there are stages in personality development with few differences. The Erickson theory is composed of eight stages that a normal human will go through from birth until death or one lifetime. Each of these stages can be related to different characters so it is easier to relate to. Trust Versus Mistrust The first stage of Erickson’s theory is trust versus mistrust. This stage is from birth to one year old and is based on the baby’s environment and the baby’s primary care giver. During this period, the baby builds a feeling of basic trust. If the baby’s primary care giver is consistent, predictable, and reliable, then, most likely the baby will carry this trust into other relationships, hoping for the best, developing a sense of trust in the world around them. On the other hand, if the baby is subject to the opposite, in a relationship with the primary caregiver that has been unkind, fickle, and unreliable then the child will develop a sense of mistrust. This will lead the baby down a horrible path and will not have confidence in the world around them or in their abilities to influence events resulting in a sense of mistrust into other relationships. This can result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and have serious doubts in the world around them. A good example of this stage is Bam Bam Rubble, and Pebbles Flintstones from the popular television program, The Flintstones. This program ran on public television from 1960 to 1966...
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...Human Life Span- From the moment of conception to the day we pass away, we are in constant change, growth and development. Most results are of biological and psychological changes as people. Some changes are self proposed and some are results of personal choices, we all pass along a chronological timeline of events of which make us who we are. Throughout the use of biological, cognitive and socioemotional processes, we experience various periods of development. Biological is defined as changes in an individual’s physical nature; cognitive is changes in thought, intelligence and language; and socioemotional is changes within a person’s relationships & friendships with others as well as their own emotions and personality. From the prenatal period and along the way, we learn how to use our minds and bodies to communicate, develop friendships, learn how to love, work, play and achieve. From early childhood we are learning to be self sufficient on to adulthood, where we are seeking how to be independent and expand personally and socially. Eventually we get to late adulthood and our bodies are going through a multitude of changes as we get ready to enter the final life cycle. For me personally, the human life span is more linear as described as the periods of development in the book we are reading. It is easy to see the different processes unfold within the various periods of development if you delineate the age categories or specific periods and patterns of change. Nature...
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...Human Development James West PSY/280 September 26 2012 Robert Keele Human Development Human growth and development starts from the moment a child is conceived and continues until the day we die. There are many different stages of development all depending on the person’s beliefs on how we develop. All theories explain a specific growth and development for a specific time for an individual starting from birth to the time of their death. Not all the theories are agreed on because they are based on different individuals erase each and findings, and the time that the theory was developed. In this paper we will break down three of them. The first one is the infancy part of life and how Erik Erikson viewed the development. The second stage of development we will look at is called the phallic stage of Sigmund Freud’s six stages of development. The last stage we will look at is the intimacy versus isolation this is stage six of eight from Erik Erikson. “Some aspects of infant development seem automatic.” (Berger, 2010, pp. 86) The first period of development is in the infancy part of life typically this is from zero to 0ne years of age. Erik Erikson called this stage trust vs mistrust. This is the stage when humans are 100% dependent on their care givers. If the child receives the care that they need they will develop a sense of hope and caring about the world. On the other hand if the caregiver shows the child inconsistency in the care that they provide then it can...
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...Describe the application of behaviorist perspectives in health and social care. (P1) Operant conditioning is a type of behavior modification which can be used to either decrease or increase the likelihoods of a certain aspect of a behavior will occur. The process relies on the idea that organisms (a person) respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved. This approach first came to notice B.F Skinner (s famous psychologist) were of his work was carried out in the 20th centaury. His work was mainly with the use of rats and pigeons to us e them to discover new ways of leering style and behaviors. Skinner was create1a very famous box which is still used today some science experiment call the Skinner box. This bow was designed with a lever which when pressed by a rate inside it would produce a food pellet to the rat when pressed accidentally. After a while the rate will begin to realize that when it presses the lever a food pellet will be released so there for will repeated this action for to receive food. The pellet of food in this situation is a product of reinforcing as the rat will like more of the food an can get it when he wants by pressing the lever which in turn increases the possibility of this behavior being repeated. There are two different types of stimuli which can be used in operant conditioning...
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...Child development is seen as a very important topic in today’s world. What’s right? What is going to harm my child? How can I protect them? These, and many more questions are raised by most parents on a daily basis. In order to know what is best for a child, it is crucial to know what developmental theories best match up with a parent's way of thinking. Psychological theorists have been working for a long time on discovering how children grow and learn. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are two theorists that have made a lot of headway in the child developmental field. With some similar and different concepts, these theorists made a huge impact in the psychology world. Born in Germany, Erickson never agreed with traditional schooling. He graduated...
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...Developmental Psychology examination questions Extended responses questions identify how the different elements of emotion - expression, recognition, and regulation - develop across the lifespan Human psychology throughout the lifespan is exhibited through the three important elements of emotion, which include; emotional expression regulation of emotional experiences emotional recognition This essay will discuss each of the three elements in the following life developmental stages referring to biological evidence and well know developmental stages referring to biological evidence and well know developmental theorists where appropriate. The three life stages in this essay will be infancy and childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Emotional expression is a key aspect of learning in which the individuals recognizes how to apply emotions that are socially appropriate and in keeping with the emotional development of that person. During infancy, the use of facial expressions is a key means of communication to establish biological needs. For example crying when to be fed or laughing when defecating. At this stage of infancy usually about the first months of birth, key cognitive functions to express emotions such as smiling is reflexive, independent of external stimuli. With the advancement of age of 2 - 3 months this reflexive motor is replaced by social smiling, typically when the baby sees his or her caregivers face. From the ages of 4 - 5 years, emotional...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...Behaviourist approach The behaviourist theory focuses on the study of observed behaviours and learning theories the three theories are; classical conditioning, operant conditioning and the social learning theory. Within the behaviourist approach there are three different theorists these are; Skinner, Bandura and Pavlov. The first learning theory was approached by the theorist Pavlov. The theory he approached was classical conditioning. This theory is pairing a reflex response with a stimuli. A reflex is an automatic reaction and a stimuli is anything in the environment. Pavlov then carried out an experiment with a dog to prove his theory; Pavlov knew that when animals see food they’re automatic reflex is to salivate, he also wanted to create a noise which the dog could respond to. An example of his experiment; Dog food salivate (reflex) Dog bell food salivate Dog bell salivate This experiment shows that when a dog hears the bell they know they are going to receive food making their automatic reaction to salivate activate. The second learning theory was approached by Skinner. The theory he approached was Operant conditioning. This theory is the reactions of others such as ‘shape’ behaviour. This theory has 3 different approaches these are; positive reinforcement, punishment and negative reinforcement. The first one is Positive reinforcement this encourages behaviour this could be using...
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...Domains of Human Development Zikria S. Mohammed Oakton Community College Development is a critical part of our life. Many of us grow but do not develop. Definition of development sates that it is a pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan. Development as a whole is divided into four ages. First age: childhood and adolescence, second stage: prime adulthood age 20-59, third stage: 60-79 years old age, fourth stage: 80 years and older (Santrock, 2013). All of the four periods of development are connected to each other. Development is life-long process and it does not end at early adulthood; rather continues throughout one’s life. Development is multidimensional. Regardless of what ones age might be their body, mind, emotions and relationships are changing and affecting each other (Santrock, 2013). Development is multidirectional and throughout life some dimensions or components of a dimension expand while others shrink in response. For instance, when the language of English is acquired in early development, the capacity for acquiring second and a third language decreases later in development (Santrock, 2013). Development is plastic and changes occur throughout our life. As individuals we possess more capacity to change when we are young as opposed to when we are old (Santrock, 2013). Development is contextual and all of the development occurs in a context or setting. This includes families, school, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods...
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...Chapter 1 SIGMUND FREUD AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases...
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...has a reaction, she comes up in a rash and itches her skin until it bleeds. Her parents have been given medicine by the doctor to give to Amelia but she constantly spits it out. She doesn’t take her medicine, the allergy gets worse and Amelia’s skin becomes really sore. Her parents get really frustrated with Amelia and once her mum tried to pin her down and force the medicine into her mouth as she was so desperate for Amelia to get better. Now, Amelia associates the medicine with that experience and screams and shouts when she needs to take it. Her parents are at a loss on what to do. You now need to help the parents to understand what they can do to modify Amelia’s behaviour. How can you get Amelia to take the medicine using Operant Conditioning? You may even want to bring in some Classical Conditioning as well if you think you can? Describe the behaviour Amelia is exhibiting? Amelia is exhibiting this behaviour due to past experiences, in the past she has had a bad experience when taking this medication, therefore her mind associates the medication with something bad. She has been conditioned to link her being pinned down and fed to taking the medication, this is classical conditioning. The stimulus, the medication has been associated with a bad time and therefore will give off a response which is screaming and shouting. Explain what strategies can you use to positively reinforce Amelia’s behaviour? You can use operant conditioning to change her behaviour...
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...Mozart’s Music to Infants Boosts Their Intelligence Myth #7 Adolescence Is Inevitably a Time of Psychological Turmoil Myth #8 Most People Experience a Midlife Crisis in | 8 Their 40s or Early 50s Myth #9 Old Age Is Typically Associated with Increased Dissatisfaction and Senility Myth #10 When Dying, People Pass through a Universal Series of Psychological Stages 3 A REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST Myth #11 Human Memory Works like a Tape Recorder or Video Camera, and Accurate Events We’ve Experienced Myth #12 Hypnosis Is Useful for Retrieving Memories of Forgotten Events Myth #13 Individuals Commonly Repress the Memories of Traumatic Experiences Myth #14 Most People with Amnesia Forget All Details of Their Earlier Lives 4 TEACHING OLD DOGS NEW TRICKS Myth #15 Intelligence (IQ) Tests Are Biased against Certain Groups of People My th #16 If You’re Unsure of Your Answer When Taking a Test, It’s Best to Stick with Your Initial Hunch Myth #17 The Defining Feature of Dyslexia Is Reversing Letters Myth #18 Students Learn Best When Teaching Styles Are Matched to Their Learning Styles 5 ALTERED STATES Myth #19 Hypnosis Is a Unique “Trance” State that Differs in Kind from Wakefulness Myth #20 Researchers Have Demonstrated that Dreams Possess Symbolic Meaning Myth #21 People Can Learn Information, like New Languages, while Asleep Myth #22 During “Out-of-Body” Experiences, People’s Consciousness Leaves Their Bodies 6 I’VE GOT A FEELING Myth #23 The...
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...Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill, regarding the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. Controversial viewpoints are present in the literature, among Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also within the West, on US vs. European approaches. In US academic environments leadership is defined as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task".[1][2] Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved both by communitarian goals but also by the search for personal power. As the European researcher Daniele Trevisani states: Different types of leadership styles exist in work environments. Advantages and disadvantages exist within each leadership style. The culture and goals of an organization determine which leadership style fits the firm best. Some companies offer several leadership styles within the organization, dependent upon the necessary tasks to complete and departmental needs. Laissez-Faire A laissez-faire leader lacks direct supervision of employees and fails to provide regular feedback to those under his supervision. Highly experienced and trained employees requiring little supervision fall under the laissez-faire leadership style. However, not all employees possess those characteristics. This leadership style hinders the production...
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